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Culture Different & Compound NounCommunicating across cultures is challenging. Each culture has set rules that its members take for granted. Few of us are aware of our own cultural biases because cultural imprinting is begun at a very early age. In addition, while some of a culture's knowledge, rules, beliefs, values, phobias, and anxieties are taught explicitly, most of the information is absorbed subconsciously.

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Compound Nouns

A compound noun is a noun that is made with two or more words. A compound noun is usually [noun + noun] or [adjective + noun], but there are other combinations (see below). It is important to understand and recognize compound nouns. Each compound noun acts as a single unit and can be modified by adjectives and other nouns.

There are three forms for compound nouns:

1. open or spaced - space between words (tennis shoe)2. hyphenated - hyphen between words (six-pack)3. closed or solid - no space or hyphen between words (bedroom)

Pronunciation

Compound nouns tend to have more stress on the first word. In the phrase "pink ball",both words are equally stressed (as you know, adjectives and nouns are alwaysstressed). In the compound noun "golf ball", the first word is stressed more (eventhough both words are nouns, and nouns are always stressed). Since "golf ball" is acompound noun we consider it as a single noun and so it has a single main stress - onthe first word. Stress is important in compound nouns. For example, it helps us know ifsomebody said "a GREEN HOUSE" (a house which is painted green) or "a GREENhouse"(a building made of glass for growing plants inside).

British/American differences

Different varieties of English, and even different writers, may use the open, hyphenated or closed form for the same compound noun. It is partly a matter of style. There are no definite rules. For example we can find:• container ship• container-ship• containership

Plural Forms of Compound Nouns

In general we make the plural of a compound noun by adding -s to the "base word" (the most "significant" word).

singular plural

a tennis shoe three tennis shoes

one assistant headmaster five assistant headmasters

Continue

Some compound nouns have no obvious base word and you may need to consult a dictionary to find the plural:• higher-ups• also-rans• go-betweens• has-beens• good-for-nothings• grown-ups• Note that with compound nouns made of [noun + noun] the first noun is like an

adjective and therefore does not usually take an -s. A tree that has apples has many apples, but we say an apple tree, not apples tree; matchbox not matchesbox; toothbrush not teethbrush.

Exercises:

1. I only have coins on me and that's a ……… I will have to see if there is a public phone in that bar.

2. I want to put a …….. in the car as they say it really makes toddlers safer while driving.

3. John was furious with the airline company. He sat on that plane for 14 hours and his……. didn't work. He couldn't even finish that novel he was reading during the flight. He had to try and sleep.

4. "What type of credit card is that?" "That's not a credit card. That's a…… . I use it once a week to call my mum back home in New Zealand."

5. All the…….in this house have to be repainted. Otherwise, they will rot over the winter and then we may not be able to open the windows in the spring.

Worksheet 1. Definition practice Write the letters of the correct completions in the blanks. 1. In Line 2, ancient means ____.

a. modern b. original c. very old2. In Line 3, diseases are ____.

a. people b. illnesses c. nature3. In Line 4, rejected means ____.

a. refused to believe b. accepted c. liked4. In Line 4, observation means ____.

a. writing b. watching closely c. discussion5. In Line 4, classified means ____.

a. put into a group b. secret c. public6. In Line 6, in great detail means ____.

a. noting every little thing b. in a long poem c. noting just the big picture7. In Line 8, treatment means ____.

a. description b. idea c. attempt to cure8. In Line 9, relief means ____.

a. absence of pain b. presence of pain c. headache9. In Line 9, a powder is similar to ____.

a. air b. water c. dust10. In Line 10, an ingredient is ____.

a. a complete substance b. part of a substance c. a cure

11. In Line 12, was well aware means ____.a. made a guess about b. knew nothing about c. realized clearly

12. In Line 17, sparingly means ____.a. a lot b. very little c. never

13. In Line 20, principles are personal ____.a. rules b. dreams c. business

14. In Line 22, relevant means ____.a. old-fashioned b. meaningful c. not observed

15. In Line 24, wounds are ____.a. sicknesses b. mouths c. injuries

16. In Line 28, do no harm means ____.a. don’t say anything b. don’t touch c. don’t make things worse

Worksheet 2. Definition practice

Daftar Pustaka

• Understanding English Grammar by Martha Kolln. 4rth Edition. MacMillan Publishing Company: New York. 1994.

• The section on uses of “To be” in passive constructions is based on information in Grammar Dimensions: Form, Meaning, and Use, #3 2nd Ed. by Jan Frodesen and Janet Eyring. Heinle & Heinle: Boston. 1997.

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