Presented by:

Leonardo Ortega Student at the MSc in QMBCE University of Glasgow 2014

starrycluster.wordpress.com

www.aitelephone.com www.worldatlas.com

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dyPMhd5K7ec

Major plasmodium species:

P. falciparum (14%),

P. vivax (86%)

Major anopheles species:

An.albimanus

WORLD MALARIA REPORT 2013 commons.wikimedia.org

Anopheles (Anopheles) apicimacula Dyar & Knab 1906

Anopheles (Anopheles) eiseni Coquillett 1902

Anopheles (Anopheles) gomezdelatorrei Levi-Castillo 1955

Anopheles (Anopheles) mediopunctatus (Lutz) 1903

Anopheles (Anopheles) pseudopunctipennis Theobald 1901

Anopheles (Anopheles) punctimacula Dyar & Knab 1906

Anopheles (Kerteszia) bambusicolus Komp 1937

Anopheles (Kerteszia) boliviensis (Theobald) 1905

Anopheles (Kerteszia) cruzii Dyar & Knab 1908

Anopheles (Kerteszia) neivai Howard, Dyar & Knab 1912

Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) albimanus Wiedemann 1820

Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) aquasalis Curry 1932

Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) darlingi Root 1926

Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) oswaldoi (Peryassu) 1922

Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) rangeli Gabaldon, Cova Garcia & Lopez 1940

Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) triannulatus (Neiva & Pinto) 1922

Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) trinkae Faran 1979

Map of all attempted larval collection localities in Ecuador (black circles), between 2008 - 2010. Map prepared in ArcGIS v.9.3 with ESRI World Terrain base

Pinault and Hunter Malaria Journal 2011, 10:236 http://www.malariajournal.com/content/10/1/236

An. albimanus An. pseudopunctipennis

Circle size (legend) indicates mean number of larvae per dip in a 30-dip sample

An. punctimacula An. eiseni

Circle size (legend) indicates mean number of larvae per dip in a 30-dip sample

An. pseudopunctipenis Empty lots (14% of n=30)

River edges and eddies (28% of n=41)

An. albimanus Empty lots (14% of n=30)

River edges and eddies (58% of n=41)

Road water bodies (26% of n=38)

An. punctimacula Road water bodies (44% of n=38)

An. pseudopunctipenis floating algae

(cyanobacterial mats),

warmer temperatures,

and higher water clarity

An. Albimanus Permanent habitats,

sand substrates,

floating algae (cyanobacterial mats),

and warmer temperatures

An. punctimacula floating algae (neg)

and dissolved oxygen

An. oswaldoi Not associations

SURVEYS: Highland (n=131); Lowland (n=262) Well understanding

Where disease occurs

Relationship b/w standing water, mosquitoes and malaria

Approx. half denied risk at their own properties

People with potential habitat 50% did not report their presence (definition of suitable

habitat??)

Most of at-risk population use bed nets.

Consider ecological roles of mosquitoes

Biochemical research on antimalarials

Socioeconomical studies for free access

Transgenesis of mosquitoes

Transgenesis of Wolbachia

Ecological studies of mosquitoes

Link behaviour, adaptation and speciation

Society empowerment for prevention Educative workshops

Policies of poverty reduction Access to clean water

Access to formal education

Access to formal jobs

Reduction of social problems (crime, intrafamiliar violence)

Investment on research