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South -Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies (SAJMS) ISSN:2349-7858:SJIF:2.246:Volume 4 Issue 5

CROP COMBINATION REGION: A SPATIO-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF

HARYANA:1990-93&2009-12

Subhash chander1

Abstract

Agriculture being a basic activity plays a vital role in Indian economy. The studies of

crop combination regions constitute an important aspect of agricultural geography as it

provides a good basis for agricultural region. The aims and objectives is to find out study the

principal crops and crop combination regions of Haryana, as there is variation in the

temperature and rainfall in different regions. The present study is mainly based on secondary

data collection and the data has been collected from Statistical Abstract of Haryana.

For the delineation of crop combination region in Study area weaver’s technique of crop

combination has been adopted. Were applied and crop combination regions of Haryana is

brought out through using MapInfo, GIS software modules. The analysis shows that there

is no diversification of cropping pattern in most if the districts of Haryana expect the

northern and eastern part of the state. The crop like paddy and Wheat constituted as two

crop region in northern and eastern Haryana and the cotton and wheat combination in western

Haryana Bajra and mustard combination found out in southern Haryana.

Introduction

Crop combination is a group of major crops grown in an area. Combination of crops,

enterprises and livestock’s is different in various areas. The study of crop combination is an

important aspect in Agricultural Geography. The agricultural regionalization, a process of

dividing an area into territorial units or uninterrupted areas having some kinds of homogeneity

with specific define outer limit may be done with the help of Crop Combination method. The

study of crop combination help in understanding the cropping pattern and crop concentration in a

particular area it further help to make plan for inclusive production in agriculture. The crops are

generally grown in combination and it is rarely that a particular crop occupy a position of total

isolation other crops in a given areal units at a given point of time. The concept of crop

combination is a scientific technique to study the existing spatial relationship of crops in

association with other crops and to establish the boundaries of agricultural region based on

statistical findings and also study the dominances of crops in an orderly basis. In recent year this

concept gains much attention and became an important fact among Geographers and Agricultural

Planners.

1 Research Scholar, Department of Geography, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra


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Aims and objectives

The main objective of the present study are :-

1. To examine the crop combination in Haryana during the periods of 1990-93 and 2009-12.

2. To analyses the spatio-temporal variation and find out the changing pattern of crop

combination in Haryana.

Study Area

Haryana state has been taken as study area which is situated in the north western part of India. It

has been carved out from the former Punjab state on 1st November 1966 on linguistic criterion.

The state is lying between 27˚39′ N to 30˚55′ N latitude and 74˚28′ E to 77˚36′ E longitudes. The

total area of the state is 44212 sq.km. It forms 1.3 percent of total area of the country and

occupies the seventeenth position in area as compared with other states and union territories.

Starting from north it is bordered in a clockwise direction by Himachal Pradesh in the north.

Uttar Pradesh and Delhi in the east, Rajasthan in south and southwest and Punjab in the North.

The state imperceptibly slopes from north to south with height ranging from 200 to 900 meters

above mean sea level. The slopes become reverse in south and south west due to presence of

Aravalli Hills in that. The starting originally with seven districts and one division the state as per

1966-97 is dividing into seventeen districts and four divisions. Originally it consists of Hisar,

Rohtak, Gurgaon, Karnal, Ambala, Jind and Mahendragarh districts two new districts of

Bhiwani and Sonipat were created on 22-12 -1972 and district Kurukshetra was carved on 23-1

1973 two more new districts of Sirsa and Faridabad emerged on 26-8-1975 and 2-8-1979

respectively. Four new districts of the year 1989 district of Panchkula was carved on 15-8-

1995.and two more districts Mewat (Nuh) and Palwal were carved on 4-4-2005 and 30-3-2008

respectively. At present there are four divisions namely Ambala, Yamunanagar, Kaithal, Panipat

and Rewari were created on Haryana day Rohtak, Gurgaon and Hisar and 21 districts. Ambala

division comprises the district of Ambala, Panchkula, Yamunanagar, Kurukshetra and Kaithal,

Rohtak district consists of Rohtak, Sonipat, Panipat, Karnal and Gurgaon division is made of up

Gurgaon, Faridabad, Rewari and Mahendragarh districts. And Hisar district consists of all left

districts of Haryana.


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Data Base and Methodology

In order to attain the objectives of this study the data has been collected from various sources.

The present study is mainly based on secondary data collection and the data has been collected

from Statistical Abstract of Haryana. For the delineation of crop combination region in Study

area weaver’s technique of crop combination has been adopted. In Weaver's method the crop

combination is measured by calculating the deviation of real percentages of crops (occupying

over1percent of the cropped area ) for all possible combinations in the component area units

against a theoretical standard. The theoretical curve for the standard measurement was employed

as follows.

Monoculture = 100 percent of the total harvested crop land in one crop

2- crop combination = 50 percent in each of two crops

3- crop combination = 33.33 percent in each of three crops

4- crop combination = 25 percent in each of four crops

5- crop combination = 20 percent in each of five crops

10- crop combination = 10 percent in each of ten crops.

For the determination of the minimum deviation the standard deviation method is used by

using the following formula.

Where‘d’ is the difference between the actual crop percentage in a given areal unit and the

appropriate percentage in the theoretical curve and n is the number of crops in a given

combination. However, as Weaver pointed out, the relative, not absolute value being significant,

square roots were not extracted so, the actual formula used was as follows:


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So, first of all the percentage of individual crop area to the total cropped areas of each Districts

has been calculated and thereafter the values of each crop has arranged in rank wise from higher

to lower then the deviation has calculated by applying the above mentioned formula. The lowest

value of the deviation of actual percentages from the theoretical curve is denoted as crop

combination resulting into the identity and the number of crops in the basic combination.

Results and discussion

Crop combination regions are delineated here on the basis of methods given by Weaver J.C.

(1954). The most important and popular approach is presented by J.C. Weaver for delineating the

complex structure of agricultural regions of middle west in the USA in 1954. In this study the

percentage of crop area to total cropped area has taken under consideration. The investigation

shows the cropping pattern and crop association in the study area. Some environmental as well as

some geographical constrains owing to geographical location, soils climate have put the limit the

agricultural productivity. The present study has identified 2 crop , 3 crop, 4 crop combinations in

study area. Farmers cultivate numerous crops in the field rather than a single crop but from the

following discussion it may be noted that the Wheat is the main primary crop throughout the

State.


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Percentage of area under different crops in (ha.)

(1990-93)

NAME OF DISTRICTS

RICE JOWAR BAJRA MAIZE WHEAT BARLEY GRAM OTH. PULSES

MUSTARD COTTON SUGARCANE OTH. CROPS

TOTAL

AMBALA 24.61 0.00 0.54 7.47 38.51 0.22 1.43 1.15 1.84 0.22 4.35 19..66 100.0

YAMUNANAGAR 22.52 0.07 0.76 3.02 31.76 0.27 1.00 0.24 0.84 0.16 22.35 17.01 100.0

KURUKSHETRA 38.97 0.00 0.08 0.59 40.54 0.04 0.18 0.12 0.58 0.05 4.73 14.12 100.0

KAITHAL 31.35 0.27 2.72 0.21 46.32 0.17 0.50 0.81 2.06 2.18 1.77 11.64 100.0

KARNAL 39.66 0.07 0.31 0.54 43.43 0.08 0.22 0.45 0.22 0.15 2.46 12.41 100.0

PANIPAT 31.13 0.37 0.71 0.34 45.48 0.14 0.27 1.27 0.41 0.30 3.76 15.82 100.0

SONIPAT 12.42 5.41 2.48 0.30 48.66 0.36 0.46 5.01 2.99 0.53 5.10 16.28 100.0

ROHTAK 1.08 11.68 9.49 0.05 35.55 1.26 4.78 3.53 17.24 2.18 4.90 8.26 100.0

FARIDABAD 3.20 8.32 9.12 0.61 46.44 2.00 0.36 3.04 7.64 0.03 4.38 14.86 100.0

GURGAON 0.51 6.63 19.72 0.01 31.65 3.47 3.91 0.55 21.85 0.01 1.49 10.22 100.0

REWARI 0.00 1.82 28.06 0.00 21.72 3.13 5.60 0.04 30.58 0.02 0.00 9.03 100.0

MAHENDERGARH 0.00 0.07 37.80 0.00 12.95 0.90 11.54 0.00 28.22 0.07 0.00 8.45 100.0

BHIWANI 0.00 0.53 30.28 0.02 11.10 0.69 26.67 0.68 15.12 4.65 0.17 10.09 100.0

JIND 10.77 1.21 10.16 0.02 34.86 0.60 4.20 1.64 4.62 10.88 2.71 18.33 100.0

HISSAR 3.91 0.10 8.85 0.06 27.50 0.81 12.24 0.17 9.33 25.02 0.48 10.89 100.0

SIRSA 4.45 0.01 1.10 0.02 29.64 1.28 12.77 0.02 8.68 29.86 0.02 12.15 100.0

HARYANA 11.56 2.02 10.38 0.55 32.14 0.92 7.75 1.02 9.63 8.81 2.65 12.57 100.0

THE CROP COMBINATION REGIONS ACCORDING TO WEAVER'S METHOD OF

HARYANA:

Weaver's method has admirably been applied for the demarcation of crop combination regions

band agricultural regionalization as its application results into suitable and accurate grouping

of crops.

Crop Combination Regions of Haryana for Cropping Year (1990-93)

SL

NO. NAME OF DISTRICTS

CROP COMBINATION

TYPES OF CROPS

1 AMBALA 2 WHEAT, RICE

2 YAMUNANAGAR 4 WHEAT,RICE,SUGARCANE,MAIZE

3 KURUKSHETRA 2 WHEAT, RICE

4 KAITHAL 2 WHEAT, RICE

5 KARNAL 2 WHEAT, RICE

6 PANIPAT 2 WHEAT, RICE

7 SONIPAT 2 WHEAT, RICE

8 ROHTAK 3 WHEAT,MUSTARD,JOWAR

9 FARIDABAD 3 WHEAT,BAJRA,JOWAR

10 GURGAON 3 WHEAT,MUSTARD,BAJRA

11 REWARI 3 MUSTARD,BAJRA,WHEAT

12 MAHENDERGARH 2 BAJRA,MUSTARD

13 BHIWANI 3 BAJRA,GRAM,MUSTARD

14 JIND 4 WHEAT,COTTON,RICE,BAJRA

15 HISSAR 3 WHEAT,COTTON,GRAM

16 SIRSA 3 COTTON,WHEAT,GRAM

17 HARYANA 5 WHEAT,RICE,BAJRA,MUSTARD,COTTON


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Crop Combination Pattern in Haryana (1990-93)

NO. OF CROPS

NAME OF DISTRICTS NO. OF DISTRICTS

2 CROP AMBALA,KURUKSHETRA,KAITHAL,KARNAL,PANIPAT,SONIPAT,MAHENDERGARH, 7

3 CROP ROHTAK,FARIDABAD,GURGAON,REWARI,BHIWANI,HISSAR,SIRSA 7

4 CROP YAMUNANAGAR,JIND 2


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This map is show the Four crop combination region in yamunanagar and jind district. Two crop

combination region in nortern Haryana and three crop combination region are Southern and

Western Haryana. Nothern Haryana soil is fertile and irrigation facility is good so the two crop

combination identified because farmers grows only two crop for his economic profit.

Percentage of area under different crops in (ha.)

(2009-12)

NAME OF DISTRICTS

RICE JOWAR

BAJRA MAIZE WHEAT BARLEY

GRAM OTH. PULSES

MUSTARD

COTTON SUGARCANE

OTH. CROPS

TOTAL

AMBALA 39.81 0.00 0.19 0.74 42.05 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.60 0.00 4.65 11.93 100.0

PANCHKULA 22.44 0.59 2.60 14.79 40.33 0.00 0.76 0.84 4.37 0.00 1.01 12.27 100.0

YAMUNANAGAR 34.45 0.00 0.42 0.56 39.62 0.00 0.05 0.09 1.14 0.00 11.97 11.7 100.0

KURUKSHETRA 43.25 0.00 0.00 0.11 41.01 0.00 0.04 0.04 0.41 0.00 3.89 11.25 100.0

KAITHAL 41.56 0.00 2.26 0.00 45.62 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.19 1.42 0.66 8.23 100.0

KARNAL 43.79 0.00 0.22 0.07 44.20 0.01 0.03 0.11 0.23 0.00 2.61 8.73 100.0

PANIPAT 40.26 0.00 0.26 0.00 45.55 0.04 0.00 0.33 0.46 0.00 2.91 10.19 100.0

SONIPAT 30.25 2.98 4.04 0.25 48.58 0.05 0.00 1.00 0.81 0.20 1.88 9.96 100.0

ROHTAK 16.65 8.87 9.24 0.35 45.07 0.66 0.42 2.56 5.97 3.65 2.68 3.88 100.0

JHAJHAR 12.50 6.75 16.25 0.03 42.68 1.39 0.21 2.06 12.66 0.34 0.80 4.33 100.0

FARIDABAD 15.30 2.35 6.00 0.00 48.05 0.30 0.00 0.85 1.15 0.05 1.10 24.85 100.0

PALWAL 16.64 4.31 4.00 0.00 51.18 0.50 0.00 0.50 1.61 0.17 1.11 19.98 100.0

GURGAON 4.21 0.88 29.15 0.00 45.26 1.40 0.00 0.50 11.29 0.00 0.00 7.31 100.0

MEWAT 3.53 6.76 14.92 0.00 41.95 0.54 0.00 0.14 14.92 0.00 0.19 17.05 100.0

REWARI 1.39 0.41 32.21 0.00 25.24 0.84 0.03 0.58 32.86 0.38 0.00 6.06 100.0

MAHENDERGARH

0.00 0.00 39.41 0.00 15.35 0.30 2.63 0.16 33.85 0.40 0.00 7.9 100.0

BHIWANI 2.62 0.31 24.64 0.01 21.19 1.52 7.84 0.61 20.25 5.78 0.20 15.03 100.0

JIND 23.77 0.00 8.21 0.00 45.67 0.15 0.04 0.14 1.02 11.02 0.44 9.54 100.0

HISSAR 6.93 0.00 7.81 0.01 36.23 0.90 2.32 0.14 9.71 21.75 0.16 14.04 100.0

FATEHABAD 20.29 0.00 1.63 0.00 44.51 0.82 0.14 0.07 2.19 20.65 0.04 9.66 100.0

SIRSA 8.75 0.01 0.58 0.00 40.88 1.13 1.19 0.10 5.62 27.94 0.00 13.8 100.0

HARYANA 19.04 1.10 9.41 0.17 38.89 0.62 1.42 0.41 8.05 8.27 1.34 11.28 100.0


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Crop Combination Regions of Haryana for Cropping Year (2009-12)

SL

N0.

DISTRICTS CROP

COMBINATION

CROPS

1 AMBALA 2 WHEAT, RICE

2 PANCHKULA 3 WHEAT,RICE,MAIZE

3 YAMUNANAGAR 2 WHEAT,RICE

4 KURUKSHETRA 2 RICE,WHEAT

5 KAITHAL 2 WHEAT,RICE

6 KARNAL 2 WHEAT,RICE

7 PANIPAT 2 WHEAT,RICE

8 SONIPAT 2 WHEAT,RICE

9 ROHTAK 2 WHEAT,RICE

10 JHAJHAR 2 WHEAT,BAJRA

11 FARIDABAD 2 WHEAT,RICE

12 PALWAL 2 WHEAT,RICE

13 GURGAON 2 WHEAT,BAJRA

14 MEWAT 3 WHEAT,BAJRA,MUSTARD

15 REWARI 3 MUSTARD,BAJRA,WHEAT

16 MAHENDERGARH 2 BAJRA,MUSTARD

17 BHIWANI 3 BAJRA,WHEAT,MUSTARD

18 JIND 2 WHEAT,RICE

19 HISSAR 2 WHEAT,COTTON

20 FATEHABAD 3 WHEAT,COTTON,RICE

21 SIRSA 2 WHEAT,COTTON

22 HARYANA 3 WHEAT,RICE,BAJRA

Crop Combination Pattern in Haryana (2009-12)

NO. OF

CROPS

NAME OF DISTRICTS NO. OF DISTRICT

S

2 CROP

AMBALA, YAMUNANAGAR,KURUKSHETRA, KAITHAL, KARNAL, PANIPAT, SONIPAT,ROHTAK,JHAJHAR,FARIDABAD,PALWAL,GURGAON,MAHENDERGARH,JIND,HISSAR,SI

RSA

16

3 CROP

PANCHKULA,, MEWAT, REWARI,BHIWANI, FATEHABAD 5


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This map show only two and three crop combination region in Haryana. Because in present

irrigation facility good and high yielding variety seeds available. And India technique better than

past time so the farmers receiving good policy and farmer prefer to those crop who most

expensive like Rice .

First crop only (First Rank crop in Haryana)

The First rank crop of northern Haryna wheat and southern Haryana rewari district first rank

crop mustard and Mahendergarh and Bhiwani district first rank crop bajra and the Sirsa district

first rank crop cotton in1990-93 but 2009-12 Sirsa district first rank crop Wheat.


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First two crop only

The first two crop combination in Haryana mostly Wheat and Rice but Southern part of Haryana

it is Mustard and Bajra and western part of Haryana Cotton and wheat crop are good

combination . The gram crop in 1990-93 good combination with mustard and Bajra crop in

Southern and Western Haryana but 2009-12 it replaced by Wheat crop.

First Three crop only

Three crop combination region find in this study area Western and Southern part of Haryana

these three crop are Wheat-Mustard-Bajra and Wheat- Cotton- Gram and some part of middle

Haryana find Wheat-mustard and jowar are good combination because Southern and Western

part of Haryana dry area and sandy soil and low rainfall receive compare to East and North part

of Haryana in 1990-93. But 2009-12 three crop replaced these areas to two crop combination.

Fatehabad and Bhiwani Districts maintain three crop combination.


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FIRST FOUR CROP ONLY

The first four crop combination region in Haryana was seen in 1990-93 . Yamunanagar and Jind

District four crop combination region crops include are Wheat, Rice,Sugarcane,Maize,Cotton

Bajra,Mustard are good combination. But 2009-12 not any districts show to four crop

combination region.


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Changes in crop combination in Haryana (1990-93 To 2009-12)

SR. NO. DISTRICTS 1990-93 2009-12 Change

1 AMBALA 2 2 0

2 PANCHKULA NA 3 0

3 YAMUNANAGAR 4 2 2

4 KURUKSHETRA 2 2 0

5 KAITHAL 2 2 0

6 KARNAL 2 2 0

7 PANIPAT 2 2 0

8 SONIPAT 2 2 0

9 ROHTAK 3 2 1

10 JHAJHAR NA 2 NA

11 FARIDABAD 3 2 1

12 PALWAL NA 2 NA

13 GURGAON 3 2 1

14 MEWAT NA 3 NA

15 REWARI 3 3 0

16 MAHENDERGARH 2 2 0

17 BHIWANI 3 3 0

18 JIND 4 2 2

19 HISSAR 3 2 1

20 FATEHABAD NA 3 NA

21 SIRSA 3 2 1

22 HARYANA 5 3 2

This table show the minor change overall Haryana. Yamunanagar and jind district change In

crop combination region. 1990-93 two districts was seen four crop combination but thse districts

combination declined in 2009-12.

CONCLUSION

The crop combination region in Haryana area under wheat and rice is continuously increasing

whereas the area under gram, sugarcane and barley has been continuously decreasing. Two crop

combination region has observed in northern Haryana in both time period. Central and western

Haryana continuously maintain their dominant position in term of cotton crop.Gram cultivation

has drastic declined in term of total cropped area from the base year (1990-93) in which it

account 7.75% of the area under cultivation, now it has only 1.42% area under cultivation

(2009- 12). In Bhiwani district, the Gram and Bajra combination was seen in 1990-93 and in

2009-12 it was replaced by the combination of wheat and Bajra


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REFERENCES

Singh J. and Dhillon, S.S. (1984), Agriculture Geography, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi. p. 225-235

Singh, J. (1976), An Agricultural Geography of Haryana, Vishal Publication, Kurukshetra,

Singh, J. and Dhillon, S.S. (2004): "Agricultural Geography", Tata McGraw- Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, p. 254-258

Hussain,Mazid (2010): “Agricultural Geography’’ Rawat Publication,

New Delhi, p. 194-211

Bhatia, (1965): "Patterns of Crop Concentration and Diversification in India", Economic Geography, 41, pp. 40-56.

Tiwari, R.C. (2006) Agriculture Geography, Prayag Pustak Bhawan,

Ellahabad. P.116-124

Hussain, Mazid (1970). Crop Combination Regions of Uttar Pradesh : A Study in

Methodology, Geographical Review of India.

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