Crime and Deviance - Home | York University€¦ · · 2015-09-17Crime and Deviance A major area...
Transcript of Crime and Deviance - Home | York University€¦ · · 2015-09-17Crime and Deviance A major area...
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Crime and Deviance
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Definition Crime and Deviance
Deviance- is defined as variation
from the norm and society’s reaction to it.
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Labels
• To label someone deviant is related to our notions of social convention….the normal society…entrenched with laws,rules and norms.
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Crime and Deviance
A major area in sociological research:
• We are all interested in the deviant : - Crime TV….Law and Order, Cops etc.. - Hero mystique-Robin Hood - PEOPLE -OUTSIDE THE NORM
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The Social Self
The `deviant’ are reflections of ourselves and our sense of “otherness”
• Self and society –connected but not the same. We are not automatons.
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Comparative differences between Canada and the US
• Illustration of differences in political culture, levels of racism etc..
• Canada is more conservative, elitist, less individualistic…than US…
• Our law: Burkean • American Law: Lockean…
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Frontier thesis,
• US 50% of all homicide involved handguns whereas in Canada this figure was only 10%
• Frontier thesis, Canadian have firmer control in monarchial system than in the American Republic..
• Our policing is more peaceful.
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Canada vs. US
• US=Overt Racism-American are blatantly racist whereas Canadians are polite racists.
• Canada= Covert Racism (Kallen, 1974; McCauley, 1990)
• This evident in the culture of American vs.
Canadian cities, hiring practices, social segregation etc.
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Policing-Cops vs To serve and protect
• Canadians have firmer control in monarchial system than in the American Republic, policing is more peaceful
• Canadian system is Burkean in nature as opposed to Lockean
• Burke-social control • Locke –individual rights and freedoms
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. Burke
• . Burke maintained the crime control model which held that personal freedom can only be achieved through social control
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John Locke
Locke, on the other hand, advocated the due-process model-due process seeks to ensure useful safeguard in favour of the individual over the system
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• Although both systems reflect classic liberalism, there are qualitative differences in the perception and treatment of deviance.
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Qualitative Deviance Concepts
• Measures of Deviance Include:
1. SEVERITY 2. PERCEPTION 3. DEGREE OF AGREEMENT 4. LABELLING
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Qualitative Deviance Concepts
• Measures of Deviance Include: • 1. Severity- capital punishment-the more
serious the crime the more we take freedom away…
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Perception-
• 2. While society speaks with a collective conscience on certain matters of crime such as murder.
• On other matters there may be a continuum of responses from extremely harmful to inconsequential…
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3. Degree of agreement-
• . Degree of agreement- across nations there are some behaviours that are agreed upon as seriously, deviant and against the codes of social order-collective conscience extends to all human life.
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Examples..
1. Armed robbery, 2. Sexual assault, 3. Incest, 4. Murder- • Anthropologists tell us that the incest
taboo is almost universal as is aversion to cannibalism.
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Severity and Degree of Agreement
• Conflict crimes- are those crimes in which there exists conflicting opinions about their nature. (severity and degree of agreement do not match)
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• 1. Ie. drug use and sexual activity- we know that these things are bad for us…but are they deviant? or simply immoral? Streaking?
•
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4. Labelling
• Labeling theory (or social reaction theory) is concerned with how the self-identity and behavior of an individual is influenced (or created) by how that individual is categorized and described by others in their society.
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Negative Labels
• The theory focuses on the linguistic tendency of majorities to negatively label minorities or those seen as deviant from norms, and is associated with the concept of a self-fulfilling prophecy and stereotyping
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Labelling
• Labeling theory (or social reaction theory) is concerned with how self-identity is influenced
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Self Fulfilling Prophecy?
• (or created) by how that individual is categorized and described by others in their society.
• Labels can lead to self-fulfilling prophecies.
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Sanity Insanity: A Social Construct
• E. Goffman Asylums, for which he gathered information at the National Institute of Mental Health in Washington, D.C
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Rosenthan (1973)
• Rosenthan (1973) and his team had themselves committed…they complained of hearing voices and they were labeled schizophrenic….
• .
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Sociological Approaches
Theorization follows other empirical topics and draws upon paradigms
1. Conflict, 2. Symbolic Interactionist 3. Structural functional
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Paradigms
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Theories of Deviance I. Structural Functionalism
• Structural Functionalism- structural
strain, dysfunction-the school, family, religion and the polity are supposed to produce order,
• DEVIANCE=dis-equilibrium and non-conformity.
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Function and Dysfunction
• There is some suggestion that deviance is not dysfunctional but functional…
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Functionalist solution: Individualistic
• a. Change Values- Commitment and control…the system teaches us control; some do not buy into it;
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Delinquent Subculture
• Subcultural Theories-delinquent subculture-socialization theories…
• Also a functionalist approach-socialization paradigm
• Culture of poverty –O. Lewis..
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Ie. Merton (1957)-structural strain
• Anomie-absence of social regulation, normlessness- deviance results from problem of strain or disequalibrium…
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Merton (1957)-
• …between culturally defined goals (money, power, success) and the socially accepted means of achieving them…(education)
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Functional/Disfunctional Adjustment
Four way individuals adjust to a conflicting society include:
1. innovation, 2. ritualism, 3. retreatism 4. and rebellion
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II. Symbolic Interactionism
• SI is less concerned with values, attitudes
and behaviours (Anomie) than with the meanings that people attached to situation…
• Definitions of context….
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Edward Sutherland (1924)
• Edward Sutherland (1924) one of the fathers of criminology developed the concept differential association to refer to not only association between individuals but also between ideas.
• Sutherland = Learning Theory and symbolic interactionism.
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Sutherland –crime in context
• Deviance and criminal behaviour develops among those who define the behaviour favourably.
• In any given situation or context, an individual if the weight of the favourable definition of crime exceeds the unfavourable definition, then criminal activity will result.
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Street vs Suite Crime
• White collar crime, for example, is rationalized along these lines…
• Sutherland proves this through a study of 100 imprisoned embezzlers…. Each felt they were helping `the company’ and its operation.
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Ethnicity, Class and Addiction
1. IRISH: `Paddy Wagon’- 2. ITALIAN `MOBSTER’
3.. BLACK `DRUG DEALER’
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SI CONCEPTS
• SELF IDENTITY
• LABEL
• SELF FULFILLING PROPHECY
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To Symbolic Interactionists
• IDENTITY IS SOCIAL CONSTRUCTED
• MEANINGS ARE DEVELOPED THROUGH RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHERS
• INTERACTION-LOOKING GLASS SELF
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Symbolic Interactionists
• Symbolic Interactionists-G. H Mead, C. Cooley
• We all can identify with criminals. • See Chicago School studies: 1. Street Corner Society 2. Social Order of the Slum 3. The Professional Thief
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Self-fulfilling prophecy
• A self-fulfilling prophecy is a prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true.
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Sutherland –crime in context
• Deviance and criminal behaviour develops among those who define the behaviour favourably.
• .
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Criminal as `Professional/ crime as work’
• . Another interesting aspect of symbolic interactionist approach is the notion of crime as work.
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Crime School highly skilled
Prisons are like schools,,. 1. Mechanical skills-burglary, safe
cracking explosive
2. Social skills- fraud embezzlement
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III. Conflict Theory/
• Focus on dominant societal groups…..
• These groups impose labels upon members of subordinate societal groups.
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Conflict theorist and Crime
• Conflict theorists evaluate sub-culture on the level of class analysis. I.e. Labels
• Subcultures form in reaction to class consciousness and ideology.
• Crime is about scarcity!!!!
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Spitzer (1975)
• Criminals challenge the social relations of production….
• The oppressed threaten existing
social relations and therefore must be controlled.
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Class and Deviance
• Schmidt, Smart and Moss (1968) found that lower class alcoholics were more likely to receive drug intervention therapy whereas upper class alcoholic were more likely to receive talk therapies.
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Crime and Political Economy
• Conflict Theory • Commitment to a psychiatric ward is often
not much different from jail. • Jail is more likely in neo-liberal societies • Today’s emphasis on capitalism vs. state
intervention.
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Criminals challenge capitalism
• Criminals challenge bourgeois ideology a. Notions of production, b. Social conditions of production c. Patterns of distribution and consumption d. Socialization processes e. Dominant ideologies.
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Conflict Theory and Crime
• a. When the poor steals from the rich he/she challenges are notion of appropriate human labour
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• b. When the poor person collect welfare or refuses to work in the way we feel is best-the system is undermined?
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Conflict Theory and Crime
• c. When the drug user escapes or transcends culture rather than uses drugs for sociability, he/she de-legitimizes our notions of adequate social adjustment
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• d. When juvenile delinquents fail to attend school they challenge our notions of adequate socialization into our on-going legitimate social order
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• e. When organizations (underworld) develop they undermine the ideology that supports capitalistic society
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Summary
• Crime is a societal indicator of the relationship of individuals to the larger social system
• Crime is relativistic • Crime is related to factors such as race,
class and gender • Understanding crime helps understand
other aspects of society and socialization
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Learning to Labour: Paul Willis
• : How working class kids get working class jobs.
• Willis combines Marxist and symbolic interactionist forms of analysis
• Looks at education and youth, deviance
• British school system vs. `The Lads’