Cse IV Microprocessors [10cs45] Notes(2)

7/23/2019 Cse IV Microprocessors [10cs45] Notes(2)

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SR OSSECOR POR CIM

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SUBALLYS

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TINU – 1 ]sruoH7[

ecor por ciM,noitcudor tnI er utcetihcr Ar oss – r ossecor por ciMeht,dnuor gk caBlacir otsiHA:1 -

r etu pmoClanosr ePdesaB lanr etnI:er utcetihcr Astidnar ossecor por ciMehT.smetsyS

.gnisser ddAyr omeMedoMlaeR ,er utcetihcr Ar ossecor por ciM

TINU – 2 ]sruoH7[

ossecor por ciM er utcetihcr Ar – yr omeMedoMdetcetor Potnoitcudor tnI:sedoMgnisser ddA,2

talF,gnigaPyr omeM,gnisser ddA ,sedoMgnisser ddAataD:sedoMgnisser ddAyr omeMedoM

gnisser ddAyr omeMk catS,sedoMgnisser ddAyr omeMmar gor P sedoM .

TINU – 3 sruoH6[ ]

gnimmar gor P – daoL,POP/HSUP,detisiveR VOM:snoitcur tsnItnemevoMataD:1 - evitcef f E

,sr ef snar TataDgnir tS,sser ddA edir r evOtnemgeS,snoitcur tsnIr ef snar TataDsuoenallecsiM

:snoitcur tsnIcigoLdnacitemhtir A.sliateDr el bmessA,xif er P r t buS,noitiddA dnanoitca

.noisiviDdnanoitacil pitluM,nosir a pmoC

TINU - 4 ]sruoH6[

gnimmar gor P – ,citemhtir AIICSAdnaDCB:)deunitnoc(snoitcur tsnIcigoLdnacitemhtir A:2

tf ihS,snoitcur tsnIcigoLcisaB gor P.snosir a pmoCgnir tS,etatoR dna :snoitcur tsnIlor tnoCmar

,mar gor Pehtf owolFehtgnillor tnoC, puor G pmuJehT ,st pur r etnIotnoitcudor tnI,ser udecor P

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BTR AP

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TINU - 5 sruoH6[

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gnimmar gor P – egaugnaLyl bmessAgnini bmoC:3 egaugnaLyl bmessAgnisU:++C/Chtiw

61r of ++C/Chtiw - SODtiB 23dnasnoitacil p pA - ,gnimmar gor Pr aludoMsnoitacil p pAtiB

,snoisr evnoCataD,yal psiDoediVdnadr ao byeK ehtgnisU smar gor Pel pmaxE .

TINU - 6 ]sruoH7[

eM,snoitacif ice pSer awdr aH ecaf r etnIyr om – niP:1 - k colC,snoitcnuFniPehtdnastuO

,gnihctaLdnagnir ef f uBsuB,r otar eneG susr evmuminiM,etatStiaWdnaydaeR ,sgnimiTsuB

seciveDyr omeM:gnicaf r etnIyr omeM.edoMmumixaM

TINU – 7 ]sruoH6[

ecaf r etnIyr omeM – O/I,2 ecaf r etnI – ,gnidoceDsser ddA:)deunitnoc(gnicaf r etnIyr omeM:1

6808,ecaf r etnIyr omeM8808 O/Iotnoitcudor tnI:ecaf r etnIO/IcisaB.ecaf r etnIyr omeM

.gnidoceDsser ddAtr oPO/I,ecaf r etnI

8TINU ]sruoH7[

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STNETNOCFOELBAT

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4.1 ossecor por ciMlanr etnI rer utcetihcr A

5.1 .gnisser dd Ayr omeMedoMlaeR

6.1 .gnisser dd Ayr omeMedoMlaeR

7.1 otnoitcudor tnIgnisser dd Ayr omeMedoMdetcetor P

TINU - 2 er utcetihcr Ar ossecor por ciM – sedoMgnisser ddA,21.2 gnigaPyr omeM

33 - 85

2.2 eMedoMtalF yr om

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5.2 gnisser dd Ayr omeMmar gor PsedoM

6.2sedoMgnisser dd Ayr omeMkcatS

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TINU – :4 gnimmar gor P – :2

1.4 DCB:)deunitnoc(snoitcur tsnIcigoLdnacitemhtir A

89 - 611

2.4 snoitcur tsnIcigoLcisaB,citemhtir AIICS A

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5.4 stpur r etnIotnoitcudor tnI,ser udecor P

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TINU – 5 gor P gnimmar – :3

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711 - 321

2.5 61r of ++C/ChtiwegaugnaLylbmess AgnisU - SODtiBsnoitacilpp A

3.5 233 - ,gnimmar gor Pr aludoMsnoitacilpp AtiB

4.5 ,yalpsiDoediVdnadr aobyeKehtgnisU

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6.5 selpmaxeelpmisf oecitcar P

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1.6 niP - ,snoitcnuFniPehtdnastuO

421 - 441

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3.6 gnihctaLdnagnir ef f uBsuB

4.6 sgnimiTsuB

5.6ydaeR etatStiaWdna

6.6.edoMmumixaMsusr evmuminiM

7.6seciveDyr omeM:gnicaf r etnIyr omeM

TINU - 7 ecaf r etnIyr omeM – ecaf r etnIO /I,2 – :1

1.7 gnidoceDsser dd A:)deunitnoc(gnicaf r etnIyr omeM 541 - 951

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2.7 ecaf r etnIyr omeM8808

3.7 ecaf r etnIyr omeM6808

4.7 ecaf r etnIO/Iotnoitcudor tnI:ecaf r etnIO/IcisaB

5.7.gnidoceDsser dd Atr oPO/I

6.7 ecitcar p

TINU - 8 ecaf r etnIO /I – :AMDdna,stpur r etnI,2

1.8 :)deunitnoc(ecaf r etnIO/

061 - 471

2.8 elbammar gor PehT 55C28ecaf r etnIlar ehpir eP

3.8

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4.8 .gnissecor Ptpur r etnIcisaB:stpur r etnI3

5.8./ ATNIdnaRTNI:stpur r etnIer awdr aH

6.8 dnanoitar epO AMDcisaB:ssecc Ayr omeMtcer iD

.noitinif eD

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1.1erugiF r ossecor por cimaf omar gaidk col b -- .metsysr etu pmocdesa b

f odnik emasehtyr r actahtsnoitcennocnommocf oseir esasisu bA?su basitahW

tamr of ni el pmaxE.noi - yr omemehtyr r actahtsnoitcennoc02htiwsu basisu bsser ddanA

.yr omemehtotsser dda

1.2.1 metsystuptuo/tupniehtdnayromemehT

ot68x08letnIllaf oer utcur tsyr omemehT muitneP er asmetsysr etu pmoclanosr e pdesa b4

cnisihT.r alimis tsomehtotMBIy b1891nidecudor tni8808nodesa bsr etu pmoctsr if ehtsedul

nodesa bsr etu pmocnr edom desa br ossecor por cimf oer utcur tsyr omemehT.4muitneP

e bnacsmetsysr etu pmoc er aesehT.snoiger niameer htotnidedivid

PT(aer amar gor ptneisnar T.1 )A

aer ametsyS.2

)SMX(metsysyr omemdednetxE.3

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2.1erugiF .r etu pmoclanosr e paf o pamyr omemehT

sr etu pmocesohtniel baliavatonsimetsysyr omemdednetxEehttahtdetone bdluohstI

etsySdnaAPTehtsr etu pmocdloesehtnI.8808r o6808nodesa b ehttontu bstsixeaer am

ehT. bK 483ezisf osiaer ametsySdna bK 046ezisf osiAPTehT.metsysyr omemdednetxE

bK 4201ezisf osihcihwyr omemlanoitnevnocr olaer ehtsmr of r ehtegotaer ametsySdnaAPT

lanoitnevnocr olaer sadellacs'tI. bM1r o yr omem sir ossecor por cimletnIhcaeesuace b

.noitar e pof oedomlaer stignisuaer asihtninoitcnuf otdengised

muitnePhguor ht68208letnI,sr ossecor por cimehtf oynaehtsesutahtsmetsysr etu pmocesohT

nI,aer ametsysf o bK 483dnaAPTf o bK 046ehtsah,4 naevahoslasmetsyseseht,noitidda

TA(senihcamssalcTAsasmetsysesehtsetangisedMBIecneH.yr omemdednetxE - decnavdA

)er utcetihcr adr adnatsyr tsudnI(ASIsadellacoslaer asmetsysesehT.)smetsysr etu pmocssalc

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ASIEr o dednetxE( .)ASI

dnetxeehT 68208ehtgnisusmetsysr etu pmocehtniel baliavayr omemde - XS68308

r etu pmocehtniel baliavayr omemdednetxef otnuomaehtelihW. bM51sisr ossecor por cim

XD68308gnisusmetsys - r olaer bM1ehtgnidulcxe, bM5904er asr ossecor por cimmuitneP

lanoitnevnoc m or pmuitnePgnivahsmetsysr etu pmoCehT.yr ome - sr ossecor por cim4muitneP

.yr omemdednetxeBG46ot bG4nahtssel bM1evahnac eto N( - smetsysr etu pmocyadnr edoM

). bG081nahter omyr omemdednetxenaevahsmetsys4muitnePnodesa b

wonk su bwena,yltneceR nee bsahsu b)ICP(tcennocr etnItneno pmoClar eh pir ePehtsan

ehtnidecudor tni muitneP - 8808/6808nodesa bsr etu pmocr edloehT.smetsysdesa b4muitneP

ssalcTAr osenihcamASIehT.secivedti b8htiwecaf r etniotsu blar eh pir e pti b8nadesu

ihwsenihcam .ecaf r etnir of su blar eh pir e pti b61desusr ossecor por cimevo bar o68208desuhc

su blar eh pir e pti b23desusr ossecor por cim68408dnaXD68308desutahtsenihcamASIEehT

ehthtiwel bita pmocer ewsesu bwenehtllA.ecaf r etnir of na,sitahT.secivedr edlo ti b8

8nahtiwel bita pmocsidr acecaf r etni - 61,su bti b - ti b61aylr alimiS.su bti b23ar osu bti b

.su bti b23dnasu bti b61ahtiwel bita pmocsidr acecaf r etni

su bTVr osu blacolASEVehtsismetsysr etu pmocdesa b68408ehtnidnuof e pytsu br ehtonA .

evahsesu bwenowT.r ossecor por cimehtotoedivdnak sidecaf r etniots plehsu blacolsihT

(PGAehtsir ehtoehtdnasuBlair eSlasr evinUr oBSUehtsieno,decudor tninee bosla

)tr o pscih par gdecnavdA - neewte batadsr ef snar ttr o pscih par gdecnavdAehT dr acoediveht

.sdee pshgihyr evtar ossecor por cimehtdna

)APT(aeramargorPtneisnarTehT

tahtsmar gor pr ehtodnametsysgnitar e poSODehtsdlohAPTr oaer amar gor ptneisnar tehT

paevitcanir oevitcar ehtosdlohoslaAPTehT.metsysr etu pmocehtlor tnoc .smar gor pnoitacil p

pudesusi bK 046sihtf otr a patinoSODsdlohtiecnisdna bK 046siAPTehttahtwonk eW sismar gor pnoitacil p par ehtor of el baliavaAPTehtf oezisehT.metsysgnitar e poSODy b

f i bK 826 SM - SOD ysgnitar e poehtsadesusiX.7noisr ev SODf osnoisr evr edloehT.mets

.snoitacil p par ehtor of bK 035nahtsselylnognivaelAPTf oseca psegr al puek atotdesu CP -

CPhtoB.smetsysr etu pmocnidnuof sitahtmetsysgnitar e por ehtonasiSOD - dnaSOD SM -

SOD to becneh,r ehtohcaehtiwel bita pmocer a noitacil p pahtiwylr alimisdenoitcnuf h

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swolladnaSODhtiwel bita pmocsmetsysgnitar e por ehtoer a2/SOdnaswodniW.smar gor p

.etucexeotsmar gor pSOD

3.1erugiF .r etu pmoclanosr e paniAPTehtf o pamyr omemehT

ninwohssiAPTehtf o pamyr omemehT tner ef f idwohswohs pamyr omemehT.er ugif eht

er aAPTehtf osaer a aer ahcaef otf elehtoT.sr evir ddnaatad,smar gor pmetsysehtotdettolla

.aer aatadhcaednednanige btahtsser ddayr omemehtswohstahtr e bmunlamicedaxehasi

1 srotceVtpurretnI. - 00400dna00000neewte baer aehty puccohcihwsr otcevt pur r etniehT

.smar gor pnoitacil p par ehtodnaSOIB,SODehtf oser utaef suoir avgnisseccar of el bisno pser si

aeranoitacinummocSODdnaaeranoitacinummocSOIB.2 - cisaBtu bgnihtonsiSOIB

ptuO/tu pnI hsalf r oMOR ehtnider otssitahtsmar gor pf onoitcellocasiSOIB.metsyStu

r etu pmocehtotdetcennocsitahtsecivedtu ptuO/tu pnIehtlor tnocotdesusitahtyr omem

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evahsaer anoitacinummocSODdnaSOIBehT.metsys y bdesue bnactahtatadtneisnar t

r p .metsysr etu pmocehtf ostr a pr ehtor osecivedO/Iehtsseccaotsmar go

SYS.OI.3 - r etu pmocehtnehwk sidehtmor f APTehtotnisdaoltahtmar gor pasiSYS.OIehT

ehtsel baneSYS.OIehtnismar gor pehT. NOdehctiwser aSODCPr oSODSMgnisumetsys

gor pSOD .secivedO/Ir ehtodnar etnir p,yal psideht,dr ao byek ehtesuotsmar

SODSM.4 - sihcihwAPTf o potehttasienO.APTehtf ostr a powtsei puccoSODSM

yr omemehT.r egr alsidnamotto behttasir ehtoehT.htgnelnisety b61dnallamsyl bar edisnoc

ccoezis yllaususnoisr evr edlO.dellatsniSODehtf onoisr evehtnosdne pedSODehty bdei pu

.snoisr evr ewenehtotder a pmocAPTf osaer ar egr aldedeen

srevirDeciveD.5 - SYS.noisnetxenahtiwselif esohter asr evir D .SYS.ESUOMsahcus

ctahtsmar gor per asr evir D osladnar ennacsdnah,esuomek ilsecivedel ballatsniehtlor tno

yr avsr evir df or e bmunehtdnar evir dehtf oezisehT.smar gor pnoitacil p pael ballatsnir ehto

.r ehtonaehtotr etu pmocenomor f

MOC.DNAMMOC.6 - r etu pmocehtlor tnocots plehMOC.D NAMMOCehT gnisumetsys

MOC.D NAMMOCehT.edomSODnidetar e ponehwdr ao byek eht mar gor p ehtsessecor p

.dr ao byek ehtmor f de pyter ayehtsasdnammocSOD

.7 APTeerF - SODesehT.smar gor pnoitacil p paSODevitcaehtsdlohAPTeer f ehT

pmexee bnacsmar gor pnoitacil p pa DACdnateehsdaer ps,r ossecor pdr owehtsadeif il

)tnediseR yatSdnaetanimr eT(R STehtsdlohoslaAPTeer f ,esehtotnoitiddanI.smar gor p

ay bdetaitinilitnuetatsevitcaninaniAPTeer f ehtniniamer esehT.smar gor p toh - nar oyek

l pmaxenA.t pur r etni C+TLAehtno pudetavitcasitahtmar gor pr otaluclacehtsiR STf oe

.yek toh

AER AMETSYS

smar gor psniatnoctI.tnatr o pmiyl bar edisnocsiAPTehtnahtr ellamssihcihwaer ametsySehT

nayr omemhsalf r oMOR nider otser asmar gor pesehtdnaegar otsatadr of saer aemosnioslad

.er ugif ehtninwohssi pamaer ametsysehT.MAR ehtf o

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4.1erugiF .r etu pmoclanosr e placi pytaf oaer ametsysehT

lamicedaxehnineviger asnoiger r alucitr a pehtf osesser ddayr omemedistf elehtnO

sehtf oaer atsr if ehT.tamr of oedivehtsahdnaHFFF7CotH0000Amor f sdnetxeeca psmetsy

tsr if ,str a powtnider otssiMAR yal psidoediVehT.smar gor plor tnocoedivdnaMAR yal psid

dnaHFFF7BotH0000Bmor f dnoces,atadlacih par gehtr of sidnaHFFF7AotH0000Amor f

adtxetehtser ots .at ehtf oyal psidoedivehtlor tnoctahtsmar gor psniatnocSOIBoedivehT

otH0000Cmor f sieca psmetsysniaer as'tI.yr omemhslaf r oMOR nodetacolsidnar etu pmoc

yal psidoedivf oe pytehtno pusdne peddesuyr omemehtf otnuomadnaezisehT.HFFF7C

da .desur et pa

aer aehT H0008C - yltsomsitI.aer ametsysne poehtdellacsidnaaer ametsyseer f siHFFFFD

snaemsenihcamTXdnaCP(senihcamTXdnaCPnimetsysyr omemdednetxeehtsadesu

p punasadna)r ossecor por cim8808/6808nodesa bsr etu pmocesoht TAnimetsysyr omemr e

.)sr ossecor por cimevo bar o68208gnisusr etu pmoC(senihcamssalc

H0000Esnoitacolyr omeM - nidnuof MOR noegaugnalCISABettessacehtsniatnocHFFFFE

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siaer ar alucitr a psihtsmetsysr ewenehtllatsomlanI.smetsysdesa bMBIr edloeht ne pot pek

.smar gor pnoitacil p paSODf onoitar e por etsaf ehtdiaotMAR sadesuoslasidnaeer f r o

desusiHFFFFFotH0000Faer ametsysehT SOIBmetsySsihttu b,MOR SOIBmetsySehty b

ehtr of el bisno pser tonsidnasecivedO/Iehtsetar e poylnoMOR tnoc gnillor oedivehtf o

ehty benodsihcihwmetsysyal psid ehT.H0000CnoitacolehttaMOR SOIBmetsysetar a pes

dnaHFFF7FotH0000Faer aehtnisitr a ptsr if ,str a powtotnidedividsi potehttaSOIBmetsys

sehT.r etu pmoceht putestahtsmar gor psniatnoc lor tnoctahtser udecor psniatnoctr a pdnoce

secivedO/Ieht .

R OSSECOR POR CIM

r etu pmoclanosr e pdesa br ossecor por cimehtf otr aehehtsadellace bnacr ossecor por ciM dnatinUgnissecor Plar tneCr oUPCsemanehty bnwonk oslasir ossecor por cimehT.metsys

c .metsysr etu pmocehtf ognik r owehtslor tno dnayr omemehtotstcennocr ossecor por cimehT

.sesu behthguor htsecivedO/I

gnik r owstinis petsel pmiseer htswollof r ossecor por cimehT -

.secivedO/Iehtotr of lestiotyr omemmor f atadsr ef snar T.1

r of r eP.2 .snoitaluclaclacigoldnacitemhtir asm

.snoisicedel pmisaivmar gor pasmr of r eP.3

f ose pytllaevlosotel basir ossecor por cimeht,el pmiser asessecor pesehthguohtnevE

ili bastiniseilr ossecor por cimehtf ohtgner tsehT.hcaor p pasihtgnisusmel bor p etucexeotyt

r oer awtf osehtmor f dnocesr e psnoitcur tsnif osnoillim .smar gor p er asmar gor pdnaer awtf oS

.yr omemehtnider otssimar gor pr oer awtf osesehT.snoitcur tsnif onoitcellocatu bgnihton

r or ossecor por cimehtsek amt pecnocmar gor pder otssihT f lestimetsysr etu pmoca,niamehtni

.tneicif f eyr ev

er ar ossecor por cimehty bdetucexesnoitcur tsnilacigoldnacitemhtir aehT

.1 noitiddA

.2 noitcar t buS

.3 noitacil pitluM

.4 noisiviD

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.5 D NA

.6 R O

.7 TO N

.8 GE N

.9 tf ihS

.01 etatoR

etsiger lanr etniehtr oyr omemehtnider otssiataD 8(ety bar ehtiesiatadehtf ohtdiwehT.sr -61(dr ow,)sti b - 23(dr owel buodar o)sti b - otel baer asnoisr evevo badna68308ehtylnO.)sti b

8etalu pinamyltcer iddluoc68208ot6808.eer htllaetucexe - 61dnati b - 23tontu batadti b - ti b.atad

A oC - ssecor p snoitaluclaccitemhtir anidiaot68408ehthtiwsir ossecor pcir emunehtdellacr onasawr ossecor placir emunsihT.citemhtir atnio pgnitaolf htiwgnilaed tneno pmoclanoitidda

6808r edloehtni - .sr ossecor p68308

tcetihcrAstidnarossecorporciMehT3.1 lanretnI:eru

erutcetihcrArossecorporciMrossecorporciMehT (UPCehtdellaC tinugnissecorplartnec anitnemelegnillor tnocehT.)

.metsysr etu pmocanitnemelegnillor tnocehT.metsysr etu pmoc O/Idnayr omemslor tnoC

snoitcennochguor ht .sesu bdellac

* u b atadr ef snar t,ecivedyr omemr oO/Inatcelesses ehtdnayr omemr osecivedO/Ineewte b

yr omemdnaO/Ilor tnoc,r ossecor por cimsmetsysyr omemdnaO/Ilor tnocr ossecor por cim

smetsys

* snoitcur tsniaivdellor tnocO/Idnayr omeM y bdetucexe,yr omemnider ots nider otseht

.r ossecor por cimehty bdetucexe,yr omem

:sk satniameer htsmr of r e pr ossecor por ciM

r oyr omemehtdnaf lestineewte br ef snar tatad◦ smetsysO/I

snoitar e pocigoldnacitemhtir ael pmis◦

snoisicedel pmisaivwolf mar gor p◦

ehtf or ewoP sir ossecor por cim ytili ba pac f osnoillimf osnoilli betucexeot r e psnoitcur tsnir omar gor pamor f dnoces r omar gor pamor f dnocesr e psnoitcur tsni (er awtf os f opuorg

snoitcurtsni ) der ots .metsysyr omemehtni

dnar ossecor por cimehtek amsmar gor pder ots◦ secivedluf r ewo pyr evmetsysr etu pmoc .

otytili baehtsier utaef luf r ewo pr ehtonA el pmisek am bsnoisiced lacir emunno pudesa

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,or ezsir e bmunaf iedicednacr ossecor por cima◦ htr of osdna,evitiso phtr of osdnaevitiso p

r ossecor por cimehtwollasnoisicedesehT yf idomotsmar gor poswolf mar gor pehtyf idomot

eht tk nihtotr ae p pasmar gor pos,wolf mar gor p el pmisesehthguor h .snoisiced

.er ugif ehtninwohssier utcetihcr aUPC6808f omar gaidk col behT

er utcetihcr AUPC68085.1er ugiF aD sretsigerat - 61er ayehT.sr etsiger atadehtsadellacer aXDdnaXC,XB,XAsr etsiger ehT

r ehtienacsr etsiger atadehtf ohcaE.stluser ehtdnasdnar e poehthto ber otsnacdnaediwsti b

bnacety br ewolehtdnaety br ehgihehtr oelohwasadesseccae b desseccae .yletar a pes

el pmaxE - dnaety br ehgihehtr or ehtegotdesue bnacXAr etsiger ehtnisti b61elohwehTXDdnaXC,XBsr etsiger ehT.LAdnaHAsayletar a pesdesseccae bnacety br ewol er aosla

tsadesugnie bsanoitiddanisnoitcnuf r ehtonidesu .sr etsiger citemhtir aeh

.snoitaluclacsser ddanir etsiger esa basadesusiXB

.snoitcur tsniemosy br etnuocdeil pminasadesusiXC

.snoitar e poO/Iemosgnir udsser ddaO/IehtdlohotdesusiXD

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sretsigerxednIdnaretnioP - puor gxednidnar etnio pehT .PIdnaID,IS,PB,PSehtedulcni

sir etnio pnoitcur tsniehT.r etnio pnoitcur tsnidnar etnio pk catsehtyllaitnesseer aPIdnaPSehT

y bdemr of sisser ddanoitcur tsnidnak catsetel pmocehT.r etnuocmar gor pehtsadellacosla

PSehtf ostnetnocehtgnidda desusir etnio pesa br oPB.SSdnaSCnistnetnocehthtiwPIdna

ahtiwr o/dnasr etsiger r ehtohtiwnoitani bmocnidesusitI.k catsaf ogninnige behtsser ddaot

nidesuer ayeht,sr etsiger xedniehter aIDdnaIS.tnemecal psid noitani bmoc oXBehthtiw r

.PIehttontu bsdnar e poehter otsotdesue bnacPBdnaPSehT.tnemecal psidar o/dnaPB

)AE(sser ddaevitcef f Ef onoitamr oF - a,r ehtegotgnidday bdemr of sser ddaatadehT

idadnastnetnocr etsiger IDr oIS,stnetnocr etsiger PBr oXB,f onoitani bmoc sitnemecal ps

.tesf f or osser ddaevitcef f enasadellac

tnemecal psiD - ehtotdeddasitahtytitnauqynaetacidniotdesusitnemecal psiddr owehT

.sser ddaevitcef f enamr of otstnetnocr etsiger

sretsigertnemgeS - dnaSD,SS,SCer asr etsiger tnemgesehT desuer atahtsr etsiger ehT.SE

61er aPIdnaID,IS,PB,PS,gnisser ddar of - tesf f or osser ddaevitcef f eehtecnehdnaediwsti b

lacisyh pehtdellacsu bsser ddaehtnoder iuqer sitahtsser ddaehttu bediwsti b61e blliw

.ediwsti b02sisser dda

6.1er ugiF sser ddalacisyh pf onoitamr oF

sser ddalacisyh pf onoitamr oF - aehtnoder iuqer sser ddaehttahtneesevaheW 02sisu bsser dd

ehtecneH.ediwsti b61ylnosidemr of sser ddaevitcef f eehtsastsisr e pmel bor patu bediwsti b

sser ddaevitcef f eehtf ostnetnocehtf onoitiddaehtser iuqer sser ddalacisyh pehtf onoitamr of

siger tnemgesehtf oynaf ostnetnocehthtiw otevahew,sti b4ar txeehtetar enegoT.sr et

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.r etsiger tnemgesehtnir e bmunehtf otigidtsomthgir ehtotsti b0r uof dne p pa SCf iel pmaxE

e blliwowtesehtf onoitiddaehty bdemr of sser ddalacisyh peht,B143=PIdnaA321=

+B143

7.1er ugiF stnemgesgni p palr evo

0A321

BB751

stnemgesgni p palr evO - ehtsedividsr etsiger tnemgesf oesuehT otnieca psyr omem

yr omematagninnige bdnaediw bK 46gnie btnemgeshcaehtiwstnemgesgni p palr evo

.61y bel bisividsitahtnoitacol

sser ddatnemgeS - .'sser ddatnemges'sadellacer ar etsiger tnemgesaf ostnetnoC

sser ddatnemgesgninnigeB - r ddatnemgeS tnemgesgninnige b'sanwonk si61y bdeil pitlumsse

.'sser dda

.sr etsiger tnemgesgnisuf osegatnavdA

.1 er asnoitcur tsnilaudividniehthguohtneve bM1e botytica pacyr omemehtswollatI

.ediwsti b61ylno

.2 otnoitr o pk catsdnaatad,noitcur tsniehtswollatI esuehtgnitatilicaf y bediw bK 46e b

.tnemgesk catsdnaatad,noitcur tsnienonahter omf o

.3 evahotk catsdnaatad,mar gor pehtsetatilicaF etar a pes yr omem .snoitr o p

.4 elihwyr omemf ostr a petar a pesnider otse botatadstidnamar gor pehtswollA

onoitucexe .demr of r e psimar gor pehtf

WSP6808

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.galf adellacsiWSP6808f oti bhcaE.desuer asti bstif o9ylnotu b,sti b61siWSP6808ehT

er aeseht,s puor gowtotnidedivider asgalf ehT ehT.sgalf lor tnocdnasgalf lanoitidnoc

cehttcelf er sgalf lanoitidnoc lor tnocehT.noitucexenoitcur tsnisuoiver pagnivlovninoitidno

.snoitcur tsniniatr ecf ogninoitcnuf ehtslor tnocsgalf

sgalFlanoitidnoC

.1 )galf ngiS(FS - swohsBSMehtni1atnemil pmocs'2nI.tluser ehtf oBSMotlauqesitI

itagenasitluser ehttaht nonasitluser ehttahtswohsBSMehtni0adnar e bmunev - evitagen

ehtr ehtehwenimr etedotdesusigalf ngisehtecneH.r e bmun tluser .evitagenr oevitiso psi

.2 )galf or eZ(FZ - galf or ezehtni0adnaor ezsitluser ehttahtswohsgalf or ezehtni1

ohs nonasitluser ehttahtsw - .r e bmunor ez

.3 )galf ytir aP(FP - 8r ewolehtnis'enof or e bmunneveer aer ehtf i1emoce blliwFPehT -

.WSPehtf osti b

.4 )galf yr r aC(FC - nI.noitcar t busdnanoitiddagnivlovnier ehsesacowter aer ehT

htf otuoyr r acanoitidda swor r o bBSMehtf inoitcar t busnI.tese botgalf sihtsesuacBSMe

.tessigalf sihtneht

.5 )galf yr r acyr allixuA(FA - .tese botgalf sihtsesuac3ti baf otuoyr r acehtnoitiddanI

.tese bothalf sihtsesuac3ti by bwor r o banoitcar t busnI

.6 wolf r evO(FO )galf - .egnar f otuositluser ehtnehwtessigalf wolf r evoehT

er oM tuoyr r aconsahBSMehtdnaBSMehtotniyr r acasier ehtf i,noitiddani,yllacif ice ps

.BSMmor f wor r o bonsier ehtdnawor r o botsdeenBSMehtf i,noitiddanidna

8.1er ugiF WSP6808

sgalf lor tnoC -

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.1 )sgalf noitcer iD(FD - signir tseht,r aelcf I.snoitcur tsninoitalu pinamgnir tsy bdesU

ts,gninnige behtmor f dessecor p eht,tesf Isser ddar ewolehthtiwtnemeletsr if ehthtiwgnitr a

.sser ddatsomr ewolehtotsser ddar ehgihehtmor f dessecor psignir ts

.2 )galf el banet pur r etnI(FI - otUPCehts plehtidel banef I el bak samehtezingocer ier ast pur r etniesehteslet pur r etni .der ong

.3 )galf par T(FT - .noitcur tsnihcaer etf adetucexesi par tatesf I

sesuB

tcennocr etnitahtser iwf o puor gnommocA r etu pmocanistneno pmoc , ,atad,sser ddar ef snar T

noitamr of nilor tnoc& r ossecor por cimneewte bO/Idnayr omemr ossecor por cimneewte b , .O/Idnayr omem

f or ef snar tsihtr of tsixesesu beer hT noitamr of ni .lor tnocdna,atad,sser dda:

1er ugiF –10 sesu besehtwohswohs .stneno pmocmetsyssuoir avtcennocr etni

noitacolyr omemastseuqer su bsser ddaehT f noitacolO/Inar oyr omemehtmor f O/Iehtmor

O/Iehtmor f noitacolO/Inar oyr omemehtmor f secived

◦ 61asniatnocsu bsser ddaeht,desser ddasiO/If i - ti b hguor htH0000mor f sser ddaO/I

.HFFFF

◦ yr omemasniatnocsu behtdesser ddasiyr omemf i ◦ tnocsu beht,desser ddasiyr omemf i snia

f oe pyty bhtdiwnigniyr av,sser ddayr omema .r ossecor por cim

46 - sser dda04edivor pmuitnePotsnoisnetxeti b e botyr omemf oety bT1ot pugniwollasni p

.secivede botyr omemf oety bT1ot pugniwolla,sni p

.dessecca

tamr of nisr ef snar tsu batadehT ehtneewte bnoi sser ddaO/Idnayr omemstidnar ossecor por cim

.eca pssser ddaO/Idnayr omemstidnar ossecor por cim

.sr ossecor por cimletnIsuoir avniediwsti b46otediwsti b8mor f ,ezisniyr avsr ef snar tataD

◦ 8nasah8808 - sti b8sr ef snar ttahtsu batadti b emitataatadf o

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f XE68308dXS68308LS68308682086808 ◦ dna,XS68308,LS68308,68208,6808

r ef snar tXE68308 atadf osti b61 ti b23XD68408dXS68408XD68308 ◦ ,XS68408,XD68308

sti b23,XD68408dna

◦ atadf osti b46r ef snar tsr ossecor por cim2er oChguor htmuitneP atadf osti b .

nidee pssisu batadr ediwaf oegatnavdA .atadediwgnisusnoitacil p pa

.ety by bder e bmunsiyr omem,sr e bmemylimaf sr ossecor por cimletnIllanI hguor htmuitneP

or por cim2er oC niatnocsr ossec 46a - ti b - .su batadediw

O/Ir oyr omemesuacdnatcelessenilsu blor tnoC noitar e poetir wr odaer amr of r e pot ot

.noitar e poetir wr odaer amr of r e p lor tnocr uof er aer eht,smetsysr etu pmoctsomnI su b

:snoitcennoc

C D R M ( ortnocdaeryromem l)

C T W M ( lortnocetirwyromem )

C RO I ( lortnocdaerO/I )()

C W O I ( lortnocetirwO/I .)

r evO ;wolevitcasilangislor tnocehtsetacidnir a b r evo silangislor tnocehtsetacidnir a b

evitca - )enillor tnocnosr ae p paor ezcigolnehwevitca(;wol

or por cimehT y bnoitacolyr omemasdaer r ossec ehthguor htsser ddanayr omemehtgnidnes

.su bsser ddaehthguor htsser ddanayr omemehtgnidnes

.ataddaer otyr omemehtesuacotlangislor tnocdaer yr omemasdnesti,txe N

ehtotdessa per ayr omemmor f daer ataD por cim .su batadehthguor htr ossecor

daer O/Ir o,etir wO/I,etir wyr omemar evenehW .seusneecneuqesemaseht,sr ucco

4.1 6808f oledoMgnimmargorPehT• der edisnoc2er oChguor ht6808 elbisivmargorp .

– ty bdeif ice pser adnagnimmar gor pgnir uddesuer asr etsiger snoitcur tsnieh

• e botder edisnocsr etsiger r ehtO elbisivnimargorp .

– gnimmar gor psnoitacil p pagnir udyltcer idel basser ddaton

• mar gor pniatnocevo badna68208 - detcetor petar e podnalor tnocotsr etsiger el bisivni

.yr omem

– ecor por cimehtf oser utaef r ehtodna r oss

• 23lluf niatnocsr ossecor por cim2er oChguor ht68308 - .ser utcetihcr alanr etniti b

• dr aw puylluf er a68208ehthguor ht6808 - .2er oChguor ht68308ehtotel bita pmoc

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• 2er ugiF – .r ossecor por cim2er oChguor ht6808ledomgnimmar gor pehtsetar tsulli1

tgnidulcni 46eh - snoisnetxeti b

er ugiF 1–11 gnidulcnir ossecor por cim2er oCehthguor ht6808ehtf oledomgnimmar gor pehT

46eht - .snoisnetxeti b

sr et si g e Reso pr u pi t l u M• XAR - 46a - 23a,)XAR (r etsiger ti b - r etsiger ti b )r otalumucca( 61a,)XAE( - XA(r etsiger ti b ,)

8owtf or ehtiesar o - .)LAdnaHA(sr etsiger ti b

• ehtf oemosdna,noisivid,noitacil pitlumsahcussnoitcur tsnir of desusir otalumuccaehT

.snoitcur tsnitnemtsu jda

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.yr omemf osety b)ate p(P4sser ddaotsti b25otsu bsser ddaehtdna pxeotsnal pletnI

• ,XBR .LB,HB,XB,XBE,XBR sael basser dda

– r etsiger XB )xedniesa b( metsysyr omemehtninoitacolaf osser ddatesf f osdlohsemitemos

r ossecor por cimehtf osnoisr evllani

• XCR .LCr o,HC,XC,XCE,XCR sa,

– a )tnuoc( lar eneg - sdlohoslatahtr etsiger eso pr u p snoitcur tsnisuoir avr of tnuoceht

• ,XDR .LDr o,HD,XD,XDE,XDR sa

– a )atad( lar eneg - r etsiger eso pr u p

– noitacil pitlumamor f tluser ehtf otr a pasdloh

noisividaer of e bdnedividf otr a pr o

• ,PBR .PBr o,PBE,PBR sa

– yr omemaotstnio p )r etnio pesa b( tacol noi

sr ef snar tatadyr omemr of

• IDR .IDr o,IDE,IDR sael basser dda

– sesser ddanetf o )xedninoitanitsed( snoitcur tsnignir tsehtr of atadnoitanitsedgnir ts

• ISR .ISr o,ISE,ISR sadesu

– eht )xedniecr uos( nir tsehtr of atadgnir tsecr uossesser ddar etsiger snoitcur tsnig

– lar enegasasnoitcnuf oslaISR ,IDR ek il -

r etsiger eso pr u p

• 8R - 51R 46f i2er oCdna4muitnePehtnidnuof - .del baneer asnoisnetxeti b

– 46sadesser ddaer aatad - 23, - 61, - 8r o, - ti b

eso pr u plar enegf oer adnasezis

• nlliwsnoitacil p patsoM 46litnusr etsiger esehtesuto - .nommocer asr ossecor pti b

– 8eht - 8tsomthgir ehtsinoitr o pti b - ylnoti b

– sael basser ddayltcer idtoner a51ot8sti b

ety ba

l ai ce p S - sr et si g e Reso pr u P• SGALFR dna,PSR ,PIR edulcnI

– ,SS,SE,SD,SCedulcnisr etsiger tnemges SGdna,SF

• PIR .yr omemf onoitcesaninoitcur tsnitxenehtsesser dda

– sadenif ed )r etnio pnoitcur tsni( tnemgesedoca

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• PSR dellacyr omemf oaer anasesser dda

.k catseht

– eht )r etnio pk cats( r etnio psihthguor htatadser ots

• SGALFR noitidnocehtetacidni .noitar e postilor tnocdnar ossecor por cimehtf o

• 2er ugiF – .r ossecor por cimehtf osnoisr evllaf osr etsiger galf ehtswohs2

• dr aw puer asgalF - .2er oChguor ht8808/6808ehtmor f el bita pmoc

• emhtir atsomy bdegnahcer agalf wolf r evoehtdnaevif tsomthgir ehT .snoitar e pocigoldnacit

– mehttcef f atonodsr ef snar tatadhguohtla

er ugiF 21.1 muitnePdna6808er itneehtr of stnuocr etsiger GALFdnaGALFEehT

.ylimaf r ossecor por cim

• .noitar e polor tnocmar gor pr or ef snar tatadynar of egnahcr evensgalF• f oemoS .r ossecor por cimehtnidnuof ser utaef lor tnocotdesuoslaer asgalf eht

• .noitcnuf f onoit pir csedf eir bahtiw,sti bgalF

• )yr r ac(C .noitcar t busr etf awor r o br onoitiddar etf ayr r acehtsdloh

• snoitidnocr or r esetacidniosla

• )ytir a p(P of otnuocehtsi ;ytir a pddor of 0cigoL.ddor onevesadesser pxer e bmunanisen

.ytir a pnever of 1cigol

• ytir a pddosahti,sti benoyr ani beer htsniatnocr e bmunaf i

• ytir a pnevesahti,sti benoonsniatnocr e bmunaf i

• )yr r ac(C r r o br onoitiddar etf ayr r acehtsdloh .noitcar t busr etf awo

• snoitidnocr or r esetacidniosla

• )ytir a p(P ;ytir a pddor of 0cigoL.ddor onevesadesser pxer e bmunanisenof otnuocehtsi

.ytir a pnever of 1cigol

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• atnocr e bmunaf I;ytir a pddosahti,sti benoyr ani beer htsniatnocr e bmunaf i ,sti benoonsni

ti

ytir a pnevesah

• )yr r acyr ailixua(A f lah(yr r acehtsdloh - noitcar t busr etf awor r o behtr onoitiddar etf a)yr r ac

.tluser ehtf o4dna3snoitiso pti bneewte b

• )or ez(Z .or ezsinoitar e pocigolr ocitemhtir anaf otluser ehttahtswohs

• )ngis(S noitcur tsnicigolr ocitemhtir anar etf atluser ehtf ongiscitemhtir aehtsdlohgalf

.setucexe

• ) par t(T nonahguor htgni p par tsel banegalf par tehT - .er utaef gniggu bed pihc

• )t pur r etni(I ptu pni)tseuqer t pur r etni(R T NIehtf onoitar e poslor tnoc .ni

• )noitcer id(D .sr etsiger ISr o/dnaIDehtr of edomtnemer cedr otnemer cnistceles

• )wolf r evo(O .detcar t busr odeddaer asr e bmundengisnehwsr ucco

• dedeecxesahtluser ehtsetacidniwolf r evona

enihcamehtf oytica paceht

• LPOI edomdetcetor pnidesu noitar e po

egelivir pehttcelesot .secivedO/Ir of level

• )k satdetsen(T N detcetor pnik satr ehtonanihtiwdetsensik sattner r ucehtsetacidnigalf

.noitar e poedom

• )emuser (FR txenehtr etf anoitucexef onoit pmuser lor tnocotgniggu bedhtiwdesu

ur tsni .noitc

• )edomlautr iv(MV .metsysedomdetcetor paninoitar e poedomlautr ivstcelesti bgalf

• )k cehctnemngila(,CA sidr owel buodr odr owaf isetavitcati bgalf nonanodesser dda - dr ow

nonr o - .yr adnuo bdr owel buod

• FIV vati bgalf t pur r etniehtf oy pocasi 4muitnePehtotel balia – )t pur r etnilautr iv(

• )lautr iv(PIV r of t pur r etniedomlautr ivatuo banoitamr of nisedivor p )gnidne pt pur r etni(

.muitneP

• sgalf t pur r etnilautr ivedivor potstnemnor ivnegnik satitlumnidesu

• )noitacif itnedi(DI tahtsetacidnigalf DIUPCehttr o p pussr ossecor por cimmuitnePeht

.noitcur tsni

• r ossecor por cimmuitnePehttuo banoitamr of nihtiwmetsysehtsedivor pnoitcur tsniDIUPC

sr et si g e Rt nem g e S• .r ossecor por cimehtnisr etsiger r ehtohtiwdeni bmocnehwsesser ddayr omemetar eneG

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• r uoF .r ossecor por cimehtf osnoisr evsuoir avnisr etsiger tnemgesxisr o

• .edomdetcetor pninahtedomlaer niyltner ef f idsnoitcnuf r etsiger tnemgesA

• .metsysehtninoitcnuf stihtiwgnola,r etsiger tnemgeshcaef otsilasigniwolloF

• )edoc(SC sdlohtnemges .r ossecor por cimehty bdesu)ser udecor pdnasmar gor p(edoc

• )atad(SD .mar gor pay bdesuatadtsomsniatnoc

• tesf f oehtdlohtahtsr etsiger r ehtof ostnetnocr osser ddatesf f onay bdesseccaer aataD

sser dda

• )ar txe(SE mosy bdesutnemgesatadlanoitiddana .atadnoitanitseddlohotsnoitcur tsnie

• )k cats(SS .k catsehtr of desuyr omemf oaer aehtsenif ed

• sr etsiger r etnio pk catsdnatnemgesk catsehty bdenimr etedsitnio pyr tnek cats

• nihtiwatadsesser ddaoslar etsiger PBeht

tnemgesk catseht

• SGdnaSF s 68308niel baliavasr etsiger tnemgeslatnemel p puser astnemge – 2er oC

.sr ossecor por cim

• r of stnemgesyr omemlanoitiddaowtwolla

smar gor py bssecca

• egasur iehtf onoitinif edontu b,snoitar e polanr etnir of stnemgesesehtsesuswodniW

.el baliavasi

LAER 4.1 GNISSER DDAYR OMEMEDOM

68x08nognisserddaf osedomlaeR owT

4muitneP ehtni pusemoc laer - edom sitir etf a teser sihtniniamer lliwtI. edom

detcetor potdehctiwssitisselnu - y bedom erawtf os .

r e phgihyr evasasetar e po4muitnePeht,edomlaer nI• .6808ecnamr of

ehtetucexeotdesue bnac4muitneP• tesnoitcurtsniesab ehtf o 6808 UPM

.)ytili bita pmocdr awk ca b(

f or e bmuna,noitiddanI wen snoitcur tsni dellac( tesnoitcurtsnidednetxe nee bevah)stiecnahneotdedda (ytilanoitcnuf dnaecnamr of r e p ehtninur e bnacsnoitcur tsniwenhcus

laer - detcetor pehtsallewsaedom - .)edom laer nI - tsr if ehtylno,edom setybM1 yr omemf o

htiwdesser ddae bnac laci pyteht tesf f o:tnemges hcaE.sser ddalacigol tnemges si setybK 46

.gnol

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muitnePehttahtecito N• sahr ossecor por cim4 subsserddatib63 hcihw, nactisnaem

=632ot putr o p pus setybG46 tonnachcihw(yr omemlatotf o laer nidesser ddae b - tu bedom

.)edomdetcetor pnidesser ddae bnac

• ledomtalf edomlaeR snaem

o gnitr evnocyltcir tS eno eul av s ser d d a tni ao noit acol l u f g ninaem yl l aci s yh p .MAR ehtni

• ledomdetnemgesedomlaeR snaem

o gnitr evnocyltcir ts owt seul av s ser d d a yr omemluf gninaemyllacisyh paotni

.noitacol

o ,yr omemel basser ddayltcer idf o)sety b675,840,1(ety bagemenootsseccasevig

sanwonk r yr omemed oml ae .

a sretsigeR tnemgeS.

• yllacisa ber asr etsiger tnemgeS sr et nio p yr omem .UPCehtedisnidetacol

• :nige bsgnihtgniwollof ehtf oenoer ehwyr omemniecal paottnio psr etsiger tnemgeS

.1 egar otsataD

.2 .noitucexeedoC

elpmaxE : er t nem g e sed oc r et si g SC :yr omemf onoiger K 46aotstnio p

•

b ledoMdetnemgeSedoMlaeR .

• noitazinagr odetnemgeS

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o tr ohsluf sseccuS - ;gnik nihtmr et

o or tsataC gnolda byllacih p - r evennidetluser tahtgnik nihtmr et - swodniWgnidne !smel bor px9

e edoMlaeR niecapSsserddA.

nieca pssser ddA ledomdetnemgesedomlaer mor f snur

o 00000 oth FFFFF0 nihtiw,h yr omem f oet yba g emeno .

• CmuitneP,snosaer ytili bita pmocr oF edomlaer otnif lestignihctiwsf oel ba pacsiUP ylevitcef f esi,ledomdetnemges g nimoceb ! pihc6808dlodooga

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TINU -2

1.2 DETCETOR P - EDOM

• nI eht detcetor p - edom , yr omem la egr r naht 1 MB nac e b .dessecca Wi odn ws PX setar e po in

eht torp detce edom .

• nI ,noitidda stnemges nac e b f o elbairav zis e (b wole r o evo ba BK 46 ).

• S emo metsys lortnoc i tcurtsn ions er a yl no v dila ni eht cetor p t de m edo .

• nI p cetor t de ,edom eht tesf f o:esa b lo lacig em m yr o isser dda ng cs h eme ( hcihw si desu ni real

om )ed si degnahc .

• ehT f f o s te tr a p of eht lacigol mem ory sser dda is sti ll .desu ,r evewoH nehw ni eht or p t etce d

,edom eht r ossecor p nac k r ow r ehtie htiw 61 - ti b o stesf f eht( 61 - ti b tcur tsni i no )edom r o htiw 23 -

ti b stesf f o eht( 23 - ti b .)edomnoitcur tsni A 23 - ti b tesf f o swolla nemges ts f o pu ot G4 setyb ninel g ht . ecito N taht ni laer - edom eht no ly aliava b el noitcur tsni edom si eht 61 - ti b edom gnir ud(

hcihw issecca ng 23 - ti b sr etsiger ser iuqer eht p if er x )h66 .

• ,r evewoH eht tnemges esa b sser dda taluclac i no is tner ef f id ni detcetor p .edom daetsnI f o

idne p pa ng a 0 ta eht dne f o eht nemges t r etsiger stnetnoc ot etaer c a seg em tn a b se da d ser s ( cihw h

sevig a 02 - ti b ph lacisy ad ,)sser d eht tnemges r r etsige noc t snia a tceles or that st cel e s a otpircsed r

mor f a d r cse r ot pi bat le. ehT ed s r ot pir c ed s sebir c eht omem ry s nemge t s' ,htgnel,noitacol dna

ca c sthgir sse . sihT si r alimis ot itceles ng eno dr ac mor f a k ced f o sdr ac in o 'en s po ek c t .

• uaceB se eht tnemges r etsiger dna o tesf f sser dda llits etaer c a lo lacig em mory dda r ,sse or p et ct de

edom tcurtsni ions er a eht emas sa laer edom i .snoitcur tsn nI ,tcaf tsom smar gor p nettir w ot

noitcnuf ni eht laer edom lliw noitcnuf tuohtiw egnahc ni t eh tor p e detc mo ed .

:SR OTPIR CSED

• ehT ,r otceles detacol in eht tnemges siger t ,r e sele stc eno of 2918 ircsed p rot s mor f one f o wt o

sel bat f o ed s sr ot pir c ts( o der ni omem r :)y the lg o la b dna lacol ed cs r ot pir t ba l .se ehT d r ot pir cse

ehtse bir csed col ation, tgnel h dna ssecca sthgir o omemehtf r sy egm ne t .

edhcaE• s r ot pir c is 8 etyb s long dna ti s tamr of si s nwoh e b l wo :

ehT 2918 r ot pir csed el bat ser iuqer 8 * 2918 = 64 setybK f o omem ry. ehT

niam str a p f o a r ot pir csed er a :

13B(esaB – B :)0 setacidni eht lgnitr ats o ac it no (b esa )sserdda f o eht yr omem s tnemge . ihT s

swolla ges m stne ot nige b ta any noitacol ni eht s'r ossecor p G4 b sety f o yr omem .

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timiL 91L( – L :)0 sniatnoc eht tsal tesf f o sserdda dnuof ni a tnemges . ecniS siht dleif si 02 ,sti b

eht tnemges ezis dluoc e b anyw er eh eewte b n 1 dna M1 byt .se ,r evewoH f i eht G ib t

ytiralunarg( )tib si s ,te eht eulav f o eht timil si deil pitlum by 4K b ty es ,.e.i( dedne p pa htiw

HFFF ). nI siht esac , eht nemges t ezis dluoc e b an wy h er e neewte b K 4 and G4 b sety in ts s pe of

bK 4 y .set

,el pmaxE

esaB =tr atS= 0000001 0h

=timiL 00 1 hFF dna G = 0

,oS dnE = aB se + timiL = h00000001 100+ F hF = 100001 FFh

tnemgeS =eziS 215 b ty se

esaB =tr atS= 0000001 0h

=timiL 00 1 hFF dna G = 1

,oS dnE = aB s +e *timiL K 4 = h00000001 + 00 1 hFFFFF = 01 1 FFFFF h

tnemgeS =eziS M2 b ty es

VA :tib si desu y b os me itar e po ng s smetsy ot etacidni taht eht ges m tne si el baliava VA( = )1 r o

ton el baliava VA( )0= .

D :tib f I D = ,0 eht snoitcur tsni er a 61 - ti b ,snoitcur tsni el bita pmoc htiw eht 6808 - 68208

r ossecor por cim s. sihT snaem taht eht snoitcur tsni esu 61 - ti b tesf f o sesser dda dna 16- ti b r etsiger s

y b tluaf ed . sihT edom si eht 61 - i b t tcur tsni i no edom r o DOS m edo . If D = ,1 eht snoitcur tsni are

23 - sti b by d tluaf e (W swodni XP sk r ow in th si m .)edo By ,tluaf ed ht e 32-bit tcur tsni i no m edo

semussa taht lla tesf f o sesser dda dna lla re tsig ers er a 23 i b t .s eto N taht eht tluaf ed r of r etsiger

ezis dna tesf f o ser dda s nac e b ov dir r e d ne ni to b h eht 61 - dna 23 - i b t in ts ru tc i no sedom gnisu t eh

h66 dna h76 if er p x .se nI 61 - ti b detcetor p - ,edom sr ot pir csed er a llits desu tu b stnemges r a e

deso p pus ot e b a am x mumi f o K 46 byt se .

sseccA sthgir :etyb lla o sw etel pmoc lor tnoc evo r eht segm ne t. If eht s tnemge si a ad ta tnemges ,

eht noitcer id of twor g h is f ice ps i de . f I the tnemges r g o sw be noy d sti ,timil eht mi r por c o ossec r's

gnitar e po s metsy r p o mar g si etni ,det pur r tacidni i gn a lareneg noitcetorp fau tl . uoY nac ice ps fy

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r ehtehw a d ata s tnemge nac be nettir w r o si r w eti - or p t detce . ehT oc de tnemges ac n vah e r idae ng

deti bihni ot tcetor p er awtf os . sihT si why tI si dellac detcetor p .edom sihT dnik f o noitcetor p si

el baliavanu ni edomlaer .

.

R OTCELES S:

sr ot pir cseD er a nesohc mor f eht r ot pir csed el bat y b eht ges m tne r etsiger .

er ehT er a owt r ot pir csed :sel bat

labolG srotpircsed :elbat sniatnoc tnemges f ed i snoitin taht p pa ly ot la l smar gor p osla( ac ell d

metsys sed c srotpir ).

lacoL srotpircsed elbat : lausu ly euqinu ot na pa p noitacil osla( dellac noitacilppa ircsed p srot ).

hcaE d r ot pir cse el bat co sniatn 2918 ,sr ot pir csed os a latot of 83,61 4 sed cript sr o are ava li ba le to

na noitacil p pa ta any emit . hT si swolla pu ot 483,61 yr omem stnemges ot e b de bir csed r of cae h

oitacil p pa n. ehT Figu er b wole swohs eht tnemges r etsiger ni eht cetor p t de m edo . I :sniatnoct

31 - tib tceles or :dleif sesoohc eno f o eht 2918 sr ot pir csed mor f eht ed s pir c t r o el bat 312( = 918 2) .

elbaT rotacidni )IT( bi :t stceles r ehtie eht a bolg l r ot pir csed el bat (TI = 0) r o eht l laco ed s r ot pir c

el bat )1=IT( .

detseuqeR egelivirp el v le )LPR ( leif d: stseuqer t eh ssecca egelivir p level f o a omem ry s tnemge .

ehT hi tsehg p egelivir el v le si 00 dna eht tsewol is 11 . f I eht r etseuqe d r p ivil ege el v le ctam h se orsi r ehgih ni p ir oir ty naht eht egelivir p el v le es t by ht e ssecca ri sthg b ,ety secca s si nar g t .de

swodniW sesu egelivir p level 00 gnir ( )0 r of eht lenr ek dna r evir d r p o smar g dna level 11 ir ( gn 3)

r of .snoitacil p pa swodniW seod ton esu l sleve 10 r o .01 f I egelivir p slevel er a ,detaloiv ht e

metsys lamr on ly setacidni a egelivirp level aloiv t oi n.

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:el pmaxE

laeR :edoM SD = 8000 h, neht eht tnemgesatad b ge i sn ta loca it no 08000 h dna ti s l htgne is K 46

tyb es.

rP o detcet :edoM SD = 8000 h = 0000 0000 0000 001 0, neht eht r otceles les stce rotpircseD 1 in

eht olg b la r ot pir csed el bat gnisu a detseuqer egelivir p level f o 00. ehT olg b la el batr ot pir csed is

der ots ni yr omem sa nwohs ole b w.

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r ot pir cseD mun b r e 1 co sniatn a ed s r ot pir c aht t senif ed eht sa b e dda ress as h00000100 wi ht a

tnemges timil f o 000 FFh. sihT sr ef er ot omem ry snoitacol h00000100 – hFF000100 r of the tad a

.tnemges

2.2 R P O R G AM- VNI IS ELBI :SR ETSIGER

ehT la bolg dna lacol r ot pir csed sel bat er a dnuof ni eht omem ry s metsy . nI r edr o ot ehtyf ice ps

sser dda f o eht se ,sel bat P muitne 4 sniatnoc mar gor p el bisivni sr etsiger R TDL dna R TDG (t eseh

sr etsiger er a ton yltcer id desser dda y b r awtf os )e .

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ehT R TDG la bolg( r ot pir csed el bat re ,)r etsig LDTR lacol( r ot pir csed bat le )r etsiger dna DI TR

t pur r etni( d r ot pir cse t el ba )r etsiger niatnoc eht ba es a dd ser s of eht d ir cse p r ot el bat dna sti li im t.

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ehT timil f o eseht r ot pir csed sel bat si 61 sti b suace b e eht am x mumi el bat htgnel si K 46 byt se

tu b( f o ,esr uoc the el bat dluoc e b r ellams naht K 46 b ,ety h ecne the deen r of t eh il im t) .

f eB o er isu ng eht p cetor t de ,edom eht t pur r etni des r ot pir c ,el bat la bolg d r ot pir cse el bat ola ng htiw

eht gnidno pser r oc tsiger sr e R TDI dna R TDG tsum e b .dezilaitini sihT si yhw eht muitneP 4

stoo b ni eht laer om de n to detcetor p edom , dna why the am x umi m csed ri r ot p t ba le is ze is K 46

by set .

hcaE f o eht s tnemge ger i sr ets osla sniatnoc a r p o mar g - el bisivni noitr o p desu sa a ca ehc ot er ots

eht gnidno pser r oc 8 b ety r ot pir csed ot diova yldetae per gnissecca yr omem eve ry emit ehttnemges r etsiger si decner ef er ecneh( eht t mr e )ehcac .

esehT mar gor p - el bisivni sr etsiger er a dedaol htiw eht esa b da d sser , ,timil dna ssecca sthgir hcae

emit eht r e bmun ni eht tnemges er r etsig si ahc nged.

ehT R T k sat( )r etsiger ho sdl a ,r otceles hcihw sessecca a r ot pir csed taht f ed i sen a at sk . A t k sa si

tsom netf o a decor p u er or noitacil p pa r p o mar g . ehT r ot pir csed r of eht r p o er udec r o noitacil p pa

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mar gor p si der ots ni eht la bolg ed s r ot pir c ,el bat so ssecca nac be dellor tnoc hguor ht t eh privi egel

slevel . ehT k sat r etsiger swolla a etnoc xt r o k sat hctiws ni um tl ati ski gn sys met s in tuo ba s71 .

itoN ec : ehT m ome ry s metsy r of the muitneP 4 G4si b ,ezisnisety u b t ca cess ot t eh r a ea

neewte b G4 dna G46 si del bane htiw ti b noitiso p 4 f o eht lor tnoc r etsiger C 4R dna si bissecca le

no ly nehw M4 iga p ng si del bane . nehW ni siht iga p ng ,edom da d sser senil 53A – 23A are

del bane htiw a laice ps wen isser dda ng ,edom dellor tnoc by r ehto sti b ni 4R C .

3.2 yromeM gnigaP

igaP ng si del bane nehw t eh GP ti b ni lor tnoc ger tsi r e C 0R is tes . ehT gniga p nacmsinahcem

noitcnuf ni hto b eht laer dna detcetor p mod se .

nehW�� gniga p si ,del bane syh p laci omem ry si dedivid otni llams sk col b (t laci py ly K 4 byt se r o

M4 b )sety ni ,ezis dna hcae k col b si gissa n de a ega p un mb r e . ehT op itar e ng s metsy s peek a sil t

f o eer f sega p ni sti mem r o y. nehW a r p o mar g am k se a qer u tse r of omem r ,y eht SO setacolla a

mun r e b f o sega p ot t eh mar gor p .

A key navda t ega ot em m yr o p iga ng si taht yr omem detacolla ot a r p o mar g seod ton evah to e b

tnoc iguo su , dna esuace b f o ,taht er eht si ver gar f lanr etnielttily m tatne i no - t uh s emelttil m siyro

etsaw d .

EHT EGAP TCER ID O YR DNA PA EG ELBAT

oT�� tr evnoc a 23 - ti b r aenil da d sser otni a 23 - i b t ph lacisy ,sser dda we en ed to r ednu ts dna t ah teht tsom tnacif ingis 02 b sti f o eht r aenil isser dda n etacid eht raenil egap bmun er, ihw le t eh

tsael tnacif ingis 21 bits f o eht r aenil sser dda idni etac t eh tesf f o w nihti ht is p ega . sf f oehT et

dluohs niamer eht emas b tu eht r aenil ega p mun b r e sah ot e b detr evnoc otni a ph isy c la pa eg

r e bmun .

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hcaE ega p otcer id ry yr tne si a ph lacisy sser dda po gnitni ot a egap elbat , w hcih c no tai sn p ega

seirtneelbat . hcaE ega p el bat atnoc i sn 4201 ega p el bat ,seir tne hcae f o hcihw si sety b4 23(

i b t )s . sihT snaem taht hcae batega p le si 4 K etyb s nol g .

hcaE ega p el bat tne ry p stnio ot eht gnitr ats ph lacisy sser dda f o a ega p ni yr omem i( . .e , ht e

lacisyhp egap mun b re ).

sihT snaem taht if ew ha ev eno pa eg otcer id ry and 4201 ega p ,sel bat eht n ew ah ve a t lato f o 1M

el bat eir tne s r o 1 M pa seg . ecniS cae h ega p si 4K byt se ol n ,g siht lliw r evoc a ot tal f o 4G bytes

f o mumixam lacisyh p yr omem .

T eh er ugif wole b tr aP a( ) swohs eht r aenil ser dda s eneg( r deta by the )er awtf os dna woh ti tceles s

eno f o eht 4201 p ega otcer id ry r tne i se mor f eht p ega otcer id ry isu( ng eht tf el tsom 01 i b t )s na d

neht stceles eno f o the 4201 ega p l bat e ne t eir s su( i gn eht next 01 bi st .) tr aP (b) f o eht fi r ug e

swohs eht ega p el bat ne t ,yr hcihw noc t snia eht yh p s laci r e bmun taht tsum e b detaicossa htiw eht

sf f o et.

r oF ,el pmaxe eht r aenil sesser dda h00000000 - hFFF00000 ssecca eht tsr if ega p otcer id ry tne ry,

dna eht tsr if ega p bat le tne r .y ecito N taht eno ega p si a K 4 -b ety da d sser r .egna ,oS f i t tah page

el bat yr tne noc t snia ,h00000100 neht eht ph lacisy sser dda f o siht ega p si h00000100 - FFF00100 h

r of r aenil sser dda 00000 0 h00 - 00000 F hFF . sihT snaem taht wh ne eht pro mar g essecca s a ol c noita

wte b ee n 00000100 h and ,hFFF00100 the ossecor por cim r ph llacisy y esser dda s noitacol

h00000100 - FFF00100 h .

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r oF ,el pmaxe eht r aenil sesser dda h00000000 - hFFF00000 ssecca eht tsr if ega p otcer id ry tne ry,

dna eht tsr if ega p bat le tne r .y N ecito taht eno ega p si a K 4 -b ety da d sser r .egna ,oS f i t tah page

el bat yr tne noc t snia ,h00000100 neht eht ph lacisy sser dda f o siht ega p si h00000100 - FFF00100 h

r of r aenil sser dda 00000 0 h00 - 00000 F hFF . sihT snaem taht wh ne eht pro mar g sessecca a ol c noita

b wte ee n 00000100 h and ,hFFF00100 the ossecor por cim r ph llacisy y esser dda s noitacol

h00000100 - FFF00100 h .

ehT er udecor p r of gnitr evnoc r aenil sesser dda otni lacisyh p :sesser dda

4.2 6808 isser ddA ng Mo sed r of issecca ng d ta a

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gnisser ddA sedom edivor p einevnoc n ec ni secca s gni atad n ee d de ni na noitcur tsni .

6808 isser ddA ng sedoM r of issecca ng ad at

etaidemmI r etsigeR isser dda ng yr omeM dda r gnisse O/I tr o p gnisser dda

gnisser ddA edom

cr uosr of ( e

dnar e po )ylno

.2 1.4 etaidemmI erddA s is ng

r of eB e r etf A

Ex1: VOM ,XD 4321 H DX DCBA H H4321

er of eB r etf A

Ex2: VOM C ,H 32 H CH D4 H H32

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2.4.2 retsigeR gnisserddA

er of eB r etf A

Ex1: ,XCVOM SI CX 4321 H H8765

SI 8765 H H8765

er of eB r etf A

Ex2: VOM ,LD HA Dl 98 H CB H

AH CB H CB H

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yromeM gnisserddA

tceriD gnisserddA nI tcerid sserddA ni g

yromeM tceridnI isserddA ng

tsigeR er desaB gnisser ddA exednI d esaB d desaB dexednI

cer idnI t htiw isser ddA ng htiw exednI d isser dda ng htiw

nemecal psid t nemecal psid t isser dda gn nemecal psid t

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3.4.2 yromeM tceriD gnisserddA

B er of e r etf A

Ex1: VOM ,XB H4365:SD XB DCBA H H5468

4365:SD H 54 H SL b ety

5365:SD H 68 H SM y b te

er of eB r etf A

Ex2: VOM C ,L 4365:SD H CL 2F H H54

4365:SD H H54

D 5365:S H H68

Ex3: VOM ,HB OL C er of eB r etf A

mar g or P HB C5H H87

. ATAD

LOC DB 87 H

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retsigeR .4.4.2 tceridnI gnisserddA

er of eB r etf A

Ex1: VOM ,LC IS[ ] CL 02 H H87

SI 6543 H

6543:SD H H87

er of eB r etf A

Ex2: VOM ,XD [ XB ] XD 232F H H7653

XB H2B2A

2B2A:SD H 76 H SL b ety

3B2A:SD H 53 H SM y b te

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er of eB r etf A

Ex3: VOM ,HA ID[ ] HA 03 H H68

ID 0043 H

0043:SD H H68

nO ly S ,I ID dna XB nac e b desu edisni [ ] mor f yr omem gnisser dda tnio p o weivf . mor F r esu

tnio p f o weiv [ PB ] si osla so p is el b . sihT emehcs sedivor p 3 wa sy f o r dda gnisse na dnar e po ni

.yr omem

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5.4.2 desaB gnisserddA htiw psid l emeca nt

er of eB r etf A

Ex1: VOM ,HD H5432 [ XB ] DH 54 H H76

H5432 si 61 - ti b di ps l eca m ne t XB 0004 H

0004 + 5432 = 5436 H D :S H5436 H76

er of eB r etf A

Ex2: VOM ,XA H54 [B ]P AX 0001 H HBADC

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H54 si 8- ti b di ecal ps ment BP 0003 H

0003 + 54 = 5403 H SS : 5403 H HBA SL b ety

nehwSSsitI BP si used SS : 6433 H HDC y bSM te

esaB r etsiger nac no ly e b r oXB PB . sihT emehcs sedivor p 4 wa sy f o gnisser dda na dnar e po in

.yr omem

6.4.2 dexednI gnisserddA w hti emecalpsid tn

er of eB r etf A

Ex1: VOM ,LC IS[H5432 ] CL 06 H H58

H5432 si 61 - ti b di ps l eca m ne t SI 0006 H

0006 + 5432 = 5438 H D :S H5438 H58

er of eB r etf A

Ex2: VOM ,XD ID[H73 ] DX 0007 H H2A2B

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H73 si 8- ti b di ecal ps ment DI 0005 H

+H0005 H73 = 305 7H DS 7305: H 2A H SL b ety

DS 8305: H H2B y bSM te

xednI r etsiger nac no l e by SI or DI. sihT cs h eme sedivor p 4 wa sy f o gnisser dda na po e dnar ni

.yr omem

desaB7.4.2 dexednI sserddA ni g

er of eB r etf A

Ex1: VOM ,LC IS[ ] ]XB[ CL 04 H H76

SI 0002 H

XB 0030 H

H0002 + H0030 = 032 0H D :S H0032 H76

er of eB etf A r

Ex2: VOM ,XC ]PB[ [ ID ] CX 0006 H H5836

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BP 0003 H

DI 0200 H

H0002 + H0030 = 032 0H 0203:SS H 58 H SL b ety

nehwSSsitI BP si used 1203:SS H 36 H y bSM te

sihT emehcs sedivor p 4 wa sy f o da d isser ng na op dnar e ni omem ry. enO r etsiger tsum e b a esaB

r etsiger dna eht r ehto tsum e b na xednI r etsiger .

r oF ex. VOM ,XC [ XB ] ]PB[ si na dilavni in ts noitcur .

6.4.2 desaB dexednI gnisserddA w hti Dis lp emeca tn

er of eB r etf A

Ex1: VOM ,LD ]ID+XB[H73 DL 04 H H21

H73 si 8- ti b di ecal ps ment XB 0002 H

DI 0500 H

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H0002 + H0500 + 37H = H0032 D :S H7802 H21

er of eB etf A r

Ex2: VOM ,XB ]PB+IS[H4321 XB 0003 H H5663

SI 0004 H

BP 0200 H

H0004 + H0200 4321+ = H4525 4525:SS H 56 H SL b ety

nehwSSsitI BP si used 5525:SS H 63 H y bSM te

sihT emehcs sedivor p 8 wa sy f o da d isser ng na op dnar e ni omem ry.

7.4.2 yromeM sedom as sevitavired f o desaB dexednI gnisserddA iw th Dis lp emeca tn

isser ddA ng dom e

tcer iD ddA r sse i gn

r etsigeR tcer idnI

VOM ,HD H5432 [ }XB seY No seY desaB gnisser ddA htiw

r tsnI u oitc n esaB

r etsigeR

VOM ,XB H4365:SD o N

ednI x psiD ecal

etsigeR r nem t

No seY

[,LCVOM S ]I o N eY s o N

VOM ,XD ]XB[ seY No o N

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tnemecal psiD

VOM ,XD ]ID[H53 o N eY s seY dexednI sser ddA gni htiw

tnemecal psid

VOM ,LC [H73 S ]XB+I seY eY s o N desaB dexednI gnisser ddA

VOM ,LD ID+XB[H73 ] seY eY s eY s desaB dexednI gnisser ddA

htiw nemecal psid t

8.4.2 O/I trop A dd sser ni g

O/I po tr ddA isser ng

iF x de tr o p isser dda ng el bair aV po tr isser dda ng

r O tcer iD tr oP isser dda ng r O tcer idnI tr o p gnisser dda

dexiF troP gnisserddA

er of eB tf A er

Ex. 1: IN A H38,L AL 43 H H87

tu pnI tr o p on . 38 H H87

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er of eB r etf A

Ex. 1: IN A ,L XD AL 03 H H06

XD 4321 H

ontr o ptu pnI . 4321 H H06

er of eB r etf A

Ex. 2: NI ,XA DX XA 0403 H H0607

XD 0004 H


r o ptu pnI ont . 1004 H H07

r of eB e r etf A

Ex. 3: TUO ,XD AL AL H56

XD H0005

tu ptuO tr o p on . 0005 H 08 H H56

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r of eB e r etf A

Ex. 4: A,XDTUO X XA H7654

XD H0005



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tinU - 3

.3 1 6808 noitcurtsnI tes

snoitaiver b bA esu d

=8R LA / LC/LB / /LD HD/HC/HB/HA

/XD/XC/XB/XA=61R S /I DI/ PS/PB 61R /8R =R

SC=R S / E/SD S S/ S /IS=R A DI PB/XB/

61=61d - ti b ad at 8=8d - ti b ad at

8=8a - ti b O/I tr o p ser dda s

stnetnoc=8M f o b ety yr omem

stnetnoc=61M f o dr ow m ome ry 8M=M M/ 61

snoitnevnoC desu :

R

VOM OMr of V R, M dnaOM V ,M R

M

OP/HSUP P R16 r of HSUP R16 na d OP P 61R

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R OR R/ ,M 1 C/ L r of ROR R 1, R OR 1,M R OR LC,R R OR ,M CL

.1.3 1 6808 noitcurtsnI tes yt p se

snoit cur t sn I er a yl l amr on d e s suc sid :r ed nu

ataD r ef snar T r tsni u snoitc Ex. VOM ,XB CX

citemhtir A snoitcur tsni Ex. DDA XC,XB

Lo lacig puor g f o sni t cur t snoi Ex. D NA B ,X CX

k catS r g o pu Ex. HSUP XD O/I xE puor g . NI ,LA H03

hcnar B puor g Ex. J C N OL CN

gnir tS snoitcur tsni Ex. SVOM

t pur r etnI snoitcur tsni Ex. T NI 12 H

ataD r ef snar T , puor g citemhtir A , puor g Logi lac puor g , k catS or g u , p dna /I O puor g of

snoitcur tsni ex denial p tsr if . yehT ucco py es v lar e sr et pahc ni sk oo b .

,er eH I nial pxe meht :r ednu

2- dnar e po snoitcur tsni Ex. DDA ,XB XC

1- dnar e po snoitcur tsni Ex. HSUP IS

0- dnar e po r tsni u :snoitc Ex. AAD

hcnar B , puor g gnir tS ,snoitcur tsni dna t pur r etnI itcur tsni sno er a ex denial p l r eta .

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dnarepO2.3 ni s rt u snoitc

dnarepO1.2.3 snoitcurtsni in ivlov ng R a dn R/M

HCX/VOM G ataD r ef snar t

BS/BUS/CDA/DDA B R emhtir A it c

MC/TSET/R OX/R O/D NA P R/M L lacigo

11 snoitcur tsni x 210= 46211 edoc po s

VOM noitcur tsni la aer dy dessucsid - ees noitcur tsnI etal pmet

nI atad r ef snar t snoitcur tsni sgalf er a ton detcef f a .

2.2.3 egnahcxE rtsnI u tc i no

er of eB r etf A

,XDGHCX [ ]XB XD 4321 H HDCBA

XB 0001 H

0001:SD H DCBA H H4321

01:SD H20

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3.2.3 ddA rtsni u noitc

ek ilnU ni ,5808 tluser f o tcar t bus/dda nac e b ni any r etsiger r o omem ry l co a it no

er of eB r etf A

DDA ,]XB[ XD XD 4321 H

XB 0001 H

nI 323 4 sahH43,H 0001:SD H 0002 H H4323

er ht 1e ’s. oS lf P ag =0 H2001:SD

er of eB r etf A

HDCDA [, SI] DH 03 H H18

ddA htiw yr r aC r aC ry galf 1 0

SI 0002 H

18 H DS 0002: H H05

0001 owT(B1000 1 s’ ) DS 1002: H H06

we N galf :seulav ,0=cA S ,1= ,0=Z ,1=V 1=P

er of eB r etf A

BUS ,HD CL HD 03 H HB0

tcar t buS tuohtiw( or r o b w)

LC H52

HB0 =

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0000 hT(B1101 r ee 1 s’ )

we N galf :seulav ,1=cA ,0=S ,0=Z ,0=V ,0=P C 0=y

er of eB r etf A

,HDBBS LC HD 02 H FAH

tcar t buS htiw( or r o b )w galf yC 1 1

LC H52

HAF 1111= 01 1 iS(0 x )s’1

s’2 tnemel pmoc f o 0000=HAF 0110 = 60+ ,oS F HA = -06

we N galf :seulav ,1=cA ,1=S ,0=Z ,0=V ,1=P C 1=y

noissucsiD tuo ba wolf r evO )V( flag V

H32 ev+( ) ev+(H34 )

+ +(H64 ve) +(H45+ ve)

= +(H96 ve) = (H79 -v )e

=V ,0 Cy = 0 V = ,1 Cy = 0

tcer r oC r ewsna snagnor W wer

wolf r evO us de htiw dengis sr e bmun no ly

r aC ry galf desu htiw dengisnu mun b sr e no ly

H38 (- ev ) H2F (- )ev

+ 9 (H4 -v )e + H3F (- )ev

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= +(H71 ve) (H5E= -ve)

=V ,1 Cy = 1 V yC,0= 1=

gnor W r ewsna tcer r oC sna w r e

H49 (- ev ) H6F (- )ev

- (H38 -v )e - +(H34 ve)

= +(H11 ve) = H3B (- ev )

=V ,0 Cy = 0 V = ,0 Cy = 0

tcer r oC sna w r e tcer r oC sna w r e

H49 (- ev ) 6 H6 v+( )e

- +(H32 ve) - (H38 -ve)

= +(H17 v )e (H3E= -ve)

=V ,1 Cy = 0 V yC,1= 1=

gnor W r ewsna gnor W r ewsna

4.2.3 DNA oitcurtsni n

r of eB e r etf A

D NA ,HB CL BH 65 H H60

tcar t buS htiw( or r o b )w NA D 1 1

00=HF0 00 B1111 LC F0 H

0000=H60 B0110

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e sU : evitceleS ly teser ot 0 emos i b ts f o t eh noitanitsed

stiB taht er a A deD N er as’0htiw teser to 0

stiB taht er a A deD N htiw ctoner as’1 han eg d

5.2.3 R O in rts u oitc n

r of eB e r etf A

R O LC,HB BH 65 H HF5

1010=H65 B0110 R O

0000=HF0 B1111 LC F0 H

1010=HF5 B1111

e sU : evitceleS ly tes ot 1 emos sti b f o eht ed ts ani t noi

stiB taht er a OR de er as’1htiw s te to 1

stiB taht er a OR de htiw ctoner as’0 han eg d

6.2.3 xE - R O oitcurtsni n

r of eB e r etf A

R OX ,HB LC BH 65 H H95

1010=H65 B0110 OX R

0000=HF0 B1111 LCF0 H

1010=H95 B1001

e sU : evitceleS ly tnemel pmoc emos sti b f o eht tsed i an it no .

stiB taht er a X deR O tiw h s’1 er a c etnemel pmo d

stiB taht er a X deR O tiw h s’0 er a cton han eg d

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7.2.3 TSET in rts u tc i no

er of eB r etf A

,HBTSET CL BH 65 H H65

1010=H65 B0110 D NA

0000=HF0 B1111 CL F0 H HF0

0000=H60 B0110

ylnO f segal er a detcef f a pmeT 54 H H60

TSET lacisa b ly e p r mr of s D NA noitar e po . tluseR f o D NA si on t st er o d

ni noitanitsed . tI si der ots ni pmeT ger si t .r e eT mp si ton el bissecca ot

r emmar gor p . Th er e si on noitcur tsni ek il VOM , pmeT H76

8.2.3 oC erapm tcurtsnI i no

er of eB r etf A

,HBPMC CL BH 65 H H65

1010=H65 B0110

0000=HF0 B1111 LC F0 H

ylnO sgalf er a detcef f a

pmeT 54 H H74

PMC yllacisa b smr of r e p tcar t buS noitar e po . tluseR f o C PM si ton

der ots ni sed t ani t .noi It si der ots ni pmeT ger i .r ets pmeT is ton

ca c el bisse ot mar gor p em r .

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3.3 dnarepO snoitcurtsnI gnivlovni etaidemmi d ata

VOM

BS/BUS/CDA/DDA B /R M, 61d/8d

ET/R OX/R O/D NA ST/ MC P

8 ety b sr etsiger + 8 dr ow 2+sr etsiger 4 b ety

yr omem + 42 dr ow yr omem = 46 oc po d se

01 snoitcur tsni x 46 = 046 edoc po s

1.3.3 evoM etaidemmI atad ot a /retsigeR yromeM oitacol n

r of eB e r etf A

VOM ,XD ABCDH DX H4321 HDCBA

r of eB e r etf A

,HBVOM 1 H2 BH 65 H H21

2.3.3 ddA etaidemmI atad ot a /retsigeR Memo yr oitacol n

er of eB r etf A

DDA XB[ ], H21 XB 0001 H

SD : 0001 H 02 H H23

SD : H1001

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r of eB e r etf A

BBS ,HD 2 H5 HD 02 H H60

tcar t buS htiw( or r o b )w galf yC 1 1

=H60 0000 (B0110 owT s’1 )

we N galf v :seula ,1=cA ,0=S ,0=Z ,0=V ,1=P C 1=y

6.3.3 DNA I etaidemm atad htiw a /retsigeR meM o yr oitacol n

r of eB e r etf A

,HBD NA F0 H HB 65 H H60

H65 = 1010 0110 B NA D

HF0 = 0000 111 1B galf yC 1 1

H60 = 0000 owT(B0110 s’1 )

e sU : evitceleS ly teser ot 0 emos i b ts f o t eh noitanitsed

stiB taht er a A deD N er as’0htiw teser to 0

stiB taht er a A deD N htiw ctoner as’1 han eg d

7.3.3 R O etaidemmI da at w hti a /retsigeR Memo yr oitacol n

er of eB r etf A

R O ,HB HF0 BH 65 H HF5

H65 = 1010 0110 B OR

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HF0 = 0000 111 1B LC HF0

HF5 = 1111010 1B

e sU : evitceleS ly tes ot 1 emos sti b f o eht ed ts ani t noi

stiB taht er a OR de er as’1htiw s te to 1

stiB taht er a OR de htiw ctoner as’0 han eg d

8.3.3 xE - R O etaidemmI atad w hti a /retsigeR Me yrom lo oitac n

er of eB r etf A

R OX ,HB HF0 BH 65 H H95

H65 = 1010 0110 B XOR

HF0 = 0000 111 1B LC HF0

H95 1010= 1001 B

e sU : tceleS evi ly tnemel pmoc emos ti b s f o eht ntsed .

stiB taht er a X deR O tiw h s’1 er a etnemel pmoc d

stiB taht er a X deR O tiw h s’0 er a cton han eg d

9.3.3 tseT etaidemmi da at htiw a /retsigeR meM o yr oitacol n

er of eB tf A er

,HBTSET 0FH HB 65 H H65

1010=H65 B0110 NA D

0000=HF0 B1111 Te pm 54 H H60

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0000=H60 B0110

TSET lacisa b ly smr of r e p D NA noitar e po . tluseR siD NAf o on t st der o in

tsed i an t noi . tI si der ots r etsiger pmeTni . pmeT si ton ssecca ible to

gor p r emmar . Th er e si on noitcur tsni ek il VOM Te , pm H76 . sgalf ylnO

detcef f aer a .

4.3 Co erapm i etaidemm atad htiw a /retsigeR yromeM lo tac ion

er of eB r etf A

PMC ,HB HF0 HB 65 H H65

1010=H65 B0110 NA D

Te pm 54 H 74 H

PMC lacisa b ly smr of r e p tcar t buS noitar e po . useR lt f o CMP is ton der ots ni

tsed i an t noi . tI si der ots r etsiger pmeTni . pmeT si ton ssecca ible to

r emmar gor p . nO ly sgalF er a detcef f a a b s de tluser noitcar t busf o .

1.4.3 dnarepO rtsnI snoitcu in ov l iv ng SR na d 61M/61R

R SVOM

61M/61R

er of eB r etf A

VOM DS, CX DS 2211 H H3322

CX H3322

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er of eB r etf A

I ,XA N DX AX 0503 H H5404

DX 7711 H



3.4.3 dnarepO snoitcurtsnI ot rep f mro ptuO ut op oitare n

TUO ,XD/8a XA/LA edoc po4 s

er of eB r etf A

TUO ,H03 AL LAH05

tuO r o p t on . 03 H 04 H H05

er of eB r etf A

TUO ,XD XA XA H0503

XD H7712

tuO r o p t on . 7712 H 54 H H05

tuO r o p t on . 8712 H 04 H H03

er of eB r etf A

TUO ,H06 AX XA H0503

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4.4.3 dnarepO snoitcurtsnI ot rep f mro etatoR /tf ihS op re a oit n

R OR LOR / R CR / R / CL R HS/ /S LH /SAR /1,M/R CL

7 snoitcur tsni x )84+61( x 2 = 698 edoc po s

R HS dna SH :L r of tf ihs i gn tf el / ri thg snu i deng n sr e bmu

R AS esu d gnitf ihS thgir a dengis r e bmun

SHL si osla dellac sa ,LAS sa m dohte r of tf ihs f el t f o dengis or gisnu n de nu r e bm si eht mas e

R OR M/R , 1 C/ L desU r of noisivid b py wo r e f o 2

onsahLC . f o semit or t noita si ot e b enod

R OR ,HB 1 /R M Cy

etatoR thgir tuohtiw cy er of eB r etf A

BH 0010 0100 0100 1000

yC 1 0

R CR M/R , 1/ LC

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onsahLC . f o semit or t noita si ot e b enod

R CR ,HB 1 /R M yC

etatoR thgir htiw yc er of eB r etf A

BH 0010 0100 0101 1000

yC 1 0

LOR ,M/R /1 CL desU r of noitacil pitlum y b 2n

LOR ,HB CL yC M/R

etatoR tf el tuohtiw yc r o f e B e t f A r e

BH 0100 0100 0001 0001

LC 20 H

yC 1 0

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tf ihS ri hg t r o f e B e r et f A

BH 0010 0010 1000 1000

CL 20 H

yC 1 0

R AS R ,M/ /1 CL desU r of noisivid by 2n f o dengis on s

R AS ,HB CL /R M yC

tf ihS ri hg t r o f e B e r et f A

0011 0000 = - 04 H BH 0011 0000 1111 0000

1111 0000 = - H01 CL 20 H

yC 1 0

5.4.3 dnarepO noitcurtsni ot daol na evitcef f E sserdda ni ot an A dd sser geR i ets r

AEL 1a,R A 6 4 x 42 = 69 edoc po s

er of eB r etf A

AEL IS[,XB ] XB 0001 H 0002 H

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AEL ,XB [S ]I yllanoitcnuf emas sa SI 0002 H

VOM ,XB SI

0002:SD H H0003

6.4.3 dnarepO noitcurtsni ot daol SD dna na sserddA retsigeR rf om em rom y

SDL ,R A 3M 2 4 x 42 = 69 edoc po s

er of eB tf A er

SDL ,IS 0003 H DS 0002 H 0007 H

sdaoL SD dna S sgnisuI in elg sni t cur t oi n

SI 0001 H 0006 H

0003:SD H H0006

H2003:SD0007 H

7.4.3 dnarepO noitcurtsni ot daol SE dna na sserddA retsigeR rf om em rom y

,R ASEL M32 4 x 42 = 69 sedoc po

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er of eB tf A er

SEL ,ID 003 H0 ES 0002 H 0007 H

sdaoL SE isuIDdna ng is gn el DI 0001 H 0006 H

tcur tsni ion 0003:0002 H 0006 H

0002 : 2003 H H0007

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5.3 dnarepO ni s rt u oitc n sepyt

1 /C NI /CED TO N /N GE M/R

4 x =)84+61( 652 edoc po s

2 / H S U P O P P F/R S/61M/61R

2 x )1+4+42+8( = 47 edoc po s

3 /LUM MI U /L /VID ID V M/R

4 x =)84+61( 652 edoc po s

tnemer cnI 61R

XBC NI 8 edoc po s er of eB r etf A

Ex. 1 XB 4321 H 5321 H

Ex. 2 XB FFFF H 0000 H

tnemer cnI 8R

C NI DH 8 edoc po s erof eB r etf A

Ex. 1 HD 21 H H31

Ex. 2 HD HFF H00

tnemer cnI 8M

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C NI b pety tr XB[ ] f eB ore tf A er

42 edoc po s BX 0002 H

0002:SD H FFH H00

1002:SD H 21 H H21

:ETO N - nI siht noitcur tsni er eht si a is n elg ar e po n ,d [ XB ]. tI r aelctonsi w sitir ehteh b ety or

dr ow dnar e po . Byt r t pe as r el bmes evitcer id uonna n sec ot eht r el bmessa taht ti si a byte noitar e po .

tnemer cnI 61M

C NI r t pdr ow [ XB ] eB r of e tf A er

42 edoc po s XB 0002 H

DS 0002: H FF H H00

DS 1002: H 21 H H31


dr ow dnar e po . r t pdr ow r el bmessa evitcer id onna u secn ot eht r el bmessa taht ti is a dr ow

noitar e po .

tnemer ceD 61R

CED XB edoc po8 s er of eB tf A er

Ex. 1 XB 4321 H 3321 H

Ex. 2 XB 0000 H HFFFF

tnemer ceD 8R

ED C HD edoc po8 s er of eB tf A er

Ex. 1 DH 21 H H11

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Ex. 2 DH 00 H HFF

tnemer ceD 8M

CED r t pety b [ XB ] er of eB tf A er

42 edoc po s XB H0002

D :S H0002 00 H HFF

D :S H1002 21 H H21

:ETO N - nI siht noitcur tsni er eht si a is n elg po ar e n ,d [ XB ]. tI si r aelcton sitir ehtehw b ety or

dr ow dnar e po . Byt r t pe as r el bmes evitcer id uonna n sec ot eht r el bmessa taht ti si a byte noitar e po .tnemer ceD 61M

CED t pdr ow r [ XB ] eB f ro e tf A er


D :S H0002 00 H HFF

D :S H1002 21 H H11



noitar e po .

mr of r eP s’1 tnemel pmoc f o R 61

XBTO N edoc po8 s er of eB r etf A

4321 H HBCDE BX

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TO N noitar e po smr of r e p s’1 tnemel pmoc .

aE sy wa :y tcar t buS e hca eh x Fmor f tigid

1.5.3 mrof reP s’1 co tnemelpm f o 8R

TO N DH edoc po8 s er of eB tf A er

HD 21 H DE H

mr of r eP s’1 tnemel pmoc f o 8M

TO N r t pety b XB[ ] er of eB tf A er


0002:SD H 32 H HCD

1002:SD H 21 H H21



mr of r eP s’1 tnemel pmoc f o 61M

TO N r t pdr ow XB[ ] er of eB tf A er


0002:SD H 34H HBC

1002:SD H 21 H DE H



noitar e po .

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eP mr of r s’2 tnemel pmoc f o 61R

GE N BX edoc po8 s er of eB r etf A

4321 H HCCDE BX

GE N noitar e po smr of r e p s’2 tnemel pmoc .

ysaE wa :y tcar t buS e hca eh x dnaFmor f tigid dda 1

mr of r eP s’2 tnemel pmoc f o 8R

GE N DH edoc po8 s er of eB f A r et

HD 21 H HEE

2.5.3 mrof reP s’2 tnemelpmoc f o M8

GE N b r t pety XB[ ] er of eB r etf A

42 edoc po s BX H0002

0002:SD H 32 H HDD

1002:SD H 21 H H21

:ETO N - nI siht noitcur tsni er eht si a is n lg e ar e po n ,d [ XB ]. tI r aelctonsi w sitir ehteh b ety or


3.5.3 mrof reP s’2 tnemelpmoc f o 1M 6

GE N t pdr ow r XB[ ] er of eB r etf A


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0002:SD H 43 H BC H

1002:SD H 21 H HDE


dr ow dnar e po . r t pdr ow r el bmessa evitcer id onna u secn ot eht r el bmessa taht ti is a ow dr

noitar e po .

HSUP R 61

Ex. XCHSUP er of eB r etf A

XC H4321

SP 8765 H H6765

pmE ty

t pmE y SS: H6765 2211 H lluF H4321

lluF 8765:SS H 4433 H H4433

eso p puS PS tnetnoc si 65 H87 . tI m snae snoitacol ,8765 ,A765 C765 … k catsni es gm ne t are lluf .

snoitacoL ,6765 ,4765 … er a pme ty. In noitamr of dehsu p ot noitacol 6765 dna PS eulav ahc n seg

ot H6765 . hsuP noitar e po si syawla no 61 i b t ad ta .

.5.3 4 HSUP 1M 6

Ex. ]XB[HSUP r of eB e r etf A

XB H4321

SP 6633 H H4633

4321:SD H H8765

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pmE ty

t pmE y SP: H6765 2211 H lluF H8765

luF l SP: H8765 4433 H H4433

HSUP SR

Ex. HSUP CS er of eB r etf A

CS 21 H43

SP 8765 H H6765

pmE ty


luF l SS: H8765 4433 H H4433

HSUP galF s

Ex. HSUP F er of eB r etf A

galF s H4321

SP 8765 H H6765

pmE ty


luF l SS: H8765 4433 H H4433

POP R 61

Ex. CPOP X er of eB r etf A

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XC 4321 H H2211

SP 8765 H A765 H

t pmE y

lluF :SS 8765 H 2211 H t pmE y H2211

:SS HA765 4433 H luF l H4433

:ETO N - eso p puS PS tnetnoc is H8765 . tI snaem snoitacol ,8765 ,A765 56 C7 … ni k cats nemges t

r a e f llu . snoitacoL ,6765 ,4765 … er a yt pme . In noitamr of de po p mor f tacol i no 8765 dna SP

eulav segnahc ot HA765 . poP noitar e po si wla a sy b61no ti ad ta.

POP 61M

Ex. POP [ ]XB er of eB r etf A

XB H4321

SP 6633 H H8633

4321:SD H 8765 H H2211

yt pmE

F llu :SS H6633 2211 H t pmE y H2211

:SS H8633 4433 H luF l H4433

POP SR

Ex. POP CS er of eB r etf A

CS 4321 H H2211

SP 8765 H A765 H

yt pmE

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lluF SS: H8765 2211 H t pmE y H2211

:SS HA765 4433 H luF l H4433

POP galF s

Ex. POP F er of eB r etf A

galF s 4321 H H2211

SP 8765 H A765 H

yt pmE

F llu :SS H8765 2211 H t pmE y H2211

:SS HA765 4433 H luF l H4433

dengisnU pitluM ly 8R htiw AL dna er ots tcudor p in XA

LUM HC r of eB e r etf A

CH HEF EF H

AL 20 H CF H HCF10 = 05 8

AH 43 H H10

dengisnU pitluM ly 61R htiw XA dna er ots dor p u tc ni XD AX

XCLUM er of eB r etf A

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CX EF00 H EF00 H

AX 2000 H CF10 H HCF10 = 05 8

XD 4321 H 0000 H

dengiS pitluM ly 8R htiw AL dna er ots dor p u tc in XA

MI U HCL r of eB e r etf A

HEF = - 20 CH HEF

AL 20 H CF H =HCFFF -04

AH 43 H HFF

:ETO N - LUMI HC noitcur tsni seil pitlum LA na d HC gnitaer t th me sa gis n de sr e bmun . ehT 16-

ti b tcudor p si st der o ni XA .

dengisnU noisiviD f o XA by 8R dna er ots tneitouq ni LA dna r edniamer in HA

D VI CH r of eB e tf A er

HC 0F H

AL 52 H 10 H tneitouQ

HA 10 H 53 H r edniameR

:ETO N - D VI HC r tsni u noitc sedivid XA by HC gnitaer t th me sa gisnu n de sr e bmun . ehT 8-bit

tneitouq si der ots ni LA dna eht 8- ti b amer i r edn st der o ni HA .

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dengisnU noisiviD f o XD XA by 61R dna er ots q tneitou in XA dna er main r ed ni DX

D VI CX r of eB e tf A er

XC 0F00 H

XA H5210 1000 H tneitouQ

XD H0000 5300 H r edniameR

:ETO N - D VI XC r tsni u noitc sedivid XD XA by XC itaer t ng meht sa nu si deng sr e bmun . ehT 16-

ti b tneitouq si der ots ni XA dna eht 61 - ti b er m r ednia ts der o ni XD .

dengiS noisiviD f o XA y b 8R dna er ots tneitouq ni AL dna er m r ednia ni AH

ID HCVI r of eB e tf A er

H0F = - H01 HC 0F H EE = - 21 H

AL 52 H E HE itouQ tne

HA 10 H 50 H r edniameR

:ETO N -ID VI HC noitcur tsni sedivid XA by HC gnitaer t th me sa gis n de nu r e bm s. 8ehT - ti b

tneitouq si der ots ni LA dna eht 8- ti b amer i r edn st der o ni HA .

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5.5.3 6808 noitcurtsnI Tem lp ta e

deeN rof urtsnI noitc etalpmeT

5808 sah 642 sedoc po . T eh sedoc po nac e b p detnir no na 4A s zi e r e pa p .

6808 sah tuo ba 00031 op edoc s. A k oo b f o tuo ba 06 sega p si een d de r of p gnitnir eht oc po des.

tpecnoC f o meT p tal e

nI ,5808 VOM ,1r 2r e( x. VOM ,A )B sah eht lof l gniwo tem etal p .

0 1 3- ti b doc1r e 3- doc2r ti b e

3- ti b r etsigeR edoc r etsigeR

00 0 B

00 1 C

10 0 D

10 1 E

01 0 H

01 1 L

11 0 M

11 1 A

Ex. :1 r of edoC OM V A, B is

01 11 1 000 = 87 H

7 8

Ex :2. edoC r of OM V M, D is

01 11 0 010 = 27 H

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7 2

gnisU eht etal pmet r of M VO ,1r 2r ew nac ar eneg t f osedoc poe 26 = 46 opc edo s.

6.5.3 6808 etalpmeT rof atad ref snart teb w nee REG a dn R/M

1 0 0 0 1 0 D W OM D ER G M/R

2 sti b 3 i b ts 3 i b ts

GER = A r etsiger f o 08 86 8( - ti b r o 61 - )sti b e( x t pec tnemgeS ,sr etsiger ,PI dna F al sg regi sr ets )

suhT GER = /LA /LB C /L D /L /HA /HB /HC /XD/XC/XB/XA/HD SI/ DI/ BP/ PS

/R M = r etsigeR sa( if ed n de )evo ba or omeM ry co stnetn 8( - i b st r o 61 -b ti )s

W = 1 snaem W dr o e po rat noi

W = 0 snaem B ety op ar e t noi

D = 1 snaem GER si eD s noitanit etsiger r

D = 0 snaem GER ossi ur r ec e ig ets r

DOM = 00 snaem M/R s seif ice p omeM ry htiw on nemecal psid t

DOM = 10 snaem M/R s seif ice p omeM ry htiw 8- ti b psid l eca m ne t

DOM = 01 snaem M/R s seif ice p omeM ry htiw 61 - ti b d si pl nemeca t

DOM = 11 snaem M/R s seif ice p a Re tsig r e

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D W MOD ER G M/R

1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 11 10 1 00 0 = 98 8D H

r oW d XB si XA

oitar e po n ecr uos

8 9 D 8

er ehT er a 2 el bisso p sedoc po r of OM V ,XA XB sa ew nac htieesoohc er AX r o XB sa R GE .

Ex :el pma edoC r of VOM ,LA HB tr detae sa oM‘ ve mor f BL ot noitanitsed r etsiger AL’

D W OM D ER G M/R

1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 11 00 0 11 1 A8= C7H

By et AL si HB

oitar e po n anitsed t noi

8 A C 7

Ex :el pma evitanr etlA edoc r of VOM A ,L HB gnitaer t ti sa evoM‘ mor f ecr uos r r etsige HB ot

r etsiger ’LA

D W DOM GER M/R

1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 11 11 1 00 0 = 88 8F H

By et HB is LA

oitar e po n ecr uos

8 8 F 8

er ehT er a 2 el bisso p sedoc po r of VOM ,LA HB sa ew nac esoohc htie er r oLA HB sa R GE .

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Mf oesaC OD = ,00 10 ro 01

/R M =DOM 00 0=DOM 1 DOM 1= 0

No 8- dengisti b 61 - dengisti b

nemecal psiD t tnemecal psid 8d tnemecal psid 61d

00 0 XB+IS[ ] 8d+XB+IS[ ] ]61d+XB+IS[

00 1 ]XB+ID[ 8d+XB+ID[ ] ]61d+XB+ID[

10 0 PB+IS[ ] ]8d+PB+IS[ ]61d+PB+IS[

10 1 [D PB+I ] 8d+PB+ID[ ] ]61d+PB+ID[

01 0 IS[ ] 8d+IS[ ] ]61d+IS[

01 1 ]ID[ 8d+ID[ ] ]61d+ID[

11 0 [ ]PB tcer iD [ 8d+PB ] ]61d+PB[

gnisser ddA

11 1 [ XB ] [ ]8d+XB ]61d+XB[

ehT el bat swohs 42 em m yr o isser dda n edomg is e. . 42 tner ef f id wa sy f o gnissecca ad t nider otsa

r omem y.

diA ot r e bmemer :

SubI r otce psn DIx ti is a BoX r e ( [S ]XB+I dna ]XB[+]ID[ )

SubI r otce psn DIx ti swonk ot lor tnoc BP ( [S B+I P] +]ID[dna [B )]P

aseH y ’s IS el pm DI te DIRECTs a BoX 'r e ( [S ,]I ,]ID[ tcer iD ,gnisser dda [ ]XB )

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:xE edoC r of VOM ,LC [S ]I

D W MOD ER G M/R

1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 00 00 1 01 0 = C0A8 H

By et No CL si ]IS[

oitar e po n siD p. noitanitsed

8 A 0 C

eto N taht er eht si a euqinu edoc po r of VOM ,LC [S ]I sa CL no ly nac e b REG.

Ex: edoC r of VOM ,]PB[H64 XD

D W MOD GER /R M 8d

1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 01 10 0 11 0 64 H 98= 65 64 H

r oW d 8-bit siXD ]8d+PB[

oitar e po n siD p. ecr uos

8 9 5 6

eto N taht er eht si a qinu ue edoc po for VOM H64 [ PB ], XD sa XD no ly nac e b R GE .

Ex: C edo r of VOM 2F0 4 H6 [B ]P , XD

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D W DOM ER G /R M 61d

1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 10 10 0 11 0 642F H = 98 69 2F 64 H

W r o d 61 - i b t XD si 61d+PB[ ] der otS as 98 69

oitar e po n Disp. cr uos e 64 2F H

8 9 9 6 ni elttiL aidnE n

eto N taht er eht si a euqinu edoc po r of VOM H642F0 [ ,]PB XD sa XD no ly nac e b GER .

Ex: edoC r of VOM [ PB ], XD

D W MOD GER /R M 8d

1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 01 10 0 11 0 00 H 98= 65 00 H

r oW d 8-bit siXD ]8d+PB[

oitar e po n siD p. ecr uos

8 9 5 6

eto N taht VOM ,]PB[ XD si detaer t sa MOV 00H[B ]P , XD er of e b doc ing .

Ex: edoC r of VOM ,XB DS H4321:

D W OM D ER G M/R tcer iD

r dda

1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 00 10 1 11 0 12 21E1B8= 43 H

H43

r oW d No XB si r iD ce t der otS E1B8saoitar e po n D si p. tseD . a dd r . 43 H21

8 B 1 E nI aidnEelttiL n

eto N taht nehw DOM = 00 dna M/R = ,011 ti er p stneser tcer iD gnisser ddA .

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tinU 4

1.4 hcnarB puorg f o ni rts u tc i sno

itcurtsnihcnarB o itarepomrof repotremmargorpehtotecneinevnocf otoledivorpsn o lessn ectiv ,yle

ylevititeper et .c

snoitcurtsnif opuorghcnarB

idnoC tio lan idnocnU - lanoit noitaretI LLAC noitcurtsni s nruteR

pmu j s mu j p snoitcurtsni snoitcurtsni

noitcurtsnipmuJlanoitidnoC s

su jera6808nisnoitcurtsnipmuJlanoitidnoC t 2 tyb e ls o .gn 1- oetyb 1ybdewollof edocp - dengisetyb

f oegnar(tnemecalpsid – t821 o +127 .)

lanoitidnoC pmuJ In rts u oitc ns

desabspmuJ galf elgnisano nahteromnodesabspmuJ o galf en

spmuJ desaB no a nis elg fl ga

JZ r8 uJ; m rezf ip o sitluserf i(tesgalf 0 .) EJ osla emassnaem .

JNZ r8 oNf ipmuJ; t Zero. .emassnaemoslaENJ

JS r8 itagensitluserf i(1ottesgalf ngiSf ipmuJ; v )e

JNS r8 psitluserf i(ngiStoNf ipmuJ; o is tiv )e

JC r8 sgalf yrraCf ipmuJ; e tt o 1. masnaemoslaEANJdnaBJ e.

NJ C r8 f ipmuJ; rraCoN y. masnaemoslaBNJdnaEAJ e.

PJ r8 tiraPf ipmuJ; y tesgalf t .1o assnaemosla)nevEytiraPf ipmuJ(EPJ me.

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JNP r8 Nf ipmuJ; o P tira y. ytiraPf ipmuJ(OPJ O emassnaemosla)dd .

JO r8 tesgalf wolf revOf ipmuJ; )gnorwsitluserf i(1ot

NJ O r8 )tcerrocsitluserf i(wolf revOoNf ipmuJ;

.lauqEf ipmuJrof noitaiverbbasiEJ f noitaiverbbasiENJ o .lauqEtoNf ipmuJr

f noitaiverbbasiBJ o Bf ipmuJr e ol w. evobAtoNf ipmuJrof siEANJ .lauqEro

repocitemhtiraretf adesuCNJdnaCJ,ZNJ,ZJ ita on

itarepoerapmocaretf adesueraBNJdnaEAJ,EANJ,BJ,ENJ,EJ on.

u jdrawrof mp

f nevignoitcurtsniEJgnisuselpmaxeylnO o f r orw u jdrawkcabdnadra m sp .

ID,ISPMC

EMASEJ

XD,XCDDA 0=Zf idetucexE;

setyb721=<ebdluohS : otlauqetonISf i( )ID

:

EMAS : ,XBBUS XA 1=Zf idetucexE;

=ISf i( )ID

E ax

m lp

es

f ro

JE

roZJ

i sn t

cur

oit n

Ex.

rof

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xE . rof drawk cab pmu j

:KCAB

721=<ebdluohS

setyb

dnoyebgnipmuJ - ?721+ot821

tnemeriuqeR

ID,ISPMC

EMASEJ

tahW f i XD,XCDDA

721> setyb : :TXEN

:

XA,XBBUS:EMAS

:EMAS

cnu(PMJrof egnaR o idn t u jlanoi m ebnac)p +2 = + 32K. retalliatednidessucsidnoitcurtsniPMJ

BUS XA,XB =Zf idetucexE; )ID=ISf i(1

:

:

ID,ISPMC

KCABEJ

DDA XD,XC )ID><ISf i(0=Zf idetucexE;

odnehT !siht

,ISPMC ID

NJ E TXEN

MJ P EMAS

DA D ,XC XD

:

:

S BU XA,XB

15

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nosirapmocnidesusmreT2.4

nUgnir a pmocr of desuwoleBdnaevo bA is deng e bmun rs . tsseldnanahtr etaer G h suna e nehwdgnir a pmoc si r e bmundeng s. sihtesusr ossecor por cimletnIllA c tnevno i no .

stnemetatsgniwollof ehtlla,ylgnidr occA a ter rue.

evo basiH59 H56 nosir a pmocdengisnU - T ur e

H56nahtsselsiH59 nosir a pmocdengiS – evitiso psiH56,evitagensiH59sa(eur T )

H59wole bsiH56 nosir a pmocdengisnU - Tr eu

nahtr etaer gsiH56 H59 nosir a pmocdengiS - eur T

lpitlumnodesabpmuJ1.2.4 e f sgal

a pmoc(PMCar etf adesuer asgalf el pitlumnodesa bs pmuJlanoitidnoC re) i sn tr cu it no .

tsniA NJ/EBJ r noitcu

‘J to Nf i pmuJ‘r o’lauqEr owoleBf i pmu vo bA e’

pmu J f i pmu J o N f i Ex.

1=ZR O1=yC D NA0=yC Z 0= ,XBPMC CX

woleB lauqER O evo bAyler uS B _ XBEBJ E

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2.2.4 EB _ XB XB( si oleB w ro )lauqE is a mys bo il c l oitaco n

noitcurtsniAJ/EBNJ3.2.4

’evo bAf i pmuJ‘r o’)lauqEr owoleB(to Nf i pmuJ‘

pmu J f i pmu J o N f i Ex.

D NA0=yC Z 0= R O1=yC Z 1= ,XBPMC CX

vo bAyler uS e uqER OwoleB la B _ XBEBJ E

4.2.4 ELJ / GNJ rtsni u oitc n

‘J OnahtsseLf i pmu r o’lauqER ‘J r etaer Gto Nf i pmu tha ’n

pmu J f i i pmu J o N f

)0=VD NA0=S(R O)0=VD NA1=S([ ] R O D NA])1=VD NA1=S(R O)0=VD NA0=S([1=Z 0=Z

vitiso pr ewsnagnor w(r o)evitagenyler us([ e! ]) er us([ l ])!evitagenr ewsnagnor w(r o)evitiso py

auqEr o l a auqetondn l

i .e. [ 1=ZR O]1=VR OXS e.i D NA]0=VR OXS[. Z 0=

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5.2.4 noitcur tsniEGJ/L NJ

R Onahtr etaer Gf i pmuJ‘r o’nahtsseLto Nf i pmuJ‘ E ’lauq

pmu J f i i pmu J o N f

D NA1=S(R O]0=VD NA0=S[ V )1= D NA1=S(R O]0=VD NA1=S[ V )1=

w(r o)evitiso pyler us( itagenr ewsnagnor v )!e tiso pr ewsnagnor w(r o)evitagenyler us( i !ev )

i e. . R OXS =V 0 e.i 1=VR OXS.

ctluser ,0=SnehW:eto N a bn e 0=>

lanoitidnocnU J pmu noitcur tsni

noitcur tsnI pmuJlanoitidnocnU

r ae N J pmuJtnemgesar tnIr o pmu pmuJr aF pmuJtnemgesr etnIr o

tnemgesehtnihtiw pmuJ( ) mgestner ef f idaot pmuJ( e )tn

r ae N lanoitidnocnU J pmu noitcur tsni

r ae N uJ m p

moc( pmuJtcer iD m )no mocnu( pmuJtcer idnI m )no

2- tr ohSsety b J )8r BE( pmu 3- )61r 9E( pmuJgnoLsety b y ber omr o2 set

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7 15

:egnaR + 2 egnaR : +2

tnemgesetel pmoc:egnaR

r aFowtdna pmuJr ae Neer hT J emasehtevahsnoitcur tsni pmu evahyehttu b,PMJcinomenmedoc potner ef f id s

5.2.4 trohS pmuJ In ts ur tc ion

tcur tsni)8r BE(ety b2 i :egnaR htiwno - ot821 + 21 y b7 tes

awk ca Br o F r pmu jd : u jf omutnauqehtswonk r el bmessA mp . uJtr ohSsetar eneG m f iedoc p

pmu jder iuqer ehtsisety b821=< . gnoLr of edocsetar eneG J der iuqer ehtsisety b821>f i pmu

u j mp .

d r awr o F r o F j pmu : wonk t’nseodr el bmessA j mutnauq pmu 1ssa pni . ser r el bmessA erv 3se

dr awr of ehtr of sety b j tcur tsni pmu i no . I noitcur tsnieht,sety b821>e bottuosnr utecnatsid pmu jf

gnoL=H9E(61r 9Esadedocsi j )edoc pmu . u jf I m oce becnatsid p m eht,sety b821=<se

sni t ollof 8r BEsadedocsinoitcur r ohS=H8E(PO Nr of edocy bdew t j doc pmu e) .

nitr atS g FFhtiw H

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sATR OHS5.2.4 s evitceriDrelbme

R OHSehtf i, pmu jdr awr of r of edoc pmuJtr ohSety b2ylnosetar enegr el bmessA T bmessa l r e

tcer id i ev i us s de .

SAME

r emmar gor P dluohs er usne taht

eht J pmu ecnatsid si <=1 72 b ety s

uJgnoL m noitcur tsni p

3-b :egnaR htiwnoitcur tsni)61r 9E(ety - y b76723+ot86723 t se

tnemgesedoCf osety bK 46er itner evocnac pmuJgnoL

0000:SC H

0008:SC H

pmu jsatieldnahnac pmuJgnoL

tnauq 6723=<simu 7FFFF:SC=DWR F H

OHSPMJ RT

:

:

MAS :E ,XCVOM DX

:

:

WR FPMJ D

:

:

:

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pmu jsatieldnahnac pmuJgnoL H0000:SC=DWK B

6723=<simutnauq 7

0008:SC H

FFFF:SC=DWR F H

L6.2.4 o pmuJtrohSropmuJgn ?

adetaer te bnaC s a 0000:SC H :

llams dr awk caB)H02(:

hcnar B !0100:SC H WR FPMJ D

:

R F W SC=D : H0FFF :

:

FFFF:SC H :

amsasadetaer te bnaC ll 0000:SC H :

H02( ):

!hcnar Bdr awr oFH0100:SC=DWK B :

:

H0FFF:SC WK BPMJ D

:

HFFFF:SC :

:

:

WK BPMJ D

:

:

J .H0EFF=ecnatsid pmu

r awr of gnolyr evooT d

ump .

J .H0EFF=ecnatsid pmu

gnolyr evooT

pmu jdr awk ca b

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artnI7.2.4 s tceridnitnemge J pmu

tcer idnIr ae NdellacoslasitI J pmu . desuylnommoctonsitI .

sety ber omr o2:htgnelnoitcur tsnI etel pmoc:egnaR s nemge t

:1.xE MJ XDP

ehcnar b,H4321=XDf I s SCot : H4321 . ecal psidevitaler dengistonsiH4321 m tne .

Ex. 02r t pdr owPMJ:2 0 XB[H0 ]

H4321sistnetnocXBf I 4323:SD H H8765

8765:SCotsehcnar B H 6323:SD H 22BA H

r aF J pmu ni ts noitcur

8.2.4 raF muJ p

moc( pmuJtcer iD m )no mocnu( pmuJtcer idnI m )no

esf f oety b2,AEedoc po,sety b5 t, ,sety ber omr o2

gesety b2 m eulavtne iwgnitr ats t HFFedoc poh

omemnier ehwyna:egnaR ry omemnier ehwyna:egnaR ry

snoitcur tsni pmuJr aFowtdna pmuJr ae Neer ht,r eilr aedetatssA nmemasehtevah e cinomf f idtu bPMJ e ner t edoc po s.

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urtsnipmuJtceriDtnemgesretnI9.2.4 cti no

tcer iDr aFdellacoslA J pmu . emehcs pmu jtnemgesr etninommocehtsitI

tsniety b5asitI r cu t noi . nemgesety b2,eulavtesf f oety b2,)HAE(edoc poety b1 eulavt

Ex. J COLr t pr aFPM

curtsnipmuJtceridnItnemgesretnI01.2.4 it no

r aFdellacoslA I uJtcer idn m desuylnommoctonsitI. p . htnosdne pedhtgnelnoitcur tsnI e yaw

f ice pssinoitacol pmu j i de . y b2f omuminimae bnactI tes.

Ex. J R OWDPM ]XB[H0002R TPD

tacolotecal psek athcnar bH4321sistnetnocXBf I i HDCBAno : H8765 . 4asitI - noitcur tsniety b .

4323:SD H H8765

6323:SD H CBA DH

noitar etI noitcur tsnI s

pmiotyawtneinevnocaedivor psnoitcur tsninoitar etI mar gor panis pooltnemel

oitcur tsninoitar etI ns

L OO P POOL Z EPOOLr o NPOOL Z E NPOOLr o JC ZX

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oitcurtsnIPOOL3.4 n

semit5snoitcur tsnif otesatae per ottnawew,yassuteL .

r ossecor p5808r oF r ossecor p6808r oF

VM I H50,C CVOM H5000,X

: NIAGA D,BVOM AGA I : N ,XBVOM DX

: :

CR CD AGAPOOL I N

AGAZ NJ I N

8si8r ;8r POOL:tamr of lar eneG - i b t si avdeng lue . I sit b2a y .noitcur tsniet

u jdr awk ca br of desU m lno p y . dr awk ca br of ecnatsidmumixaM j ety b821ylnosi pmu s .

POOL si NIAGA emastsomla :sa XCCED

AGAZ NJ I N

sgalf ynatcef f atonseodnoitcur tsniPOOL .

poolevitar etiehtgnir etneer of e beulavXCf I si :

semoce bXCllitsemit5detucexesi poolehtneht,5000 0

ce bXCllitemit1detucexesi poolehtneht,1000 0semo

tH00001=1+FFFFdetucexesi poolehtneht,0000 i !sem

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1.3.4 ZXCJ oitcurtsnI n

Jum f i p XC is Z tIH0000sieulavXCf iyletaidemmi poolehtgnitanimr etr of luf esusior e si a 2

tcur tsniety b i no . I u jdr awr of r of desusit m lno p y . atsidmumixaM u jdr awr of r of ecn m ylnosi p

y b721 tes.

Ex. IS,XCVOM

PIK SZXCJ

: NIAGA ,XBVOM DX

:

:

NIAGAPOOL

K S I :P ID,ISDDA 0=XCf iZXCJr etf adetucexE;

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POOL2.3.4 Z noitcurtsni

LOOP while Z 2asior e - ur tsniety b cti no . u jdr awk ca br of desusitI m lno p y . dr awk caB u j m p

D NAor eztonllitssitiXCf otnemer cedr etf af iecal psek at galf Z = 1 . assiEPOOL m sae

OL OPZ . aiver b basiEPOOL t noi f r o L POO while E lauq . suyllamr onsiEPOOL e r etf ad atsnier a pmoc r cu it no .

Ex. H40,XCVOM

K CAB : A,XBBUS X

,XBVOM DX

:

:

ID,ISDDA

ABZPOOL CK hcnar b,0otlauqetonXCdna0=ID+ISf i; t K CABo

snoitcurtsnILLAC3.3.4

botdesusinoitcur tsniLLAC r hcna ot a tuor bus i .en lanoitidnoconer aer ehT snoitcur tsnillaC in6808 .

itcur tsniLLAC o sn

mgesar tnIr oLLACr ae N ent LLAC LLACtnemgesr etnIr oLLACr aF

LACtcer iDr ae N L r ae N I LLACtcer idn LACtcer iDr aF L LACtcer idnIr aF L

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4.3.4 raeN ceriD t AC LL in rts u tc i no

3asitI -b iety ur tsn cti no . egnar ehtsahdna61r LLACtamr of ehtsahtI + sety bK 23 .

.tnemgesedoCer itneehtsr evoC niLLACnommoctsomehtsitI s .noitcur t

sniehtf onoitani bmocehtsaemasyllanoitcnuf sitI r t cu t HSUPsnoi DDAdnaPI ,PI r .61

Ex. oCLLAC m etu p

niLLACtceridnIraeN5.3.4 s itcurt on

o N t desuylnommoc . ice pssinoitacoldellacehtyawehtnosdne pedhtgnelnoitcur tsnI f .dei

:1.xE XALLAC sehcnar b,H4321=)XA(f I; t po r r udeco e 321:SCta 4H .

ecal psidevitaler tonsiH4321 m tne .

Ex. 2 02r t pdr owLLAC: 0 XB[H0 ]

enituor busotsehcnar BH4321sistnetnocXBf I ta H8765:SC

4323:SD H H8765

6323:SD H BA DC H

r aF tcer iD LLAC noitcur tsni

5asitI -b ur tsniety cti .no 1- 2,edoc poety b - 2,tesf f oety b -b avtnemgesety lue.

F aemasyllanoitcnuf siLLACtcer idr a s:

SUP H CS

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HSUP IP

2=PI - LLACnidedivor peulavtesf f oety b

2=SC - LLACnidedivor peulavtnemgesety b

Ex. oCr t pr af LLAC m tu p e

6.3.4 raF tceridnI AC LL noitcurtsni

o N t desuylnommoc . htgnelnoitcur tsnI ice pssinoitacoldellacehtyawehtnosdne ped f .dei

Ex. ]XB[H0002r t pdr owdLLAC

HDCBAtaenituor busotsehcnar B bH4321sistnetnocXBf I : H8765

4323:SD H H8765

6323:SD H CBA DH

oitidnoC7.3.4 n ?LLACla

nar bottnawewf itahW 0=galf yCf iylnoETUPMOCenituor busothc ?

oit ul oS n:

NCJ E TX

TUPMOCLLAC E Cf iylnoetucexe; y = 0

TXE N :

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itcurtsniNR UTER 8.3.4 o sn

TER busmor f nr uteR r of noitaiver b basi r tuo i en

noitcur tsniTER s

TER tnemgesar tnIr oTER r ae N ER r aF TER tnemgesr etnIr oT

RET 61dTER RET 61dTER

9.3.4 eN a niTER r s itcurt on

1sitI -b .noitcur tsniety edoc pO H3Csi . asyllanoitcnuf sitI m POP:sae IP

xE :

oC m etu p ae Ncor P r r pR AE Nasitisetacidni; o r udec e

:

:

RET

oC m etu p E D N P ; u pmoCer udecor pf odne te

ie pyter udecor ptluaf ed,tcaf nI s R AE N

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noitcurtsni61dTER raeN01.3.4

3asitI -b ur tsniety cti .no 1- 2dna)H2C(edoc poety b - dety b ata . :saemasyllanoitcnuf sitI

PIPOP

+PS=PS 61d

Ex. TER 0 400 H

ER T esusi61d suenituor busehtotdessa per ewtahtsr etemar a pehttuognihsulf r of luf i gn t ehcats k

1.3.4 1 tsni61dTER f oesU r itcu on

ar gor PniaM m

:

: oCLLACr etf aPS m etu p PI

1r aVHSUP r aV 2

2r aVHSUP r aV 1

oCLLAC m etu p PS r aVHSUPer of e b 1

:

:

ituor buS en

TUPMOC E R P OC N ae r PI

: detucexesiTER f iPS r aV 2

: r aV 1

H4000TER exesiH4000TER f iPS c tu ed

TUPMOC E E PD N

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ur tsniTER r aF c noit

1sitI -b noitcur tsniety . doc pO sie HBC . I POP:saemasyllanoitcnuf sit I SCPOP+P

Ex. SINX Fcor P r a cor pR AFasitisetacidni; e er ud

:

:

ER T

SI X N E PD N Ser udecor pf odne; I X N

sie pyter udecor ptluaf eD N R AE

21.3.4 Far TER 61d noitcurtsni

3asitI -b ur tsniety ctio .n 1- 2dna)HAC(edoc poety b - adety b at .

:saemasyllanoitcnuf sitI POP PI + SCPOP + 61d,PSDDA

Ex. TER 0 600 H

ER T suenituor busehtotdessa per ewtahtsr etemar a pehttuognihsulf r of luf esusi61d i gn t eh

k cats .

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tinU -5

1.5 gnixiM ylbmessA a dn C

netf O ti si a doog aedi ot k nil bmessa ly egaugnal smar gor p r o senituor htiw hgih - level r p o smar g

hcihw may niatnoc secr uoser un el baliava ot uoy t guor h h tcer id bmessa ly gnimmar gor p -- cus h as

gnisu C s' tliu b ni scih par g ar bil ry snoitcnuf r o r ts i gn -pr isseco ng cnuf t snoi . esr evnoC l ,y ti si f o t ne

ssecen ary ot in edulc tr ohs bmessa ly enituor s ni a deli pmoc gih h- level pro ar g m to at ke navda at eg

f o eht dee ps f o enihcam egaugnal .

llA hgih - el v le al n segaug evah cif ice ps gnillac snoitnevnoc hcihw wolla eno al ngu ega to

etacinummoc ot eht ;r ehto ,.e.i ot dnes ,sel bair av ,seulav et .c ehT yl bmessa - egaugnal ar gor p m

taht si nettir w ni noitcnu jnoc htiw eht hgih -l leve l gna u ega mu ts osla f er le tc t eseh noc v snoitne f i

eht owt er a ot e b luf sseccus ly ni te ar g t .de lausU ly hi hg - el v le al ngu sega ssa p r etemar a p s ot

senituor bus by gnizilitu eht k cats . sihT si ehtosla f esac or C.

2.5 gnisU ylbmessA rP o serudec ni C noitcnuF s

2.5 1. erudecorP eS t pu

In r edr o ot er usne taht the bmessa ly al ngu ega r p o er udec dna eht C r p o mar g iw ll eni bmoc dna be

,el bita pmoc eht gniwollof s pets dluohs e b of ll o ew :d

• er alceD eht r p o er udec l le ba la bolg by gnisu the ABOLG L .evitcer id nI ,noitidda osla

er alced la bolg yna atad taht lliw e b desu .

• esU eht NRETXE evitcer id ot alced re la bolg atad na d decor p u ser sa ex lanr et . tI si tse b to

ecal p eht NRETXE tnemetats edistuo eht nemges t f ed ini snoit dna to place r aen d ata disni e

eht nemgesatad t .

• wolloF eht C gniman snoitnevnoc -- ,.e.i edecer p lla seman hto b( ecor p d ser u dna atad )

htiw ser ocsr ednu .

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2.2.5 catS Sk te pu

r evenehW gnir etne a ,er udecor p ti si assecen ry ot tes pu a st k ca r f a em no hcihw to sa p s

r etemar a p s. f O ,esr uoc f i eht decor p u er seod n't esu eht ,k cats neht ti si ton assecen r .y To

hsil pmocca eht k cats tes u , p edulcni eht gniwollof doc e ni t eh or p c ude r :e

sup h pbe

om v ,pbe pse

BE P swolla su ot esu siht r etnio p sa na xedni otni eht ,k cats dna dluohs ton e b al der et t uohguor h t

eht er udecor p sselnu noituac si .nek at hcaE r etemar a p sa p s de ot eht er udecor p nac won be

ca c desse sa na o sf f te r f om PBE . sihT si ylnommoc nwonk sa a dnats" a emar f k catsdr ."

2.5 3. gnivreserP retsigeR s

tI si assecen ry taht eht er udecor p evr eser p eht oc n stnet f o eht sr etsiger SE I, IDE , BE P, dna a ll

tnemges sr etsiger . f I eseht sr etsiger er a ,det pur r oc ti si o p el biss taht eht r etu pmoc lliw ecudor p

sr or r e nehw gninr uter ot eht illac ng C r p o mar g .

2.5 4. gnissaP raP a sretem ni C ot eht erudecorP

C sessa p ar stnemug ot ser udecor p no the st k ca . For ex ,el pma r edisnoc eht f gniwollo ats tem ne ts

mor f a r pniamC o mar g :

|

nretxe tni ;)(muS

|

tni ,1a ,2a ;x

|

x = ,1a(muS ;)2a

nehW C ex setuce eht noitcnuf llac to uS m, ti sehsu p eht tu pni stnemugr a onto eht st k ca ni

ver e sr e o ,r edr neht ex ce u set a lac tl o uS m. no pU gnir etne uS m, the k cats w dluo niatnoc eht

:gniwollof

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ecniS 1a dna 2a er a d der alce sa tni bair av l ,se hcae sek at pu eno dr ow no the k cats . ehT evo ba

dohtem f o gnissa p tu pni stnemugr a si dellac ssa p ni g yb l av ue. ehT edoc for uS m, hw i hc stu ptuo

eht mus f o eht tu pni gr a u stnem via regi r ets XAE , thgim k ool l ek i lof eht l wo i gn :

muS_

sup h be p ; etaerc kcats emarf

om v ,pbe pse

om v ,xae ]8+pbe[ ; barg eht tsrif tnemugraom v ,xce ]21+pbe[ ; barg eht dnoces tnemugra

da d ,xae xce ; mus eht stnemugra

op p be p ; erotser eht esab retniop

ter

It si itser etni ng ot on te s ar eve l sgniht . ,tsr iF the bmessa ly edoc nr uter s eht eulav of the tluser to

eht C r p o mar g or ht ugh XAE ticil pmi ly. dnoceS , a si pm le TER st tnemeta si lla taht si n ece ssary

nehw inr uter ng mor f eht udecor p r .e sihT si eud ot eht tcaf taht C sek at er ac of vomer ing t eh

dessa p sr etemar a p mor f eht k cats .

etanutr of nU l ,y gnissa p y b eulav sah the k ca bwar d taht ew nac no ly er t nr u eno tu ptuo eulav .

tahW f i muS tsum tu ptuo ar eves l eulav s, or f i Sum tsum yf idom one f o eht tu pni bair av les? oT

hsil pmocca ,siht ew tsum ssa p stnemugr a by ecner ef er . nI siht dohtem f o tnemugr a ,noissimsnar t

eht sesser dda f o eht argu stnem er a ,dessa p ton r ieht seulav . ehT sser dda m ya e b tsu j na ,tesf f o or

hto b na tesf f o dna a segm ne t. r oF ex ,el pma eso p pus uS m sehsiw ot yf idom 2a d tcer i ly -- p r e h pa s

gnir ots eht tluser ni 2a hcus =2ataht 1a + 2a . The gniwollof uf n noitc llac mor f C uoc ld e b :desu

,1a(muS ;)2a&

ehT tsr if tnemugr a is llits dessa p by v eula ,.e.i( no ly sti lav ue is l p a ec d no t eh cats k ,) tu b the

dnoces tnemugr a si sa p s de by ner ef er ce (its d a r d se s si decal p on eht st .)k ca ehT "&" xif er p

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snaem da" d sser f o ." eW yas taht 2a& si a "r etnio p" ot eht el bair av 2a . gnisU eht evo ba ,tnemetats

eht k cats dluow niatnoc t eh gniwollof no pu r etne i gn uS m:

eto N taht eht dda r se s f o 2a si dehsu p no t eh ,k cats on it ts av l eu . W hti siht ,noitamr of ni uS m nac

ssecca eht bair av le 2a yltcer id . :tniH( esu na edni x r etsiger ot dloh eht f f o s ,te neht esu a m ome ry

ssecca ot ssecca eht r av i )el ba .

2.5 5. gninruteR a eulaV f mor eht rP o rudec e

bmessA ly nac r nr ute av l seu ot eht C gnillac r p o mar g gnisu no ly eht AE X ger ist r e . f I denr uter eht

eulav si ylno r uof byt se or ,ssel eht tluser si r uter n de ni re r etsig AE X. f I eht meti nahtr egr alsi

r uof byt ,se a er sir etnio p t denr u in AE X hcihw o p i tn s to eht meti . er eH si a Cehtf oel battr ohs

el bair av t se py dna woh yeht er a denr uter by eht bmessa ly :edoc

epyTataD

r ahc

ohs rt

,tni ,gnol r etnio p

)*(

2.5 6. gnitacollA lacoL ataD ecapS on the S at k c

ar o pmeT ry egar ots eca ps r of lacol sel bair av r o atad nac e b detaer c by d r ce e gnisa eht stnetnoc f o

SE P tsu j r etf a gnittes pu a k cats fr ema ta eht b ge i gninn ehtf o p decor u er . It si tnatr o pmi to er ts er o

eht k cats eca ps ta eht ne d f o eht or p c er ude . The of l gniwol oc de fr tnemga setar tsulli eht cisa b

di ae :

sup h be p ; evaS s'rellac kcats emarf

sigeR et r

AL

AX

AE X

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om v ,pbe pse ; hsilbatsE wen kcats emarf

us b ,pse 4 ; etacollA lacol atad ecaps fo

; 4 setyb

sup h se i ; evaS lacitirc sretsiger

sup h ide

...

op p de i ; erotseR lacitirc sretsiger

op p ise

om v ,pse pbe ; seR erot eht kcats

op p be p ; erotseR eht emarf

er t ; nruteR ot rellac

2.5 7. gnisU C snoitcnuF ni ylbmessA orP c de u ser

nI tsom ,sesac gnillac C ar bil ry senituor r o snoitcnuf mor f na bmessa ly r p o mar g si er om el pmoc x

naht gnillac bmessa ly gor p r sma mor f C. nA ex el pma f o woh llacot t eh pr tni f noitcnuf yr ar bil

mor f nihtiw na bmessa ly mar gor p si nwohs en x ,t dewollof by stnemmoc no woh ti lautca ly

ow r sk .

labolg niam_

nretxe ftnirp_

noitces atad.

xet t db 192" si eht ,"!tseb ,01 0

tamrofrts bd ,"s%" 0

noitces edoc.

niam_

sup h drowd txet

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sup h drowd tamrofrts

lac l ftnirp_

da d ,pse 8

ter

ecito N taht eht er udecor p si der alced olg b ,la dna sti eman m su t e b iam_ n, hcihw si t eh tr ats i gn

tnio p f o lla C edoc .

ecniS C sehsu p sti ugr a m stne otno t eh k cats ni er v esr e r o d ,r e eht tesf f o f o t eh r ts i gn si dehsu p

,tsr if dewollof by eht f f o s te f o ir tstamr of eht ng. T eh C noitcnuf nac neht be ,dellac tu b c er a m su t

e b nek at ot er otser eht k cats ecno ti sah oc m el p t de .

nehW gnik nil eht bmessa ly oc d ,e lcni edu eht nats d dr a C ar bil ry (or eht ar bil ry gniniatnoc the

snoitcnuf uoy us )e ni eht k nil . r oF a er om deliated dna( r e p h s pa er om cca u )etar ed s noit pir c f o eht

udecor p r se devlovni ni gnillac C ,snoitcnuf r ef er to r ehtona et xt no eht bus j tce .

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tinU -6

V c cA D 1 5

A 1 6 / 3S

A 1 7 / 4S

A 1 8 / 5SA 1 9 / 6S

HB E /S 7

NM / M X

R D

0TG/GR )DLOH(

1TG/QR )ADLH(

KCOL )RW(2S )0I/M(

1S )R/TD(

0S )NED(

0SQ )ELA(

1SQ NI( T )A

T E TS

R E A YD

R E S TE

iF g. . noitarugif noCniP1

ehT iwollof gn ni p noitcnuf snoit pir csed er a r of eht m r ci po r co se os r 6808 in ei ht r e minimum or

mumixam m edo . Ter aslangissni p6808ehT T bita pmocL el .

0DA1.6 - I(51DA / DsserddA:)O ata suB

esehT senil etutitsnoc eht emit el pitlum x de yr omem / OI sser dda ir ud ng eht tsr if lc o k c c lcy e

)1T( dna atad ir ud ng 2T , 3T dna 4T k colc selcyc . 0A si suogolana ot r of EHB eht r ewol b ety f o

eht atad ,su b sni p D0-D7. 0A ti b is woL du gnir 1T etats wh ne a b ety si to e b tr f sna e er r d no ht e

r ewol noitr o p f o eht u b s ni yr omem r o I/O po .snoitar e 8- ti b detneir o secived deit ot t eh ewol r

f lah dluow r on m la ly esu 0A ot noitidnoc hc ip s le tce .snoitcnuf Th ese il n se are ca it ev hi hg dna

taolf ot ir t - etats gnir ud t pur r etni wonk ca led eg and lacol su b dloH" nk ca o "egdelw . iF g. 2 wohs s

ognimiteht DAf 0 – DA 51 atadsseccaotsenil sser ddadna .

niP1.6 C noitarugif no

NG DA D 1 4

A D 1 3

A D 1 2

DA 1 1

A D 1 0

A D 9

A D 8

A D 7

A D 6

A D 5

A D 4A D 3

A D 2

A D 1

A D 0

N M I

TNI R

KLC

NG D

04

93

83

73

63

53

43

33

23

13

03

92

82

72

62

52

42

32

22

12

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

01

11

21

31

41

51

61

71

81

91

02

8 0 68

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T4 T1 2T T3 T4

0D A - 51D A ser dd A s ataD

iF .g .2

91A1.1.6 / serddA:)0(3S/61A,4S/71A,5S/81A,6S /s tS a ut s

gnir uD 1T ats te eseht l seni er a eht of ur tsom tnacif ingis da d sser enil s r of omem ry

oitar e po sn . Du gnir O/I o snoitar e p eht se enil s r a e wol . gnir uD mem ory na d O/I op ,snoitar e utats s

noitamr of ni si el baliava no eseht senil gnir ud 2T , ,3T dna 4T ats t se .

5S : ehT sutats f o eht t pur r etni bane le galf ti b si detad pu ta eht innige b ng f o hcae c cy l .e

ehT sutats f o eht galf si i detacidn t or h u hg ht is su b .

6S : nehW woL , ti setacidni aht t 6808 is in noc t lor of ht e .su b gnir uD a " loH d

elwonk ca d "eg colc k ,doir e p eht 808 6 ir t - etats s eht 6S ni p dna suht la l swo ehtona r su b m sa t r e to

ek at lor tnoc f o eht sutats b su .

3S & :4S seniL er a ced o ded sa :swollof

S/71A 4 S/61A 3 oitcnuF n

0 0 sseccatnemgesar txE

0 1 sseccatnemgesk catS

1 0 sseccatnemgesedoC

1 1 ataD sseccatnemges

aT lb e 1

tf A r e eht tsr if k colc cyc le f o na noitcur tsni tucexe i ,no ht e 71A / 4S dna 61A / 3S pins ce ps f i y hw i hc

tnemges r etsiger setar eneg eht tnemges noitr o p f o eht 6808 er dda s .s suhT y b gnidoced eseht senil dna

gnisu eht r edoced stu ptuo sa pihc stceles r of yr omem pihc s, pu to 4 M y bage et s ( eno M age r e p se nemg )t

f o omem ry nac e b .sessecca T sih er utaef osla sedivor p a eer ged f o noitcetor p y b tnever p i gn etir w

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otsnoitar e po eno tnemges mor f ylsuoenor r e gni p palr evo otni tnemgesr ehtona eddna str yo i gn i of n rm ita no

estahtni gm tne .

2.1.6 elbanEhgiHsuB:)O(7S/ / tS a sut

r uD i gn 1T etats eht EHB dluohs e b desu ot el bane atad otno eht som t si ng ificant lah f of the atad

,su b sni p 51D - .8D Ei thg - ti b r o i ne t de ved i ec s t dei to t e p pueh r lah f of t eh u b s uow ld on rm lla y esu B EH

ot lor tnoc pihc es l ce t f tcnu i .sno EHB si woL gnir ud T1 ats te f o ,daer ir w te dna t pur r etni wonk ca l egde

noder r ef snar te botsiety banehwselcyc t heh i tr o phg i no of t u beh s.

T eh 7S sutats noitamr of ni si va lia ba le ud ir gn T ,2 3T dna T4 s tat e .s ehT gis lan si evitca woL dna

staolf to 3-state r ud i gn " oh ld" ts at .e sihT ni p si woL gnir ud T1 etats r of the first int r e r pu t a wonk c l egde

.elcyc

3.1.6 DR DAER :)O(

T eh daeR e bor ts setacidni taht eht r ossecor p si gnimr of r e p a me yr om or I/O read yc lc .e sihT is lang si

dnasetats3Tdna2Tgnir udwolevitca eht Tw s tat es of a yn er ad yc c .el

hT i ir totstaolf langiss - ycegdelwonk cadloh"nietats lc "e .

SET T I( )

TSET pin si denimaxe y b eht " IAW T" sni tr tcu i no .

.seunitnoc esiwr ehtO eht pr eco s os r aw ti s in an i" eld " stat .e sihT i u pn t is

noelcyck colchcaegnir udyllanr etnidezinor hcnys t oegdegnidaeleh f LC K.

.1.6 4 I (R TN I :)

tI si a level der eggir t tu pni hcihw is pmas el d r ud i gn t eh la ts lc k co cyc el of hcae i sn r t ucti no to

enimr eted f i eht r ossecor p hs dluo r etne otni an in et rr pu t wonk ca l egde e po rati .no A enituor bus si der otcev

ot t pur r etninaaiv k oolr otcev pu el bat detacol i metsysn me om r .y tI nac yllanr etnie b dek sam y b er awtf os

t pur r etniehtgnitteser bel bane it

NI T .dezinor hcnysyllanr etnisiR T Hevitcasilangissih I HG .

EHB

,woL tucexe i noTSET ni p sif I eht

tseuqeR tpurretnI

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1.6 5. NMI I( ): noN - uM s bak le etnI r pur t

e pytasesuac,tu pnider eggir tegdenA - r etni2 r pu t . ur r etniehtaivotder otcevsienituor busA pt

metsysnidetacolel bat puk oolr otcev mem .yr o NMI i el bak samtons ni ter lan l y by os tf war .e A

noitisnar t mor f a WOL ot HGIH no this pin ini ait t se t eh

snitner r ucehtf odneehttat pur r etni r t ucti .no zinor hcnysyllanr etnisitu pnisihT ed .

1.6 6. eR set (I)

teseR sesuac eht r ossecor p ot yletaidemmi mr et in eta ti s pr se ent ca it v ti .y To e b cer ,desingo eht

langis tsum e b evitca hgih r of r uof tsaelta clock c cy l ,se pecxe t a tf er r ewo p - no hw i hc uqer r i es a 05 M or ci

eS c .eslu p. tI ehtsesuac 6808 ot ezilaitini r ge isters ,SD ,SS ,SE PI dna lf ga s to lla ez ros. oslatI sezilaitini

SC to FFFF .H no pU lavomer f o eht ESER T langis mor f t eh ESER T pi ,n t eh 6808 iw ll fet hc i st txen

sni t noitcur mor f the 02 bit yh p is c la r dda se s .H0FFFF T eh teser langis ot 6808 can be ar eneg t de y b t eh.4828 k colC( noitar eneg hc ip). oT eetnar aug teser mor f ewo p r- , pu eht teser tu pni tsum niamer b le wo 5.1

stlov r of 05 iM r c o s .ce r etf a ccV sah dehcaer eht mi min um yl p pus lov t ega of 5.4 V. ehT SER u pni t of t eh

tiucr icCR el pmisay bnevir de bnac4828 a nwohss ni if 3.g .

C KL

8086 µp

R TESE

Clamr oN

R tese Key

SYS T ME ESER T

iF g. .3

celese bnacCdnaR f oeulavehT t lof sade l wo s:

cV )t( = V 1( - e - CR /t )

tlov5.4=V s, cV V50.1= CR dna = ciM881 ro s ce .

For ciM1.0=C ; smhoK 88.1=R .

neno pmocUPC t etnoC nts

sgalF lC er ae d

KLC

4828

R SE ET

X1

X2

F/C

RE

RV5+

cesor ciM05=t .

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r etnioPnoitcur tsnI H0000

r etsiger SC FF FFH

r etsiger SD H0000

r etsiger SS H0000

ger SE i ets r H0000

ueuQ e Em yt p

elbaT – 2. teseR retf asretsigeR metsyS

88/6808 ESER T ivor penil ed na ylr edr o yaw ot natr ats gnitucexe sys t .me r ossecor pehtnehW stceted eht

evitiso p - gniog egde f o a eslu p no ESER T, ti tanimr et es a ll tca ivit ei s tnu il t eh angis l seog l ,wo at hw i hcemit ti tini ia il zes t eh s metsy sa nwohs in

bat l 2.e .

1.6 7. ydaeR I( )

ydaeR si t tnemegdelwonk caeh mor f eht desser dda yr omem r o O/I lliwtitahtecived ehtetel pmoc

atad ef snar t r. ehT YDAER langis mor f me om ry r o O/I si dezinor hcnys y b eht 4828 k colc r otar eneg ot

mr of .YDAER sihT langis si active .HGIH T eh 6808 YDAER i u pn t is on t s nor hcny i .dez oC r er ct

toner asemitdlohdna putesehtf ideetnar augtonsinoitar e po em t.

1.6 8. LC K ( )I : Clock

k colC sedivor p eht cisa b gnimit r of eht r ossecor p dna su b noc r t oll r e . tI si cir temmysa htiw %33

ud ty elcyc ot edivor p po t mi i dez inter an l it mi .gn miniM um ycneuqer f f o 2 zHM si r uqe i ,der s ecni t eh

ngised f o 6808 or p c se so sr ocni r o p ra et s manyd ic c le l .s T eh mixam um clock r f uqe enc ei s of the 6808 - ,4

6808 a dn 6808 - a2 re

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1X

2X

/FC

C ys nc

YDR 1

E A N1

E A N2

R YD 2R

V cc

iF g .. 4

,zHM4 zHM5 dna zHM8 res ce p it ev l .y ecniS eht 6808 seod ton evah no - pihc k colc neg tar e noi c cr i iu r t ,y

a dn 4828 cl k co ar eneg tor hc ip sum t e b cennoc t de to eht 6808 c ol ck pi .n ehT atsyr c l detcennoc to 4828

tsum evah a ycneuqer f 3 semit eht 6808 int anr e l fr .ycneuqe ehT 4828 olc ck ar eneg it no hc ip is desu ot

etar eneg ,YDAER TESER a dn

K LC . I if ninwohssasit g .. 4

1.6 9. /NM XM muminiM/mumixaM:)I(

sihT ni p acidni t se ahw t edom the pr eco s os r is ot r e po eta ni . In minim um edom , eht 6808 f lesti

setar eneg lla su b c no r t ol is ang l .s nI mumixam edom eht eer ht sutats

tnocsu behtllaetar enegotdedocede boter aslangis r lo is ang ls.

1.6 01. Min mi um edoM Pi sn

ehT gniwollof 8 pi sn noitcnuf snoit pir csed are f r o the 6808 in mini mum edom ; / NM XM = 1.

gnidno pser r ocehT sni p8 noitcnuf snoit pir csed r of xam imum edom is

aldenial pxe ter.

1.6 . 11 M/ IO enilsutatS:)O(

sihT ni p si desu ot tsid i hsiugn a me om ry acce ss r o na I/O cca esses. nehW siht ni p si ,woL it

cca sesse O/I dna nehw hgih ti cca e ss omem r .y M / OI semoce b dilav ni t eh T4 ts ta e prec de i gn a su b

lanif ehtlitnudilavsniamer dnaelcyc T f o4 t cyceh el . /M IO

3otstaolf - u blacolgnir udFFOetats s dloh" a wonk c l egde " .

CLK

READY

RESET

PCLK

SO C

8086µp

METSYS TESER

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1.6 . 21 WR W:)O( r ti e

etacidnI s taht eht r ossecor p si gnimr of r e p a etir w me om ry or w etir OI c cy l ,e dne ped i gn no t eh

/Mehtf oetats OI .langis R W si evitca r of ,2T T3 dna Tw f o a yn r w ti e cycl .e It is itca ve LO ,W

a dn staolf ot 3- FFOetats gnir ud acol l su b oh" ld

egdelwonk ca ".

6 1. . 31 T NI A wonk cAtpurretnI:)O( el egd

tI si desu sa a daer e bor ts f r o i tn err t pu wonk ca l egde cyc les. tI si evitca WOL gnir ud ,2T

dna,3T T egdelwonk cat pur r etnihcaef o4 c cy le.

1.6 41. ELA O( ): sserddA aL ct h banE el

otr ossecor pehty bdedivor psiELA dda3828/2828ehtotnisser ddaehthctal r sse

tal ch . gnir udeslu phgihevitcanasitI T cycsu bynaf o1 le . lf r evensilangisELA o deta .

1.6 51. /TD R ieceR /timsnarTATAD:)O( ve

In minim um ,edom 7828/6828 nar t s ec i ev r si us de for the ad ta .su b D /T R si desu ot c tno rol t eh

noitcer id f o atad wolf thr hguo t eh ar t sn ceiv r e . sihT langis staolf to t ir - ats et o f f r ud i gn l co la u b s " dloh

egdelwonk ca ".

1.6 61. ED N elbanEataD:)O(

tI si dedivor p sa na tu ptuo el bane r of t eh 6828 / 7828 in a minimum s sy t me hw i hc su es the

ecsnar t i ev r. NED si evitca WOL gnir ud ea hc me om ry a dn OI acc se s. tI lliw e b wol gninnige b with 2T

nu t nnige behtmor f evitcasiti,elcycetir war of elihw,4Tf oelddimehtli i ogn f tnu2T li the mi dd l oe f T4.

r totstaolf tI i- ir udf f oetats gdelwonk cadloh"su blacolgn "e .

1.6 71. OH DL H& ADL (I/ )O : Hold dna Hold Ac onk elw egd

dloH dni i setac taht r ehtona r etsam si gnitseuqer a col al su b " DLOH ". oT e b ,degdelwonk ca

DLOH tsum e b evitca .HGIH T eh r ossecor p gniviecer eht DLOH" " tseuqer liw l si sue ADLH ( HGIH ) as

na tnemegdelwonk ca ni eht mi dd le of t eh T1- lc k co cyc el . suoenatlumiS htiw eht eussi f o ,ADLH eht

r ossecor p lliw taolf eht lacol u b s dna c no r t ol li .sen r etf A " si"DLOH detceted sa e b i gn ,woL t eh pr eco s r os

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iw ll r ewol eht ADLH dna hw ne t eh pr eco ss r o ne de s ot nur ona t eh r cyc l ,e ti iw ll a ag in r d i ev ht e l aco l su b

llor tnocdna i en s.

edoMmumixaM2.6

T eh gniwollof sni p noitcnuf snoit pir csed are for the 6808 / 8808 s sy t me s in mixam um edom ( .i e..

/ NM XM .)0= nuer ahcihwsni pehtylnO r cseder aedommumixamoteuqi i wole bde b .

.

PsutatS:)O(0S,1S,2S1.2.6 i sn

gnir udevitcaer asni pesehT T dna1T,4 T r ud1,1,1(etatsevissa potdenr uter sidnasetats2 i 3Tgn

r o T )evitcanisiydaer nehw(w . or tnocsu b8828ehty bdesuer aesehT O/Idnayr omemllaetar enegotr ell

.slangislor tnocssecca)noitar e po ge behtetacidniotdesusi4Tgnir ud0S,1S,2Sy begnahcynA i nn i gn

cycsu baf o l .e sadedocneer asenilsutatsesehT s nwoh i tn a l b e 3.

S2 S1 S0 ar ahC c ir et s cit s

0 0 0 delwonk cat pur r etnI eg

0 0 1 daeR I tr o pO/

0 1 0 etir W I tr o pO/

0 1 1 laH t

1 0 0 eccaedoC ss

1 0 1 emdaeR m yr o

1 1 0 emetir W m yr o

1 1 1 tSevissaP a et

T el ba 3

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eueuQ:)O(1SQ,0SQ2.2.6 – atS t su

eueuQ sutatS si dilav gnir ud eht k colc elcyc r etf a hcihw eht eueuq po e tar i no si p f r e orme .d Q ,0S

1SQ edivor p sutats ot wolla xe ter an l t k car i gn of ht e inter an l 6808

sni t ur tc i .eueuqno el batninwohssisutatseueuqf onoitidnocehT 4.

eueuQ sutats swolla lanr etxe secived ek il In- tiucr ic umE lato sr or ps e ic la i sn t tcur i no es t xe t ne is no oc -

sr ossecor p ot k car t t eh UPC i sn r t tcu i no exe c tu i .no ecniS snoitcur tsni er a detucexe mor f eht 6808 ni ter lan

hcaedetneser psisutatseueuqeht,eueuq

tivitcaelcycsu behtotdetaler tonsidnaelcyck colcUPC y. wollamsinahcemsihT s

1( ) A r ossecor p ot tceted noitucexe of a EPACSE i sn r t cu t noi ihw ch id r ce ts t eh oc -pr eco s os r ot

mr of r e p sa k satcif ice p a dn

2( ) ninA - mcif ice psaf onoitucexe par totr otalumEtiucr ic e om ry l taco i no .

QS1 Q 1S scitsir etcar ahC

0 0 oitar e poo N n

0 1 mor f edoc pof oety btsr iF eueuq

1 0 Em eueuqehtyt p

1 1 ueuqmor f ety btneuqes buS e

T el ba 4

2.6 2. L K CO )O(

tI setacidni ot r ehtona metsys su b ,r etsam ton ot niag lor tnoc f o eht sys t me su b hw li e K COL is

.woLevitca ehT K COL sniamer dnanoitcur tsnixif er p"K COL"ehty bdetavitcasilangis itnuevitca l eht

tcur tsniehtf onoitel pmoc i no . asilangissihT c it ev

ir totstaolf dnawoL -st egdelwonk cadloh'gnir udFFOeta " .

el pma x E :

omeM,.ger GHCXK COL ry yr omemdnar etsiger ynasir etsigeR ; GT 0

oh pamesehtf osser ddaehtsi; re.

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2.6 3. RQ / TG 0 dna RQ / GT1 :)O/I( euqeR st/ narG t

esehT sni p er a desu y b ot eh r pr co e sr oss in a um itl cor p e oss r or nag iz ta .noi lacoL su b sr etsam f o

r ehto sr ossecor p ecr of eht r ossecor p ot esaeler eht lacol su b ta eht dne f o t eh pr eco s r os s r uc r ne t u b s yc c .el

hcaE ni p si i b -d r i ecti ano l dna sah na int anr e l lu p l pu

sr otsiser . myehtecneH a nutf ele by - detcennoc .

6. 2 . 4 rddAyromeM6808 e ss i gn

T eh 6808 yr omem a sser dd eca ps nac e b deweiv sa a ecneuqes f o eno noillim sety b ni hw i hc yna

ety b may niatnoc na 8- i b t da at e el nem t a dn yna t ow snoc e uc it ve y b t se yam noc at ni a 61 -b ti ad ta e mel ent.

oety bnotniar tsnoconsier ehT r ow r ddad res adnuo bs ir es. T aotdetcennocyllacisyh psieca pssser ddaeh

61 - 8owtotnieca pssser ddaehtgnidividy bsu batadti b - uf osk na bti b y bK 215ot p t se ea .hc

enO k na b si detcennoc ot eht r ewol ah f l of t eh 61 -b ti ad ta u b s ( 0D – )7D dna noc at ni s e nev sser dda

.sety b ,.e.i nehw 0A ti b si ,wol t eh k na b si les e tc e .d ehT r ehto k na b si detcennoc ot ht e e p pu r half of t eh

atad su b ( 8D - )51D na d noc tains ddo er dda ss y b t .se i. ,.e hw en 0A is hi hg dna EHB uB( s Hi hg nE abl )e

celessik na bddoeht,wolsi et d . nilsser dday bdetcelessik na bhcaenihtiwety bcif ice psA e 1As - .91A

iH hg r e Ad r d e ss

Ba knK215( x )8DO D

D8-D 51

suBataD 0D( - )51D

Fig. 5

mehtmor f desseccae bnacataD e .syawtner ef f idr uof niyr om :er ayehT

8 - naBsser dda)nevE(r ewoLmor f atadti b k .

8 - dda)ddO(r ehgiHmor f atadti b res k naBs .

61 - satadti b t r ddAnevEmor f gnitr a ess.

61 - satadti b t sser ddAddOmor f gnitr a .

L wo er Ad r d se s

Ba knK215( x )8

EVE N

D0- 7D

0 ABHE

A1 -A 19 Ad r d se s suB

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5.2.6 8- atadtib f k naBsserddanevEmor

Odd Bank

x + 1

x + 3

x + 5

BHE = 1

D8- 51D

86 - sser ddAnevEmor f sseccAataDti b

oT ssecca me yr om sety b mor f nevE ,sser dda amr of ni noit si r t a sn ferred r evo t eh r ewol f lah f o t eh

atad u b s 0D( - .)7D ehT 0A si tu ptuo WOL dna EHB si tu ptuo HGIH gnil bane ylno eht neve sser dda

na b k. I sit .gif nidetar tsulli

el pma x E : r edisnoC gnidaol a ety b f o atad otni HC r etsiger ehgih( r ord r e 8-b ti s of CX er gist r e )

omemehtmor f r r ddanevenahtiwnoitacoly e .ss 0D(ehtaivk na bneveehtmor f desseccae blliwatadehT

- )7D AD TA .SUB hguohtlA siht atad si r t a sn ferred into t eh 6808 r evo t eh l wo r e 8-b ti il ,sen t eh 6808

yllacitamotua stcer ider eht atad ot eht r ehgih 8- sti b f o i st ni ter an l 61 -b ti ad at hta p dna ecneh ot eht HC -iger s et r. sihT ytili ba pac swolla sety b tu pni - tu ptuo nar t s r ef v ai t eh LA er gister to a secc s O/I ecived

otdetcennoc r ehtie

f lahr ewolehtr osu batadehtf of lahr e p pueht 61ehtf o -b ti ad ta u b s.

6.2.6 8- morf ataDtib O erddAdd ss B k na

oT ssecca me yr om ety b mor f na ddo sser dda tamr of ni i ,no si der r ef snar t evo r t eh hi r ehg ah f l of t eh

atad su b 8D( - 51D ). ehT EHB tu ptuo wol sel bane eht r e p pu me om ry ba .k n A0 si tu ptuo hgih to id s ba le

r ewoleht mem na byr o k. I if nidetar tsullisit g .

Even B na k

x

x + 2

x + 4

A0 = 0

D0-D7 A1-A19

D0-D 51

iF g .

6 .

7

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Eve n B na k

4000

6000

8000

1 A -A19

A1- 9 AD0-D7

8D - 51D

)a( tsr iF ssecc A mor f ddO sser dd A

gnir uD eht dnoces su b ,elcyc eht p pu r e ety b w( ti h eht ve en er dda ss H6000 sa ni fi .g 9 )) b( si

ca ces .des gnir uD eht tsr if su b ,elcyc 1A - 91A dda er ss u b s ice ps if es t eh dda r se s dna 0A as 1 a dn EHB si

.wol er of er ehT eht neve yr omem k na b si del basid dna ddo me yr om k na b si l bane e .d gnir uD eht dnoces

su b ,elcyc eht a dd r se s si in r c neme t .de T eh f er ore 0A si z r e o dna EHB si ma ed hi .hg ehT neve omem ry

mddoehtdnadel banesik na b e a byr om n sidsik a del b .

tpecnoCmetsyScisaB68088.2.6 s

6808 nac e b desu r ehtie ni a minim um edom metsys r o a am mumix edom sys t .me T eh fi .g 10

dna if .g 11 swohs muminim dna xam imum sedom htiw s puor g of CI s to gen ar e et r dda ess ,su b tad a su b

dna lor tnoc su b si ang l .s gnisU eseht ,sesu b eht UPC nac e b detcennoc ot ,MOR ,MAR R OP TS a dn ot r eh

etel pmocamr of otsecived .metsys

.2.6 9 etsySedommuminiM6808CISAB m

2828 O/I str o p er a desu ot al hct t eh dda r se ses f mor the 6808 Micr or po c se sor taD /a r ddA ess u b s.

yB gnisu er ht e ,2828 0A - ,51A EHB , 61A - 91A il en s a er al ct deh ud ir gn 1T st eta .

tu pni f o eht 8828 O/I str o p r a e ;dednuor g eht u b s iw ll eht ref ,er o ne r ev be lf .detao ELA langis fr mo 6828

O/I2828ehtotnisesser ddaehte bor tsotdesusi lat sehc .

ecniS eht ataD suB si i b - ,lanoitcer id 6828 i b - er id cti ano l su b t ecsnar i sr ev are ,desu ni

r edr o ot etaer c a es p etar a D ata suB mor f eht 6808 atad/sser ddA suB . ehT D /T R dna NED

stu ptuo mor f 6808 er a dnalangis"T"6828r of desu EO evitce pser stu pni ly .

dO d B ank

5000

7000

9000

O dd B an k

0005

0007

0009

A1-A1 9

Even B na k

0004

0006

0008

A1- 9 A

D0- 7DD8-D 51

)b( txeN ssecc A mor f nevE sser dd A iF g. 9

EO tu ptuO( )el banE

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noitarugif noCedoMmumixaM9.2.6

nehW / NM XM ni p si st ar p p ed to ,D NG t eh 6808 t aer st p in 42 thr hguo 13 to be in maximum

m .edo nA 8828 su b r ellor tnoc ster pr etni ats t su i mr of n ita no c dedo into ,0S 1S a dn 2S to gene ar te su b

gnimit dna noc r t ol is slang a pmoc it .el b , NED /TD R dna ELA lor tnoc ,stu ptuo er a won detar eneg y b eht

8828 su b tnoc roll r e . T eh NED mor f 8828 si detr evni dna nevig ot 6828 t eviecsnar r to el bane t eh tu ptuo .

ehT tu ptuo l bane e of 2828 al hct is gr dnuo e .d sA ni mi min um edom eht sser dda - atad senil r a e lat dehc

t hguor h 2828 l ta c .h ehT ELA langis mor f eht 8828 su b r ellor tnoc sehctal eht sser dda r ud i gn eht T1 etats

f o eht micr po r co se os r. T eh NED langis si desu ot el bane eht snar t cei ev r ie t eh r to r t na sm ti or r ce ie ve atad

mor f O/I secived dna me .yr om /TDehT R langis si desu ot msnar t ti or r ce ie ve t eh da at as t eh ne de yam

e b .

P LC K

+ V5lC co k

g r ene ator

AE 2N

AE 1N

/FC

W tia -Staet

neG er taor

sser dd A suB

HB E

0D - 51D

61

iF g. 01

M OI/

NI TA

DR

RW

NM /MX V5+

ALE

0D A - D A 151 A 6- 1 A 9

HB E

R/TDDEN

CLKREADY

RES TE

oC nt lorB su

0 A - 91 A

ER S

STB

OE

8 282aL t hc

6828

T

OE

iniM6808 mum SedoM y ets m

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MR CD

MWTC

AM CW

IORC

IOWC

AIOWC

NI TA

0 A - 1 A 9

sser dd A suB

BHE

DATA

8286r T ansceiver

mixaM6808 um noitar ugif noCedoM

2.6 01. yCenihcaMdaeR suB5 c el

giF - 12 swohs eht gnimit mar gaid f o 6808 daer ma hc i en cyc le iw th IAW T ats t .e T eh lc k co

)K LC( langis si at bo i den mor f the clock- eneg rator .4828 hcaE c lcy e of t eh cl k co is er fer der to sa a sta et .

miniM u nm u .r uof siatadasseccaotsetatsf or e bm T ,1Ter ayeh T2 dna,3T, T setats4 .

gnir uD 1T etats f o a daer enihcam elcyc na 6808 tsr if tr essa s the /M OI is ang l. tI lliw tr essa siht

langis hgih f i ti si gniog daer ot mor f omem ry gnir ud me om ry daer elcyc dna ti lliw tr essa /M OI wol f i ti

si gniog ot od a er ad r f mo an u pnI t o p tr ud r gni sti re da cyc l .e T eh gnimit mar gaid in if .g 21 swohs owt

senil r of eht /M OI ,langis esuace b eht langis yam e b og i gn WOL r o gniog HGIH r of a daer .elcyc ehT

o p i blangisehthcihwtaemitehtetacidnissor csenilowtehter ehwtn dilavsemoce for t hcamsih i en c cy le.

r etf A gnitr essa /M OI , eht 6808 sdnes tuo a hgih no eht sser dda hctal el bane ,langis .ELA The

r ossecor por cim sdnes uo t no 0DA - ,51DA 61A thr hguo 91A dna EHB il en s, t eh a ser dd s of t eh me yr om

noitacol taht ti stnaw to .daer ecniS eht sehctal er a del bane y b ELA gnie b ,hgih siht sser dda noitamr of ni

sessa p hguor ht t eh lat sehc ot t eh ir tu ptuo s. ehT 6808 neht sek am t eh ELA uo t tu p l .wo sihT sel basid eht

sehctal )2828( dna sdloh eht sser dda amr of ni it no lat dehc no the l ta ch uo t u p t .s T eh sser dda noitamr of ni

omemder isedehttcelesotdesue bwonnacstu ptuohctalehtnodehctal r oy r r o p t tacol i no .

nI eht gnimit ,mar gaid eht tsr if tnio p ta hcihw eht owt DA( 0 – DA 51 ) ssor c stneser per eht emit at

hw i hc eht 6808 h sa u p t a av l di dda er ss no t seh e li en s. T ow senil OD O N T i dn ic eta t ah t a ll 61 li sen er a

Clockgen r e ator

W tia - tS a eteneG r ta or

iF g. 11

CLK

0S

1S

2S

D NE

DT/R

ALE

STB

OE

2828hctaL

T

OE

5+ V

RES

dnGMN/MX

0S

1S

2S

0D A - D A 1561 A -A19

CLK

READY

RES TE

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gniog hgih r o gniog wol ta this nio p t. ehT dessor c senil etacidni eht emit ta hcihw a lav id a dd r se s si no

u beht s.

T1 T2 T3 Tw tia T4

KLC

0D A - 51D A

BHE

A EL

2S - 0S

M/ OI

RD

YD AER

TD /R

ED N

WR

iF g. gaiDgnimiTdaeR 21 r ma

cniS e eht dda r se s inform ta noi is won eh ld no t eh la ct ,h the 6808 od es on t ne de to se dn ti uo t yna

m .er o sA nwohs ni fi .g 21 eht 6808 staolf eht A 0D - 51DA nil es so t ah t yeht can e b su ed to i u pn t ad ta

mor f omem ry r o mor f a o p tr . tA tuo ba eht emas emit eht 6808 a sl o evomer t eh EHB dna 61A - 1A 9

tamr of nisutatsemostuosdnesdnasenilr e p puehtmor f noitamr of ni i no no the eniles s.

ehT 6808 si won r ydae ot daer atad fr mo the dda r sse ed me om ry l co ta snoi or o p tr . gnir uD 2T -

ts ate eht 6808 a ss er st i st DR angis l l .wo T sih langis si desu ot enab el eht dda r se s de me om ry dev ci e r o

vedtr o p ci e.

tA eht dne of T3 ts a et the m r ci po r eco s os r ma ek s t eh DR si ang l hi hg dna reads t eh ad at a av i el bal

no eht atad u b s, pr vo i ded ht e YDAER i u pn t si ang l si hi .hg tI si eht ytud f o t eh xe t anr e l ic r uc ti ot see t tah

atadehtnoel baliavaedamsiataddilav u b s.

f I eht YDAER tu pni ni p is on t hi hg at the s pma l de mit e in a ma hc ine cyc el , t eh 6808 w lli ins tr e

eno r o om re IAW T stat se e b t ew en T3 dna T4 states in th ta am chine c lcy e. nA lanr etxe awdr ah re ved i ec

si tes pu to u p l es YDAER wol e b fo er t eh risi gn e gd e of the cl k co in 2T s tat e. r etf A eht 6808 fini hs se 3T

enihcamehtf o etneti,elcyc sr IAWa T s at te.

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f I eht YDAER tu pni si llits wol ta eht dne f o a TIAW tats e, t neh eht 6808 wi ll i r esn t ona t r eh

TIAW s at .et ehT 6808 lliw eunitnoc gnitr esni IAW T sta et s tnu li t eh YDAER i u pn t si s pma el d hi hg

.niaga f I eht YDAER tu pni si mas del p hgih niaga gnir ud 3T r o gnir ud eht TIAW stat ,e t eh

etaitinilliwdnaetatsTIAWehtf otuosemocr ossecor por cim T ycenihcamehtf o4 lc e .

ehT NED is ang l si desu to ne a l b e bi-d r i ce it ano l u b f ef rs no t eh ad ta .su b ehT atad el bane ,langis

, NED r f mo t eh 6808 will ne a el b t eh tad a u b f ef r nehw it is sa serted .WOL T eh atad timsnar t / ecer ive

langis /TD R mor f eht 6808 si desu ot ice ps fy t eh id r ce t noi in hw i hc eht f u b fe sr a er e ban l .de nehW /TD

R si detr essa ,hgih eht sr ef f u b ,lliw f i ne ab el d y b , NED t ar nsm ti ad ta fr mo t eh 6808 to Me om ry or I/O

.str o p nehW /TD R si detr essa ,wol eht ,sr ef f u b f i del bane y b , NED lliw wolla atad ot e b deviecer fr mo

yr omeM r o O/I o p str of eht .6808 D /T R si detr essa r ud i gn T1 of t eh ma hc i en c cy l .e The NED is

adetr essa ehtdnesotsu batadehtgnisusehsinif 6808ehtr etf l ser dda61r ewo s sti b .

hcaMetirWSUB3.6 i elcyCen

ehT 6808 etir w tar e po i no is v r e y sim li ar to t eh er da c cy l .e gnir uD T1 f o a etir w enihcam elcyc t eh

6808 str essa /M OI wol f i eht etir w si niog g ot a tr o p dna ti str essa /M OI hgih f i eht etir w si gniog ot

em m r o y. sesiar 6808ehtemitemasehttuo batA ELA

hgih ot el bane eht dda res ls cta eh s. ehT 6808 neht essa tr EHB dna no t eh l seni 0DA - ,91DA it u ptuo tt eh

sser dda taht ti will be r w i gnit t .o nehW gnitir w ot a r o p t, il ne 61A - 91A w lli yawla s be l ,wo e b c ua se t eh

6808 ylno sdnes tuo 61 - sti b r o p t dda res es s. ehT 6808 sgnir b ELA wol niaga ot la ct h the dda er ss no t eh

uo t u p st of the l ehcta s. In noitidda ot gnidloh eht ,sser dda the la ct eh s a sl o f tcnu i no as u b ff sr e for t eh

sser dda li en s. r etf A eht sser dda noitamr of ni is la hct e ,d t eh 6808 er vom e t eh sser dda inf amr o t noi r f mo

0DA - senilesehtnoatadder isedehtstu ptuodna51DA .

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giF gaiDgnimiTetir W31 r ma

f I eht YDAER tu pni si del pmas WOL y b eht 6808 er of e b r o gnir ud 2T f o eht ma hc i en yc c ,el the

6808 lliw i tr esn a IAW T s at te f a ter T .3 f I eht YDAER tu pni si del pmas hgih er of e b t eh dne f o t eh TIAW

ats t etatshtiwnooglliw6808eht,e T isanoossa4 t pmoc letes t IAWeh T ts at .e oteunitnoclliw6808ehT

i cesn t aw ti etats s for as gnol

del pmassiYDAER ehtsa wol j IAWhcaef odneehter of e btsu T s at te.

8808ehthtiw6808f onosirapmoC1.3.6 Micr ecorpo s ros

ehT 8808 UPC is an 8-b ti pr eco s os r desi deng ar dnuo t eh 6808 ni ter an l str cu t .er u tsoM etni r lan

snoitcnuf f o eht 8808 er a di e tn i ac l to eht uqe i nelav t 6808 f nu cti .sno T eh 8808 seldnah eht xe ter an l u b s

eno,seod6808ehtyawemaseht ecner ef f id gnie b ah t t eh

8808 seldnah ylno 8- sti b at a time .

5+ V

nGd(2)

MN I

NI TR

Clk

D A 0-AD7 )8(

A8-A1 (58)

A16/ (3S 4)

A19/ 6S

Tets

Ready

Reset

iF g . secor por ciM8808f onoitar ugif noCniP41 s r o

61 - ti b sdnar e po er a dehctef r o nettir w ni t ow

SS o (High)

NM /MX

RD

H LOD R( G/G )0T

ADLH ( QR /GT )1

80 88 RW ( OL C )K

/OI M S( 2)

TD/ S(R 1)

ED N( )0S

ALE(QS)0

ATNI )1SQ(

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SR OSSECOR POR CIM

54SC01

TIBJS,ESCf ot peD

egaP 741

I NU T -7

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SR OSSECOR POR CIM

54SC01

TIBJS,ESCf ot peD

egaP 941

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SR OSSECOR POR CIM

54SC01

TIBJS,ESCf ot peD

egaP 951

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4.1.8 eitiroirPtpurretnI :s

A r ossecor p si t ci py ally pr vo i ded iw th eno or om re inter pur t pins no the . pihc ,er of er ehT a laice ps

msinahcem si yr assecen ot eldnah st pur r etni mor f lar eves secived taht er ahs no f o t eseh ni ter t pur li en s.

iel pitlumgnicivr esf osyawowter aer ehT etn r r pu ts: euqinhcet niahc y siad d nad el l o p s.

oP l del st pur r etni er a deldnah y b er awtf os dna er of er eht r a e sl ewo r nehw a pmoc r de w ti h iad sy cha ni i gn .

ehT r ossecor p sdno pser ot na t pur r etni y b gnitucexe eno lar eneg ecivr es r uo t ni e f r o all ved i ec s. The

p seitir oir f o dev ci es er a ed termi den y b t eh ord r e ni hw i hc t eh tuor ine lo p sl hcae ved ice. ehT r ossecor p

sk cehc eht sutats f o hcae ecived ni eht lar eneg ecivr es ,enituor gnitr ats iw th t eh hi ehg ts r p i r o ti y device to

vr es ice an ni t pur r e t. ecnO eht r ossecor p senimr eted eht ecr uos f o eht ni te r r pu t, ti br hcna es to eht s r e vi ec

ivedehtr of enituor ce.

nI a ysiad niahc ytir oir p ,metsys secived er a cennoc t nide a ysiad niahc tesotnoihsaf pu a r p i ir o ty ys ets m.

ehtt pur r etniseciveder omr oenoeso p puS pr eco ssor. I t,esno pser n he

r ossecor p sehsu p ta esael eht CP dna r eneg a et s an ni t r e r pu t ac wonk l egde ( NI TA) si ang l to t eh hi tsehg

ytir oir p ved ice. f I siht ecived sah detar eneg eht tni err pu t, ti will ca c pe t t eh NI T .A ,esiwr ehtO ti lliw ssa p

eht AT NI otno eht n txe ecived tnu li NI TA is ca c pe t .de ecnO ,det pecca eht ecived sedivor p a snaem r of

eht r ossecor p ot dnif na t pur r etni sser dda r otcev y b u is gn xe ter an l ah r awd er . ehT ysiad ahc in r p i ytir o

pehtnahtr etsaf er of er ehtsidnaer awdr ahyltsomnodesa bsiemehcs lo l de in et rr pu t.

5.1.8 M D( ssecc A yr ome M t cer i D A)

tcer iD yr omeM sseccA )AMD( si a euqinhcet taht t nar f s ers da at e b t ew en a mi u pmocor c ter s’ me om ry a dn

O/I ecived tuohtiw gnivlovni t eh mi por c r seco sor. AMD si ylediw desu ni gnir r ef snar t egr al sk col b f o

atad neewte b a lar eh pir e p ved ice dna the micr u pmoco t r e ’s omem r .y ehT AMD et nhc i euq esu s a AMD

r ellor tnoc pihc r of the atad tr sna fer r e po ati .no ehT niam snoitcnuf f o a laci pyt AMD r ellor tnoc er a

wollof sadezir ammus s:

• T poAMDtseuqer secivedO/Ieh hcr ellor tnocehtf oeniltseuqer AMDehtaivnoitar e ip.

• T eh r ellor tnoc pihc setavitca eht r ossecor por cim DLOH ,ni p gnitseuqer eht UPC ot er l esae

su beht .

• T eh r ossecor p sdnes ADLH dloh( )egdelwonk ca k ca b to the AMD noc r t lo r el , dni i tac i gn t tah

eht su b si disab el .d ehT AMD r ellor tnoc secal p eht tner r uc eulav f o ti s i etn r an l r ge is et ,sr

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hcus sa eht sser dda r etsiger dna ,r etnuoc no eht metsys su b dna s dne s a DMA ac wonk el gd e ot

ar eh pir e peht l ved ice. etel pmocr ellor tnocAMDehT s the AMD tra sn f r e .

ose pytcisa beer hter aer ehT f DMA: A M Dd evael r et nid na , g nil aet sel c yc ,r e f snar t k col b .

r oF k col b r ef snar t ,AMD eht AMD r ellor tnoc pihc sek at eht su b mor f ht e m r ci oc u pmo r et ot tr sna fer ad ta

neewte b eht omem ry a dn I/O ved ice. ehT r ossecor por cim sah on secca s to the su b nu til eht r t na s ef r is

pmoc let .de cor por cimeht,emitsihtgnir uD e oss r ca pn f r e orm inter an l e po ra it ahtsno t onod t en ed t u beh s.

hT i ossecor por cimhtiwr alu po psidohtems r .s nar te bnacatadf osk col b,euqinhcetsihtgnisU f s er der .

ataD r ef snar t neewte b eht r etu pmocor cim yr omem dna na O/I ecived sr ucco no a dr ow -by- ow rd basis

iw th cyc le st lae i .gn T ,yllaci py eht r ossecor por cim k colc si bane el d y b D NA i gn na NI HIBIT si ang l wi ht

eht metsys lc oc .k T eh metsys k colc sah eht emas f neuqer cy as the micr po r co essor cl .k co ehT AMD

r ellor tnoc slor tnoc eht IH NI BIT il ne. gnir uD lamr on ,noitar e po eht IBIH NI T enil si ,HGIH pr vo idi gn t eh

r ossecor por cim cloc .k nehW AMD noitar e po si ,der ised eht or tnoc ll er ma ek s t eh NI HIBIT il en WOL r of

eno k colc yc c el . T eh por cim r eco s os r is t neh ts p po ed pmoc letely r of the c cy l .e ataD r ef snar t e b t ew en t eh

me om r r udecal psek atO/Idnay i cycsihtgn el . cycdellacsidohtemsihT el

gnilaets esuace b eht AMD r ellor tnoc sek at yawa r o slaets a cyc le tuohtiw r ossecor por cim ingocer it no .

emitf odoir e par evoecal psek atr ef snar tataD .

htiW devaelr etni ,AMD eht AMD or tnoc l r el hc ip t k a es evo r the ys ts me u b s nehw t eh mi secor por c sor si

ton gnisu ti . r oF ,el pmaxe eht r ossecor por cim seod ton esu eht su b elihw i r cn e nem it gn the gor p r mar etnuoc r o gnimr of r e p na ULA po r e a it .no T eh AMD r ellor tnoc pihc nedi t seif i eseht yc c el s dna al swol

r ef snar t f o atad neewte b eht omem ry dna O/I .ecived ataD r ef snar t sek at ecal p r evo a doir e p r of it em r of

emsiht t doh .

2.8 Ty sep f o ad ta t ar n ref s

O / I el pmiS – f osgnimitnehwdesu I nwonk siecivedO/

( xE . itynayler usielr e pa pswentcelloC m .a8r etf ae m ).

hc sut at S e k c / I O – tisyasecivedO/Ir etf aemitynaenodr ef snar tataD si daer y

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( xE . f ir e pa pswentcellocdnaxo br e pa pswenk cehC siti in t )xo beh

nevir d t pur r et n I I/O – st pur r etniecivedO/Ir etf ayletaidemmienodr ef snar tatad

( xE . pswenf oyr eviledgnitacidnisgnir lle br oodehtnehwr e pa pswentcelloC a r e p )

ylnonoitcessihtnI dessucsidsiO/Inevir dt pur r etnI .

etnI O/Inevirdtpurr

t pur r et n I e p yt s

st pur r etnier awdr aH er awtf oS t pur r etni s ar Tr osnoit pecxE ps

Ex. dnaIM N I R T N sni p Ex . ,3T NI,nT NI I OT N Ex . ,r or r eor ezy bediviD

noitcur tsni s ur r etni petselgniS t p

t pur r etnI e pyt sr e bmun

r etniyr evE 8nasah6808nie pytt pur - I(r e bmune pytt pur r etnIti b TN) as e bnwohs l wo .

N T I e p yt t pur r et n I N T I e p yt t pur r et n I

0 iD v r or r e0y bedi 5 68208(dnuo bf otuO )

1 petselgniS ur r etni pt 6 oc podilavnI ed

2 NMI 7 ssecor poCo N r o

3 r r etnitnio pk aer B u t p 8 agnir ud(tluaf el buoD n

4 wolf r evO e r r or )st pur r etni2noitcur tsni

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5 - F1 .letnIy bdevr eseR 02 - FF of el baliavA r esu r.

r of H31 vr esk siD i ec s esSODr of H12T NI rvi sec .

noitcA nehw NMI si etavitca d

pnider eggir tegdeevitiso psiIM N ut

1. sser gor pninoitcur tsniehtetel pmoC

2. catsehtnosgalFhsuP k

3. t pur r etnir ehtr uf oner usneot(galf EIteseR s)

4. ) petselgnisnidetucexetonsi,SSI,enituor busecivr est pur r etnitahtos(galf TteseR

5. UP HS SC

6. HSUP IP

7. si2(8=4x2noitacoldr owmor f dedaolPI I ) NT

8. or f dedaolSC m )HA0000(noitacoldr owtxen

ehtothcnar basek amr ossecor P tuor bus i !en

)TVI(elbatrotceVtpurretnI1.2.8

sotdesuer aHFF300ot0snoitacolMAR t Ier o TV . I 652sniatnoct I t pur r etn

sety b4f ohcae)VI(sr otceV .

00000 H H4321

20000 H H8765 e bmunVIsiH4321:8765 r 0

40000 H H4433

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60000 H H6655 e bmunVIsiH4433:6655 r 1

: : :

HCF300 H7766

HEF300 H8877 FFr e bmunVIsiH7766:8877

onoitucexE2.2.8 f )FFot0=n(nTNI



3. ) petselgnisnidetucexetonsiSSItahtos(galf TteseR

4. SUP H CS

5. HSUP IP

6. s=4xnnoitacoldr owmor f dedaolPI a W,y

7. +Wnoitacoldr owtxenmor f dedaolSC 2

nI 2asihcihw,nT NI - Iehtsin,noitcur tsniety b TN . I Cedoc poehtsahnT N DH

noitcA nehw si3T NI ex etuce d




4. SUP H CS

5. HSUP IP

6. acoldr owmor f dedaolPI t =4x3noi C0000 H

7. HE0000noitacoldr owtxenmor f dedaolSC

1asi3T NI - HCCf oedoc pohtiwnoitcur tsniety b

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4. SUP H CS

5. UP HS IP

6. 4x1noitacoldr owmor f dedaolPI = H40000

7. 60000noitacoldr owtxenmor f dedaolSC H

r e psaH4433:6655noitacoltaenituor busehtothcnar basek amr ossecor P t Ieh VT

4.2.8 noitcA f ro OTNI oitcurtsni n

1asiOT NI -b noitcur tsniety . htwolf r evonot pur r etnir oF e IT N si 4.

1. f i yl no7 ot 2 s pet so D O al f wol f r ev g t e s si

2. hsuP F k catsehtnosgal

3. alf Tdnagalf EIteseR g

4. UP HS SC

5. UP HS IP

6. 01000=4x4noitacoldr owmor f dedaolPI H

7. r owtxenmor f dedaolSC 21000noitacold H

NI T :ottnelaviuqesiO txe NO NJ

NI 4T

txe N : .…

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5528letnI7.2.8 PP I

el bammar gor Pr of noitaiver b basiIPP ar eh pir eP l nI et r af ce. r of desu pihctr o pO/InasitI nicaf r etni g I O/

r ossecor por cimhtiwsecived . ar eh pir e pdesuylnommocyr evasitI l hc ip.

f r etnir of balsr ossecor por ciMehtnistnedutsr of laitnesse5528f oegdelwonK a gnic e pxe ir ments.

28 55 PIDnip04

troP A

CtroP

oC n

or l

troP

troP B

nio ps’r esumor f 5528nistr o p3er aer ehT t weivf o - Btr oP,Atr oP a dn oP tr .C

4tnedne pedniowtf odeso pmocsiCtr oP - CP:str o pti b 7- r e p pUCP(4 ) 3CPdna -0 ( )r ewoLCP

noitceleS f o P r o ts

A1 A0 r o pdetceleS t

0 0 tr oP A

0 1 tr oP B

1 0 tr oP C

1 1 tr o plor tnoC

A7

A6

A5

A4

t

ccV

dnG

*DR

7D -0

1A

7AP -0

7CP -4

3CP -0

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tmor f tr o plor tnoCaoslasier ehT nio pr ossecor Peh t of v ei w . .5528f ognik r owehtsedicedstnetnocstI

tacinummocr of detcelessi5528,0si)tceles pihC(SCnehW i y bno t peh roc se s .r o tiucr ictceles pihcehT

er ddasngissani pSCehtotdetcennoc s ses t ehto tr o p s of 5528 .

ihcehtr oF essi pihceht,nwohstiucr ictceles p l ce t hwde e ,1=2A,1=3A,1=4A,1=5A,1=6A,0=7An a dn

0=*OI/M . ser ddaehtevahlliwtr o plor tnoCdnaCtr oP,Btr oP,Atr oP s se as HF7dna,HE7,HD7,HC7

ylevitce pser .

tr o pehtr of noitar e pof osedom3er aer ehT s of .5528 doM e .2edoMdna,1edoM,0

edoM 0 ar e pO t noi

el pmiSr ocisaBsitI I .O/ isek ahsdnahynaesutonseodtI g lan s . r oecived p/inagnicaf r etnir of desusitI

ona / ved p ice . nwonk llewsisecivedO/If oscitsir etcar ahcgnimitnehwdesusitI .

M edo 1 ar e pO t noi

I ek ahsdnahsesut I/O . k ahsdnahr of desuer asenil3 i gn . p/onar oecived p/inagnicaf r etnir of desusitI

ecived . desur o,nwonk llewtonsisecivedO/If oscitsir etcar ahcgnimitnehwdesusinoitar e po1edoM

r oyl p pussecivedO/Inehw ecer i avr etnir aluger r itaatadev sl .

sek ahsdnaH i ef snar tatad,el baliavasiatadehttahtr ossecor pehtmr of nitr o pehtf oslang r pmoc l te e e ct .

inoitar e po1edomtuo basliateder oM s vor p i ded l ta r e .

edoM 2 ar e pO t noi

i bsitI - k ahsdnahlanoitcer id e I O/ . dnahr of senil5sesunoitar e po2edoM s k ah i gn . nahtiwdesusitI I O/

semitemosatadsdnesdnasemitemosatadseviecer tahtecived . E x. siddr aH k ir d ve . sinoitar e po2edoM

wr o,nwonk llewtonsisecivedO/If oscitsir etcar ahcgnimitnehwluf esu secivedO/Ineh s p pu ly r o

avr etnir aluger r itaatadeviecer ls.

2edoMr o,1edoM,0edoMnik r ownacAtr oP

r o,0edoMnik r ownacBtr oP M 1edo

Ctr oP ,ylno0edoMnik r ownac llataf i

0edoMnik r ownacCtr oPdnaBtr oP,Atr oP

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dnaAtr oP 1edoMnik r ownacBtr oP

edoMnik r ownacAtr oPylnO 2

?slangisek ahsdnaHehteraerehW8.2.8

silydaer laevaheW t lade l ht e sni p04 of 5528 . Atr oPnehw,slangisek ahsdnahsatcasni pCtr oP tr oPdna

B are c no if ug r de for ot eh r t nah doM e .0 tr oP A ni edoM 2 dna oP tr B ni M edo 1 is so p is bl ,e as it sdeen

ylno 3+5 = 8 k ahsdnah e si ang sl . r etf A teseR f o ,5528 oP tr ,A r oP t ,B dna r oP t C are f noc i ug r de f r o M edo

u pnisanoitar e po0 t r o p ts.

2CP - angisek ahsdnahsadesuer a0 sl r oPy b t f nocnehwB i ug r de i .1edoMn r ehtehwlair etammisisihT

tu ptuor otu pnisader ugif nocsiBtr oP r o p t.

5CP - sader ugif nocnehwAtr oPy bslangisek ahsdnahsadesuer a3 i u pn t r o p it n M 1edo .

o ptu ptuosader ugif nocnehwAtr oPy bslangisek ahsdnahsadesuer a3,6,7CP rt in M edo 1.

7CP - angisek ahsdnahsadesuer a3 sl r oPy b t f nocnehwA i ug r de i .2edoMn

528nisdr owlor tnoc2er aer ehT 5

dr owlor tnoC)DM(noitinif eDedoM dna

lor tnoC)R SBCP(teseR /teStiBCtr oP r oW d

5528 edoM noitinif eD C or tno l dr ow

edoM inif ed t nitu ptuor otu pnisa5528f ostr o pehter ugif nocotdesusidr owlor tnocnoi edoM ,1edoM,0

or 2edoM .

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Cse IV Microprocessors [10cs45] Notes(2)

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Transcript of Cse IV Microprocessors [10cs45] Notes(2)