Cultural IdentityCultural Identity

• Language / Social CharacteristicsLanguage / Social Characteristics• Religion / Belief Systems / PoliticsReligion / Belief Systems / Politics

• Also includes many other aspects:Also includes many other aspects:– Art and ArchitectureArt and Architecture– Economics / MoneyEconomics / Money– TransportationTransportation– Food and clothing, etc.Food and clothing, etc.

CULTURECULTURECulture is not just about dances,Culture is not just about dances,food and dress.food and dress.

Culture is a shared set of values andCulture is a shared set of values andmeanings practiced in everyday lifemeanings practiced in everyday life

Let’s look at the geography of culture…Let’s look at the geography of culture…

CULTURAL IDENTITIESCULTURAL IDENTITIES

ReligionReligion

EthnicityEthnicity

LanguageLanguage

MusicMusic

Style of DressStyle of Dress

RaceRace

RegionRegion

FoodFood

HistoriesHistories

And more…And more…

LANGUAGELANGUAGE

Means of communicationMeans of communication

and and identityidentity

Spoken, written, manualSpoken, written, manual

Living Languages!• Thousands of tribal

languages across globe• Many small languages

endangered• Some languages forbidden

in past (colonial rulers)– Native African– Native American– Yiddish

• Some languages protected– Gaelic– Native American– French?

Where languages are

737 in Indonesia!737 in Indonesia!(18,000+ islands)

6,909*6,909*

* http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/languages.htm

How many people How many people speak which languages?speak which languages?

Rank Language Number of Speakers

1 Chinese (Mandarin) 1,050,000,000

2 English 510,000,000

3 Hindi 490,000,000

4 Spanish 420,000,000

5 Russian 255,000,000

6 Arabic 230,000,000

7 German 229,000,000

8 Bengali 215,000,000

9 Portuguese 213,000,000

10 French 130,000,000Ethnologue: Languages of the World - 2005Ethnologue: Languages of the World - 2005

Language Language FamilyFamily

Ancient common Ancient common origin, split into:origin, split into:

•Language Language branchesbranches•LanguagesLanguages•Regional dialects / Regional dialects / accentsaccents

Major world Major world language familieslanguage families

Indo-European Austronesian Ural-AltaicSino-Tibetan Niger-Congo JapaneseAfro-Asiatic Dravidian …and the rest

Ural-

Indo-European language family branchesMultiple tongues:Multiple tongues:BalticCelticGermanicIndo-IranianItalic (Romantic) Slavic

Unique:Unique:AlbanianArmenianGreek

Indo-European Language Indo-European Language Branches

NOTNOT Indo-European languages

Suomi (Finland)*Suomi (Finland)*

Estonian (Estonia)*Estonian (Estonia)*

Magyar (Hungary)*Magyar (Hungary)*

Euzkadi (Basque Country)Euzkadi (Basque Country)

• IsolatedIsolated• Well-defensedWell-defensed• Survived centuries ofSurvived centuries of invasions and colonizationinvasions and colonization

* Finno-Ugric language family* Finno-Ugric language family

RomanticRomantic Branch of Indo-European Language Family Branch of Indo-European Language Family

RomeRome••

Germanic Branch of

Indo-EuropeanLanguage

Family

Romance Languages: Mutually Intelligible?Romance Languages: Mutually Intelligible?COWCOWCatalanCatalan VacaVacaFrench: French: Vache Vache Italian: Italian: Vacca Vacca Portuguese: Portuguese: Vaca Vaca Romanian: Romanian: VacăVacăSpanish: Spanish: Vaca Vaca

VERY GOODVERY GOOD

Catalan:Catalan: Molt BoMolt BoFrench: French: Tres BienTres BienItalian: Italian: Molto BeneMolto BenePortuguese: Portuguese: Muito BemMuito BemRomanian: Romanian: Merge BineMerge BineSpanish: Spanish: Muy BienMuy Bien

Indo-European Indo-European Language TreeLanguage Tree

night

ночь (noch')

noche nuit nótt

natt

noitenox

Nacht nacht

noapte

nocnatë

naktis

νύκτα (nykta)

Estonian: öö

Euzkadi: gauMagyar: éjSuomi: yö

raath

Lingua FrancaLingua FrancaA language used informally for A language used informally for

communication in a multiethnic placecommunication in a multiethnic placeOften a former colonial languageOften a former colonial language

Official LanguagesOfficial Languages

What is theOFFICIALLanguage

of the U.S.?

U.S. should be U.S. should be YELLOW!!YELLOW!!

**English is the Lingua Franca of the United States**

What is English, anyway?What is English, anyway?• Bizarre• Avocado• Hurricane• Petunia• Assassin• Barbecue• Chipmunk• Ammonia• Banjo• Tundra

WHAT DO ALL THESE WHAT DO ALL THESE WORDS HAVE IN WORDS HAVE IN COMMON?COMMON?

What is English, anyway?What is English, anyway?Bizarre Bizarre (Euzkadi, for (Euzkadi, for beard “bizar”beard “bizar”))Avocado Avocado (Nahuatl [Aztec] for “(Nahuatl [Aztec] for “testicletesticle”)”)Hurricane Hurricane (Ta(Taííno, a Caribbean language)no, a Caribbean language)Petunia Petunia (Tupi, Peruvian Indian)(Tupi, Peruvian Indian)Assassin Assassin (Arabic, from (Arabic, from hashish smokershashish smokers))Barbecue Barbecue (Carib, a Caribbean language)(Carib, a Caribbean language)Chipmunk Chipmunk (Ojibwe, Native American)(Ojibwe, Native American)Ammonia Ammonia (Ancient Egyptian for (Ancient Egyptian for camel dungcamel dung))Banjo Banjo (Kimbundu, Northern Angola)(Kimbundu, Northern Angola)Tundra Tundra (Saami, formerly called Lapp)(Saami, formerly called Lapp)KumquatKumquat (Chinese, “gold orange”)(Chinese, “gold orange”)

English: A “melting pot” in itself!English: A “melting pot” in itself!

Wisconsin Place Names:Wisconsin Place Names:also from many sourcesalso from many sources

• Eau Claire

• Prairie du Chien

• Neenah-Menasha

• Chetek

• Trempealeau

• Oshkosh

• Kewaunee

• Clear WaterClear Water

• Prairie of the DogPrairie of the Dog

• Island-IslandIsland-Island

• PelicanPelican

• Water SoakedWater Soaked

• ToenailToenail

• Prairie ChickenPrairie Chicken

DIALECT and ACCENTDIALECT and ACCENT(regional variations within a language)

“Wess-KAHN-sin”“Wisk-AHN-sin”“Wis-KAHN-sin”

“Mi-nuh-SOH-tuh”“Mi-neh-SOH-tah”

“Mi-neh-SOOOOOO-tah”

1. What are these?

2. What is this?

3. What is in these cans?

Is it Soda, Pop or Coke? Or something else?

4. Finish this sentence:4. Finish this sentence:

Duck, Duck, _____________

http://www.joespc.com/yankee_dixie_quiz.html

Cultural RegionCultural Region• Areas in which a Areas in which a

particular cultural particular cultural system prevailssystem prevails

• Dominant cultural Dominant cultural practices, beliefs, practices, beliefs, valuesvalues

Acculturation Acculturation vs.vs. Assimilation Assimilation• Absorbing of minority Absorbing of minority culture into majority culture into majority culture, often through culture, often through pressurepressure

• Loss of culture can Loss of culture can degrade minority, degrade minority, create uneven playing create uneven playing fieldfield

• InvoluntaryInvoluntary

• Adoption of the Adoption of the behavior patterns behavior patterns of the surrounding of the surrounding culture culture

• Process of Process of melding new ideas melding new ideas into an existing into an existing cognitive culturecognitive culture

• VoluntaryVoluntary

Religious LandscapesReligious Landscapes

Blue MosqueBlue MosqueNew SynagogueNew Synagogue

St. Peter’s CathedralSt. Peter’s Cathedral

Mormon TempleMormon Temple

Barsana DhamBarsana DhamHindu TempleHindu Temple

Orthodox ChurchOrthodox Church

BorobudurBorobudurBuddhist TempleBuddhist Temple

WORLD RELIGIONSWORLD RELIGIONS

But what is a “religion?”But what is a “religion?”From Dictionary.com:

• Which religions are “legitimate?”Which religions are “legitimate?”• What criteria are used: What criteria are used: Time? Followers?Time? Followers?• And by whose standards / definition?And by whose standards / definition?• If you believe it, it’s real! (at least to you)If you believe it, it’s real! (at least to you)

Vodoun (Santería)Vodoun (Santería)10,000+ years old10,000+ years old

Voodoo curse used to threaten wifeVoodoo curse used to threaten wifePalm Beach PostWednesday, March 05, 2008

PORT ST. LUCIE, FL — Police jailed a 34-year-old man accused of punching his wife and threatening to kill her, her children and her family with a gun and a Voodoo curse, records show.

Nerlet Bellot's wife told police she is a "strong believer" in Voodoo and her husband is "more than capable" of casting a Voodoo curse, an arrest report said. The woman, who is Haitian like her husband, said she was "terrified of that notion and it's consequences.“

The woman, who recently moved from Haiti where her husband also has family, told police that threat scared her more than any of the others. Bellot was arrested Monday on charges of domestic battery, domestic assault, hindering communication with a law enforcement officer.

Even in the Midwest!Even in the Midwest!March 08, 2006March 08, 2006

Headless Chicken Not So LuckyHeadless Chicken Not So LuckyChicago drivers need all the luck they can get. So it's understandable that when Jose A. Cruz, 25, set out to drive from Elmhurst, Ill. to his home in Sweetwater, Fla., he tried to bring along some good luck. Only instead of rubbing a rabbit's foot, he beheaded a live chicken and tossed its still-flapping body out of his car window. Unluckily, an Elmhurst cop watched him do it. Cruz was arrested, but not for killing the chicken. Apparently, decapitation is a humane way to kill a bird and, thus, not a crime. Instead, he was charged with littering. According to police, Cruz practices Santeria andkilled the bird as part of a ritual sacrifice. Chicagohas a growing population of Santeria followers,including White Sox manager Ozzie Guillen. The Sox skipper identifies himself as a Roman Catholic, but he is also a babalowa, a leader in the Santeria faith.

World Religions…today

Diffusion of Christianity in the Roman Empire

First Schism: Western (Catholic) vs. Eastern (Orthodox)

Second Schism: Catholic vs. Protestant

Christianity in Europe Today

Christianity in the U.S. TodayChristianity in the U.S. Today

Religions in the U.S. Today

ProtestantChristians100 mil.+

CatholicChristians60 mil.+

Muslims 4 mil.Muslims 4 mil.Jews 6 mil.Jews 6 mil.OrthodoxOrthodoxChristians 6 mil.Christians 6 mil.

Muslims in the U.S.

AltoonaMosque(formerchurch)

Origin of Islam: Mecca (Saudi Arabia)Origin of Islam: Mecca (Saudi Arabia)

Diffusion of Islam

Areas under Muslim rule at various times

Mesquita: Cordoba, Spain

Sunni and Shi‘a Muslim Regions Today

Most Muslims are not Arabs. Most Arabs are Muslim.Arab = “of Arabia.” Most Muslims do not live in Arabia.

Iraq: 80% ArabSaudi Arabia:

90% Arab

Kuwait: 81% Arab

Iran: Persian Iran: Persian 3% Arab3% Arab

Syria:90% Arab

Jordan:98% Arab

Egypt:90% Arab

Arabic

Berber

Hamitic

Persian

Kurdish

Turkish (Western)

Turkish (Eastern)

Baluch

Caucasian

Greek

Hebrew

Ethnolinguistic Groups of the Middle East

“Arabia”

RANK COUNTRY MUSLIM POPULATIONRANK COUNTRY MUSLIM POPULATION

ArabArab

1.1. IndonesiaIndonesia 204,847,000204,847,0002.2. PakistanPakistan 178,097,000178,097,0003.3. IndiaIndia 177,286,000177,286,0004.4. BangladeshBangladesh 148,607,000148,607,0005.5. EgyptEgypt 80,024,000 80,024,0006.6. NigeriaNigeria 75,728,000 75,728,0007.7. IranIran 74,819,000 74,819,0008.8. TurkeyTurkey 74,660,000 74,660,000 9.9. AlgeriaAlgeria 34,780,000 34,780,00010.10. MoroccoMorocco 32,381,000 32,381,00016.16. Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia 25,493,000 25,493,00056.56. United StatesUnited States 2.5 million? 2.5 million? Pew

Research Center (‘09)

Judaism in the U.S.Also tend to be located in urban areas

Symbolic LandscapesSymbolic Landscapes

• Spread / acceptance of Spread / acceptance of “American” culture “American” culture around the world around the world

• a.k.a. “McCulture”a.k.a. “McCulture”

Why America?Why America?• Cultural / Ingenuity?Cultural / Ingenuity?• Economic - English?Economic - English?• Result of capitalism / Result of capitalism /

larger market?larger market?• Force?Force?

““Americanization”Americanization”

McNifficaMcNifficaArgentinaArgentina

McKroketMcKroketNetherlandsNetherlands

McRyeMcRyeFinlandFinland

TeriyakiTeriyakiMcBurgerMcBurger

JapanJapan

Bulgogi BurgerBulgogi BurgerKoreaKorea

Tukbul BurgerTukbul BurgerKoreaKorea

VegiMacVegiMacSwitzerlandSwitzerland

Kofte BurgerKofte BurgerTurkeyTurkey

Bacon RollBacon RollUnited KingdomUnited Kingdom

A Global Cuisine…A Global Cuisine…

Greek MacGreek MacGreeceGreece

Red Bean SundayHong Kong

McFlurryBelgium

Shake Shake FriesHong Kong

Curry Potato PieHong Kong

BicaPortugal

CanadaCanada

AustraliaAustralia

MexicoMexico

KoreaKorea

                                        

SwedenSweden

IsraelIsrael

Ireland

Hong KongHong Kong

ScotlandScotland

Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia

NetherlandsNetherlands

IndiaIndia

RussiaRussia

MalaysiaMalaysia

EgyptEgypt

ColombiaColombia

ItalyItaly

BrazilBrazil

ThailandThailand

GermanyGermany

            

 

FinlandFinland