CSEE W4140Networking Laboratory

Lecture 6: TCP and UDP

Jong Yul Kim03.01.2010

Maximum Transmission Unit Maximum size of IP datagram is 65535, but the data link layer protocol generally

imposes a limit that is much smaller

For example: Ethernet frames have a maximum payload of 1500 bytes

IP datagrams encapsulated in Ethernet frame cannot be longer than 1500 bytes

The limit on the maximum IP datagram size, imposed by the data link protocol is called maximum transmission unit (MTU)

What if the size of an IP datagram exceeds the MTU?IP datagram is fragmented into smaller units.

What if the route contains networks with different MTUs?

MTUs for various data link layers: Ethernet: 1500 FDDI: 4352802.3: 1492 ATM AAL5: 9180802.5: 4464 PPP: 296

Maximum Transmission Unit Maximum size of IP datagram is 65535, but the data link layer

protocol generally imposes a limit that is much smaller

Example: Ethernet frames have a maximum payload of 1500 bytes

IP datagrams encapsulated in Ethernet frame cannot be longer than 1500 bytes

The limit on the maximum IP datagram size, imposed by the data link protocol is called maximum transmission unit (MTU)

MTUs for various data link protocols: Ethernet: 1500 FDDI: 4352802.3: 1492 ATM AAL5: 9180802.5: 4464 PPP: negotiated

IP Fragmentation

FDDIRing

RouterHost A Host B

Ethernet

MTUs: FDDI: 4352 Ethernet: 1500

• Fragmentation: • IP router splits the datagram into several datagram• Fragments are reassembled at receiver

What if the size of an IP datagram exceeds the MTU?IP datagram is fragmented into smaller units.

What if the route contains networks with different MTUs?

Where is Fragmentation done?

Fragmentation can be done at the sender or at intermediate routers

The same datagram can be fragmented several times.

Reassembly of original datagram is only done at destination hosts !!

Router

IP datagram H Fragment 1 H1Fragment 2 H2

What’s involved in Fragmentation? The following fields in the IP header are involved:

Identification When a datagram is fragmented, the identification is the same in all fragments

Flags DF bit is set: Datagram cannot be fragmented and must

be discarded if MTU is too smallMF bit set: This datagram is part of a fragment and an

additional fragment follows this one

ECNversionheaderlength

DS total length (in bytes)

Identification Fragment offset

time-to-live (TTL) protocol header checksum

0MF

DF

What’s involved in Fragmentation?

Fragment offset Offset of the payload of the current fragment in the original datagram

Total length Total length of the current fragment

ECNversionheaderlength

DS total length (in bytes)

Identification Fragment offset

time-to-live (TTL) protocol header checksum

0MF

DF

The following fields in the IP header are involved:

Example of Fragmentation A datagram with size 2400 bytes must be

fragmented according to an MTU limit of 1000 bytes

IP datagram

Router

Fragment 2Fragment 3

MTU: 1000MTU: 4000

Fragment 1

Header length: 20

Total length: 2400

Identification: 0xa428

DF flag: 0

MF flag: 0

Fragment offset: 0

Header length: 20

Total length: 996

Identification: 0xa428

DF flag: 0

MF flag: 1

fragment offset: 0

Header length: 20

Total length: 996

Identification: 0xa428

DF flag: 0

MF flag: 1

Fragment offset: 122

Header length: 20

Total length: 448

Identification: 0xa428

DF flag: 0

MF flag: 0

Fragment offset: 244

Today’s topics We move one layer up and look at the transport layer.

ApplicationLayer

NetworkLayer

Link Layer

IP

ARPHardwareInterface

RARP

Media

ICMP IGMP

TransportLayer

TCP UDP

UserProcess

UserProcess

UserProcess

UserProcess

UDP vs TCP

UDP - User Datagram Protocol UDP supports unreliable transmissions of datagrams UDP merely extends the host-to-to-host delivery

service of IP datagram to an application-to-application service

The only thing that UDP adds is multiplexing and demultiplexing

UDP

IP IPIP IP IP

UDP

Applications Applications

UDP FormatIP header UDP header UDP data

UDP message length Checksum

DATA

20 bytes 8 bytes

0 15 16 31

Source Port Number Destination Port Number

• Port numbers identify sending and receiving applications (processes). Maximum port number is 216-1= 65,535

• Message Length is at least 8 bytes (I.e., Data field can be empty) and at most 65,535

• Checksum is for header (of UDP and some of the IP header fields)

Port Numbers UDP (and TCP) use port numbers to identify

applications A globally unique address at the transport layer (for

both UDP and TCP) is a tuple <IP address, port number>

There are 65,535 UDP ports per host.

IP

TCP UDP

UserProcess

Demultiplex

based on

Protocol field in IP

header

UserProcess

UserProcess

UserProcess

UserProcess

UserProcess

Demultiplex

based on

port number

TCP - Transmission Control Protocol

Reliable and in-order byte-stream service

TCP format Connection establishment Flow control Reaction to congestion

Next Lecture

TCP Format

IP header TCP header TCP data

Sequence number (32 bits)

DATA

20 bytes 20 bytes

0 15 16 31

Source Port Number Destination Port Number

Acknowledgement number (32 bits)

window sizeheaderlength

0 Flags

Options (if any)

TCP checksum urgent pointer

20 bytes• TCP segments have a 20 byte header with >= 0 bytes of data.

TCP header fields

Sequence Number (SeqNo): Sequence number is 32 bits long. So the range of SeqNo is

0 <= SeqNo <= 232 -1 4.3 Gbyte

Each sequence number identifies a byte in the byte stream

Initial Sequence Number (ISN) of a connection is set during connection establishmentQ: What are possible requirements for ISN ?

TCP header fields Acknowledgement Number (AckNo):

The AckNo contains the next SeqNo that a hosts wants to receive Example:

The acknowledgement for a segment with

sequence numbers 0-1500 is AckNo=1501

A hosts uses the Acknowlegement Number field to send acknowledgements. (If a host sends an AckNo in a segment it sets the “ACK flag”)

Acknowledgements are piggybacked, i.e.,a segment from A -> B can contain an acknowledgement for a data sent in the B -> A direction

Q: Why is piggybacking good ?

TCP header fields

Header Length ( 4bits): Length of header in 32-bit words Note that TCP header has variable length

(with minimum 20 bytes)

TCP header fields Flag bits:

URG: Urgent pointer is valid If the bit is set, the following bytes contain an

urgent message in the range:SeqNo <= urgent message <= SeqNo+urgent pointer

ACK: Acknowledgement Number is valid PSH: PUSH Flag

Notification from sender to the receiver that the receiver should pass all data that it has to the application.

Normally set by sender when the sender’s buffer is empty

TCP header fields Flag bits:

RST: Reset the connection The flag causes the receiver to reset the connection Receiver of a RST terminates the connection and

indicates higher layer application about the reset SYN: Synchronize sequence numbers

Sent in the first packet when initiating a connection FIN: Sender is finished with sending

Used for closing a connection Both sides of a connection must send a FIN

TCP header fields Window Size:

Each side of the connection advertises the window size Window size is the maximum number of bytes that a

receiver can accept. Maximum window size is 216-1= 65535 bytes

TCP Checksum: TCP checksum covers over both TCP header and TCP

data (also covers some parts of the IP header) 16-bit one’s complement

Urgent Pointer: Only valid if URG flag is set

Three-Way Handshake

Why is two-way handshake not enough?

TCP States in “Normal” Connection Lifetime

SYN (SeqNo = x)

SYN (SeqNo = y, AckNo = x + 1 )

(AckNo = y + 1 )

SYN_SENT(active open)

SYN_RCVD

ESTABLISHED

ESTABLISHED

FIN_WAIT_1(active close)

LISTEN(passive open)

FIN (SeqNo = m)

CLOSE_WAIT(passive close)

(AckNo = m+ 1 )

FIN (SeqNo = n )

(AckNo = n+1)LAST_ACK

FIN_WAIT_2

TIME_WAIT

CLOSED

Resetting Connections

Resetting connections is done by setting the RST flag

When is the RST flag set? Connection request arrives and no server

process is waiting on the destination port Abort (Terminate) a connection

Causes the receiver to throw away buffered data. Receiver does not acknowledge the RST segment

Announcement

Midterm next week Prelabs 1 ~ 5 Lectures 1 ~ 6 Labs 1 ~ 4

Main Points of Lab 5 Parts 1~4

TCP and UDP Throughput IP Fragmentation

TCP Connection Management

Homework

No prelab due this Friday

Lab report 5 part 1 due by next week