Credit: Lucas Taylor

Credit: CERN

Credit: CERN

Credit: Lucas Taylor

Big Ma

chines

Credit: CERN

Credit: Lucas Taylor

Big Ma

chines

High Energies

Credit: CERN

Credit: Lucas Taylor

High Energies

and Tiny Particles

Big Ma

chines

Frederik Van der Veken

INSPYRE 2020

frederikvanderveken@gmail.com

Physicsat the

Femtoscale

Whát scale… ?

1

5cm

(10-2m)

5cm

(10-2m)

1Å

(10-10m)

5cm

(10-2m)

1Å

(10-10m)

0.01pm

(10-14m)

5cm

(10-2m)

1Å

(10-10m)

0.01pm

(10-14m)

Femto!(10-15m)

5cm

(10-2m)

1Å

(10-10m)

0.01pm

(10-14m)

1am

(10-18m)

Femto!(10-15m)

Credit: CERN

Credit: CERN

Credit: CERN

Big machines

reach high energy

By accelerating protons

(of femtometer size)

and use them to search

for tiny particles

Big Machines

2

Particle Colliders

Particle CollidersAccelerate: increase the energy of their particles

Particle CollidersAccelerate: increase the energy of their particles

Collide: smash two particles on each other to release extreme energy

Particle CollidersAccelerate: increase the energy of their particles

Collide: smash two particles on each other to release extreme energy

Detect: observe the creation of (new) particles

Particle CollidersAccelerate: increase the energy of their particles

Collide: smash two particles on each other to release extreme energy

Detect: observe the creation of (new) particles

Understand: analyse the results, to deeply probe the mysteries of Life

Particle CollidersAccelerate: increase the energy of their particles

Collide: smash two particles on each other to release extreme energy

Detect: observe the creation of (new) particles

Understand: analyse the results, to deeply probe the mysteries of Life

Particle CollidersAccelerate: increase the energy of their particles

Collide: smash two particles on each other to release extreme energy

Detect: observe the creation of (new) particles

Understand: analyse the results, to deeply probe the mysteries of Life

Humans, not machines (though this is changing…)

Particle CollidersPrime example: the Large Hadron Collider

Particle CollidersPrime example: the Large Hadron Collider

26.659 km 9593 magnets 1~2 billion collisions / s

Magnets?

Accelerators

Magnets?

Lorentz force is perpendicular

Accelerators

Magnets?

Lorentz force is perpendicularEffect of magnet is in ‘wrong’ direction

Like pushing a swing from the side

Accelerators

Magnets?

Lorentz force is perpendicularEffect of magnet is in ‘wrong’ direction

Like pushing a swing from the side

Accelerators

Accelerators

Electric field

Accelerators

Electric field

Force is longitudinal

Credit: JLAB

Accelerators

Electric field

: cavities

Field should be positive at right moment

Correct timing is crucial

Credit: CERNForce is longitudinal

Credit: JLAB

Accelerators

But.. But..

But.. But..

LHC has 9600 magnets!

Then.. why?

But.. But..

LHC has 9600 magnets!

Magnets

dipole: bending

Credit: CERN

Magnets

dipole: bending

Credit: CERN

quadrupole: focussing

Credit: CERN

Magnets

higher orders: other stuff

dipole: bending

Credit: CERN

quadrupole: focussing

Credit: CERN

Magnets

The Large Hadron Collider

The Large Hadron Collider

Detectors

The Large Hadron Collider

AccelerationDetectors

The Large Hadron Collider

Acceleration

Beam dump

Detectors

The Large Hadron Collider

Acceleration

Beam dump

Beam cleaning

Detectors

The Accelerator Complex

LINAC 2

North Area

LINAC 3Ions

East Area

TI2TI8

TT41TT40

CLEAR

TT2

TT10

TT66

e-

ALICE

ATLAS

LHCb

CMS

SPS

TT20

n

p

p

RIBsp

1976 (7 km)

ISOLDE1992

2016

REX/HIE2001/2015

IRRAD/CHARM

BOOSTER1972 (157 m)

AD1999 (182 m)

LEIR2005 (78 m)

AWAKE

n-ToF2001

LHC2008 (27 km)

PS1959 (628 m)

2011

2016

2015

HiRadMat

GIF++CENF

p (protons) ions RIBs (Radioactive Ion Beams) n (neutrons) –p (antiprotons) e- (electrons)

2016 (31 m)ELENA

LHC - Large Hadron Collider // SPS - Super Proton Synchrotron // PS - Proton Synchrotron // AD - Antiproton Decelerator // CLEAR - CERN Linear

Electron Accelerator for Research // AWAKE - Advanced WAKefield Experiment // ISOLDE - Isotope Separator OnLine // REX/HIE - Radioactive

EXperiment/High Intensity and Energy ISOLDE // LEIR - Low Energy Ion Ring // LINAC - LINear ACcelerator // n-ToF - Neutrons Time Of Flight //

HiRadMat - High-Radiation to Materials // CHARM - Cern High energy AcceleRator Mixed field facility // IRRAD - proton IRRADiation facility //

GIF++ - Gamma Irradiation Facility // CENF - CErn Neutrino platForm

2017

The CERN accelerator complexComplexe des accélérateurs du CERN

Detectors

Detectors

Tiny particles

3

What are wemade of?

What are wemade of?

What is the universemade of?

What are wemade of?

What is the universemade of?

Why does everythingjust “work”?

What are wemade of?

What is the universemade of?

Why does everythingjust “work”?

… ?

Basic Bricks of the Universe

Credit: http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.1769

Basic Bricks of the Universe

Credit: http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.1769

Basic Bricks of the Universe

Credit: http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.1769

Basic Bricks of the Universe

Credit: http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.1769

Basic Bricks of the Universe

Credit: http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.1769

Basic Bricks of the Universe

Credit: http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.1769

Basic Bricks of the Universe

Credit: http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.1769

Basic Bricks of the Universe

Credit: http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.1769

Basic Bricks of the Universe

Credit: http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.1769

17particles

The Standard Model

High Energy

4

High Energy Physics

How do we do it?

How do we do it?Black Box Mechanism:

we know what we put in we measure what comes out use statistics to deduce what happened in between

How do we do it?Black Box Mechanism:

we know what we put in we measure what comes out use statistics to deduce what happened in between

p

p

How do we do it?Black Box Mechanism:

we know what we put in we measure what comes out use statistics to deduce what happened in between

p

p new

physi

cs

Statistics!

Statistics!Higgs found!

Example process

Statistics!Higgs found!

Example process

Statistics!Higgs found!

Black box: Can be everything; we don’t know (Higgs, photon, gluon, ….) Use statistics and probability to peek into process

It walks like a Higgs…

Inside the Black BoxFeynman diagrams

Inside the Black BoxFeynman diagrams

quark, lepton

antiquark, antilepton

photon

gluon

weak boson

Notations

Inside the Black BoxFeynman diagrams

quark, lepton

antiquark, antilepton

photon

gluon

weak boson

Notations Interactions

The Future

5

Expanding the search…

Expanding the search…Bigger, larger, better

Expanding the search…Bigger, larger, better

(Anti)Matter Asymmetry

(Anti)Matter Asymmetry

(Anti)Matter AsymmetryHidden somewhere far?

(Anti)Matter AsymmetryHidden somewhere far?

Created asymmetrically?

(Anti)Matter Asymmetry

Asymmetric decay?

Hidden somewhere far?

Created asymmetrically?

Dark Matter

Dark MatterBlack holes?

Dark Matter

WIMPs?

Black holes?

Dark Matter

WIMPs?

Sterile neutrinos?

Black holes?

Dark Matter

Gravity behaves different at large scales?

WIMPs?

Sterile neutrinos?

Black holes?

Dark Matter

Gravity behaves different at large scales?

WIMPs?

Sterile neutrinos?

Black holes?

Dark Energy

Dark Energy

Variable energy field?

Dark Energy

Fundamental property of space?

Variable energy field?

Dark Energy

Fundamental property of space?

Gravity behaves different at large scales?

Variable energy field?

One more thing..

Basic Bricks of the Universe

Credit: http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.1769

Basic Bricks of the Universe

Credit: http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.1769

Basic Bricks of the Universe

Credit: http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.1769

String Theory

?

Basic Bricks of the Universe

Credit: http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.1769

String Theory

?Nah..

These are open questions left to be explored…

Thank you for your attention

Questions?

=> frederikvanderveken@gmail.com