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Transcript of CPS Paper.final.december2009
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Solar PV Economic Impact Analysis for CPS
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Table of Contents
Scope Statement for CPS Solar PV Project:........................3
PV Market Overview..........................................................4
PV Growth Factors.............................................................7
Renewable Portfolio
Standards………………………………………………………………8
Texas' Solar Energy
Potential…………………………………………………………………
.8
Analysis of PV incentive program and PV Growth
Trend…………………………9
New Jersey Renewable Energy Manufacturing
Incentives…………………….14
3
UNIVERSITY OF THE INCARNATE WORDH-E-B SCHOOL OF BUSINESS
CAPSTONE 2009INSTRUCTOR: DR. DAVID G. VEQUIST IV
BY HARISH CHAUDHARI
CHIEN MING HOHALDUN UNAL
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Scope Statement for CPS Solar PV Project:
Business Objectives
CPS will be building a solar energy capacity. According to one scheme planned
to achieve this goal solar power equipment suppliers will partner with the commercial
building owners. The rooftop of commercial buildings will be utilized for the purpose
of generating electric power through photovoltaic(PV) panels. A substantial amount of
business is expected to be created. An assesment of the business that will be created is
needed. Assesment should concentrate on the impact of the business to job creation in
San Antonio.
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Magnitude of the project
Assesment will be made for 100MW of solar generated distributed energy.
Contributing factors
Solar power capacity goal: 100MW by 2020.
Price per watt for solar generated energy: CPS is paying $0.27 per kW
Minimum renewable energy requirement for the State of Texas:
Net grid status: No net grid. CPS will purchase the power generated.
The solar energy generation in a distributed energy model.
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PVs will be installed by contractors. There will be a need for installers and
suppliers and other personnel in the installation of the panels and there will be a need
for personnel in the operation and management of the installed solar panels.
Project shall include comparisons of similar schemes in other cities.
Project will deliver a complete assessment of the business and employment the
solar power generation will create in the Greater San Antonio Area.
PV Market Overview
In 2008, total US PV installations reached 286.9MW which reflects an annual
increase of 79% from the previous year. At the end of 2008 the cumulative installed
capacity PV capacity was 789MW.
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As per data from a report by Interstate Renewable Energy Council, at the end of
2008 California had the largest cumulative PV capacity. California, New Jersey and
Colorado had installed capacities of 526MW, 70MW and 36MW respectively which
make them the top 3 states.
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At the end of 2008 California had the largest PV capacity installed per capita
with 14.6MW; Nevada was second with 14.2MW and Hawaii was third with
10.6MW.
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In the chart below we can observe the percentage share of installed PV capacity
by state at the end of 2008.
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Many states showed significant increases in PV installations. California PV
installations increased by 92%:
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Other areas that we have to review are the research activities and the number of
businesses. The chart below depicts the current situation for select states in number of
businesses, in federal research awards and number of scientific publications for
comparison. Percentages of research activities show the shares in the US total.
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PV Growth Factors
Interstate Renewable Energy Council lists the factors which helped the strong
growth in PV installations: One of them is the change in investment tax credit which
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is shown as the most important federal solar component policy. The change included
an increase for increase for commercial installations and covering residential
installations. Another driver has been the incentives offered by the states which
helped installations more than double in several states. Renewable Portfolio Standards
which mandated a specific solar power generation solar percentage in it made a
significant impact on installations. In California, where the largest energy installations
have been taking place the incentive program California Solar Initiative (CSI)
continued to make progress and contributed to the overall increase PV installations in
the US.
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In addition, we believe increasing awareness among public regarding the benefits
of the renewable energy for a cleaner environment and sustainable economy with less
dependence on fossil fuels, have an important role in the growth of PV installations.
Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS)
RPS is a term used to define the minimum renewable energy percentage the
utilities should have in their total power production capacities.
There was a considerable activity in state level RPS requirements in 2008 and
2009. California increased its RPS to 33% by 2020. Missouri increased its renewable
goal from 11% to 15% and specified the solar power generation to be at minimum at
2%. Several states created provisions for solar energy while enacting or modifying
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their RPS policies. RPS is one of the drivers which have guaranteed the growth in
solar PV generation.
Texas’ Solar Energy Potential
It is not surprising that Department of Energy designated San Antonio as one of
the Solar America Cities in 2008. According to State Energy Conservation Office,
Texas ranks first amongst all states in solar power generation potential.
Analysis of PV incentive program and PV Growth Trend
Every state has different solar energy developments and incentive programs.
Some states develop it early, and some states do it lately. The following charts show
the number of different size PV systems, average costs, and incentives under different
incentive programs from 16 states from 1998 to 2008. The data was made available in
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the Tracking the Sun II study of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. These 16
states include the top solar states such as California, New Jersey, Colorado, and
Arizona. The charts include data from the available years specific to the program and
differ from each other since they have different starting and ending years.
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In order to figure out how many residential and commercial PV systems can be
created by per incentive dollar, our group assumes that if the size of PV system lowers
or equals 10 KW which is residential PV system and the size of PV system higher
than 10 KW which is commercial PV system in this report. The following graphs
show that the increases of number of residential and commercial PV system from
2004 to 2008:
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GDP. The following graphs show that residential and commercial PV systems’ install
cost, unemployment, and GDP from 2004 to 2008:
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Residential and Commercial incentive programs for PV system’s support are
regularly going down every year. Sometime they keep the same supports. However,
although residential and commercial PV install costs are gradually decreasing every
year, they might increase sometime. Hence, when people have to pay more money for
PV installation, this would directly decrease their demands for installation PV system.
For example, the average of PV install cost was increase in 2005. In this year, the
growth rate of residential PV system was negative and the growth rate of commercial
PV system was around 22% which is low than 37% of average growth rate.
New Jersey Renewable Energy Manufacturing Incentives
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As of September 23, 2009 New Jersey Board of Public Utilities’ decided to pay
incentive dollars for PV equipment including solar panels, inverters, and racking
systems which are purchased from a certified New Jersey Manufacturer. In order to
qualify for the incentive at least 50% of the equipment purchased must be
manufactured in New Jersey.
Renewable Energy Manufacturing Incentives
Incentive Maximum Maximum
($/ Watt) System Size Incentive
Solar Panels
Residential: 0 - 10 kW $0.25 10 kW $2,500
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Non-Residential: 0 - 50 kW $0.14 50 kW $7,500
Non-Residential: 51 - 100 kW $0.12 100 kW $12,000
Non-Residential: 101 - 500 kW $0.08 500 kW $40,000
Inverters and Racking Systems
Residential: 0 - 10 kW $0.15 10 kW $1,500
Non-Residential: 0 - 50 kW $0.09 50 kW $4,500
Non-Residential: 51 - 100 kW $0.07 100 kW $7,000
Non-Residential: 101 - 500 kW $0.05 500 kW $25,000
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California Solar Initiative Research, Development and
Demonstration Plan
This plan has allocated $50 million of the CSI funding for research, development
and demonstration programs. Its goals include increasing technology efficiency and
technology adoption increase.
New Jersey Rebates and PV Installations
Rebates which are provided in the State of New Jersey resulted in more than
108MWs in PV capacity in 9 years from 2001 to 2009. Total rebate provided to the
projects were about $292 million. The number of projects was 4,522 which consist of
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3,645 systems with 10kW or smaller capacities and 877 projects larger than 10 kW
capacities.
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The projects in New Jersey by market segmentation can be observed in the table
below:
New Jersey Solar Installations by Market Segment As of 10/31/09
Market Segment #
Projects
Installed Capacity
(KW dc)
Total Rebate $ % of Installed
Capacity
Commercial 545 56,165.8 $100,647,166 51.96%
Residential 3,664 26,769.5 $116,938,981 24.77%
School Public K-12 66 10,391.5 $31,557,164 9.61%
Municipality 25 5,074.7 $8,679,595 4.69%
Government Facility 30 3,857.4 $13,338,328 3.57%
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California Incentives and PV Installations
Today when we consider the cost associated with the PV system ownership, we
can see that the incentives provided by the governments either at local or at state
levels have been helping the development of PV market; hence, the PV generated
power. In order to calculate if there is a good return of the investment made possible
with these incentives provided we took the data of three consecutive years from the
California Solar Initiative Statistics web site. We eliminated the cancelled applications
in the raw data. After finding the total incentive amount and the total cost of the
projects for each year, we divided the total cost by total incentive amount. The result
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implies the effect of the solar incentives provided by the State of California. The first
calculation was made for both large and small size PV systems. Average of the ratio
for the systems for three years is 383% which translates to “for every solar PV
incentive dollar provided, $3.83 of business may be created.”
California Incentives vs. Total Cost of Projects
Number of
Applications
Incentive Total Cost Total Cost/Total
Incentive Amount
2007 6,057 283,687,357 882,481,715 311%
2008 10,842 302,718,695 1,205,003,460 398%
2009 12,294 215,284,117 944,535,153 439%
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California Solar Initiative: Incentives vs. Total Cost of Projects 2007 - 2009
Systems < 10 kW
Number of
Applications
Incentive Total Cost Total Cost/Total
Incentive Amount
2007 5,746 63,276,114 258,154,134 408%
2008 10,344 93,789,744 455,660,290 486%
2009 11,968 92,727,704 522,258,816 563%
Total 28,058 249,793,562 1,236,073,240 Average: 486%
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Source: http://www.californiasolarstatistics.ca.gov
The average ratio for PV systems larger than 10 kW is 329%.
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California Solar Initiative : Incentives vs. Total Cost of Projects 2007 - 2009
Systems > 10 kW
Number of
Applications
Incentive Total Cost Total Cost/Total
Incentive Amount
2007 311 220,411,242 624,327,581 283%
2008 498 208,928,952 749,343,170 359%
2009 326 122,556,413 422,276,337 345%
Total 1,135 551,896,607 1,795,947,08
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Average: 329%
Source: http://www.californiasolarstatistics.ca.gov
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Employment Effect of the PV
Effect of the Solar and Wind Generated Energy in Energy Sector
Employment
Studies have shown that renewable energy increase the employment more that
the traditional power generation sources, such as gas, coal and fossil fuels. In report
by the Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory of the University of California,
Berkeley shows that as the percentages of the renewable energy sources are increased,
the employment created by the energy sector is increased dramatically. In the study, a
20% Renewable Portfolio Standard which will be achieved by 2020 was assumed.
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The study also made the assumption that 3,858,452 GWh electricity generation in the
US do not change until 2020 due to efficiency gains.
Electricity Generation Source % with
20% RPS by 2020*
Employment Estimates
Scenari
o
Biomas
s %
Win
d %
Sola
r %
Coa
l %
Natural
Gas %
Construction,
Manufacturing
, Installation
O&M
AND
Fuel
Processin
g
Total
Employmen
t
Scenari
o 1
85 14 1 0 0 52,533 111,136 163,669
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Scenari
o 2
60 37 3 0 0 85,008 91,436 176,444
Scenari
o 3
40 55 5 0 0 111,879 76,139 188,018
Scenari
o 4
0 0 0 50 50 22,711 63,657 86,369
Scenari
o 5
0 0 0 0 100 22,023 61,694 83,987
*20% RPS by 2020 assuming that the electricity demand in the US as at the time report was
prepared remains the same.
Source: Table ES-2, Report of the Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory, April 13, 2004.
Daniel M. Kammen, Kamal Kapadia, and Matthias Fripp (2004) Putting Renewables to
Work: How Many Jobs Can the Clean Energy Industry Generate? RAEL Report,
University of California, Berkeley.
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Job Creation in PV Industry
According to a study by the American Solar Energy Society (ASES) the US can
create 4.5 million jobs by 2030 if appropriate policies are implemented. The same
study predicts by 2020 PV industry can generate 105 thousand jobs.
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One of the studies for job creation in PV industry was prepared for Canada. In
Ontario it is estimated that 35 jobs can be created per MW by 2025.
There are different estimates from different studies across the US and around the
world which, we believe, may be resulting from the methodologies used for the
studies, from the difference in job definitions and project implementations and / or
from the optimism level of the researchers. For example, the California Energy
Commission (CEC) estimate for manufacturing jobs is 3.18 and for installation jobs is
0.73 which quoted in a study, while Greenpeace estimates the PV manufacturing jobs
as 20 and the installation jobs as 31 before 2010(5). Centers of Excellence in
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California have surveyed the solar-related firms in Southern California and have
found that those firms are employing between 5,900 and 6,900 workers. In addition,
73% of the firms reported that they plan hiring more employees and that they expect
44.7% increase in employment over the next 12 months when the study was prepared
in 2008(6). ASES has reported the revenues and the jobs created in the PV industry in
Colorado and in the US as shown in the tables below:
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PV Industry Revenues and Jobs InCO
Revenue PVJobs
TotalJobs
2006
$55Million
275 650
Source: The American Solar Energy Society,Boulder Colorado
PV Industry Revenues and Jobs In the US
Revenue PVJobs
Total Jobs
2006 $1.0 Billion 6,800 15,700
2007 $1.3 Billion 8,700 19,800Source: The American Solar Energy Society, Boulder Colorado
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Although, the job creation numbers which are estimated varies across
organizations, we strongly believe that PV electricity generation in a distributed
energy model will create more jobs in the San Antonio Area.
California Solar Initiative (CSI) Incentive Structure:
CSI was designed to provide incentives to eligible residential and non-residential
solar PV projects from 2007 through 2016. It has a budget of $2.165 billion. 33% of
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the budget is allocated to residential projects and 67% of it is allocated to non-
residential projects.
EPBB Payments (per watt) PBI Payments (per kWh)
MW
Step
Statewide MW
in Step
Reside
ntial
Comme
rcial
Gov't/N
onprofit
Resident
ial
Comme
rcial
Gov't
/Non
profit
1 50* n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
2 70 $2.50 $2.50 $3.25 $0.39 $0.39 $0.50
3 100 $2.20 $2.20 $2.95 $0.34 $0.34 $0.46
4 130 $1.90 $1.90 $2.65 $0.26 $0.26 $0.37
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5 160 $1.55 $1.55 $2.30 $0.22 $0.22 $0.32
6 190 $1.10 $1.10 $1.85 $0.15 $0.15 $0.26
7 215 $0.65 $0.65 $1.40 $0.09 $0.09 $0.19
8 250 $0.35 $0.35 $1.10 $0.05 $0.05 $0.15
9 285 $0.25 $0.25 $0.90 $0.03 $0.03 $0.12
10 250 $0.20 $0.20 $0.70 $0.03 $0.03 $0.10
Source: CSI Program Handbook July 2009,
http://www.gosolarcalifornia.ca.gov/documents/CSI_HANDBOOK.PDF *First 50
MW under SGIP.
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The program has triggers. Once system capacity in the applications reach the
MW in a particular step program administrators start to offer the incentives at the next
level. For example, when enough applications are made for the 70 MW in step 2,
program moves toward step 3 and the incentives decrease.
From January 01, 2007 until December 02, 2009 30,562 applications resulted in
an installed capacity of 277.1 MWs and a pending capacity of 137.2 MWs. Total of
the incentives for this capacity was $908 million.
Recommendation
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After our group’s analysis and research, we create three strategies and
recommendations that might help CPS to increase its PV capacity and PV
development:
• New Solar Homes Program
• Solar Homes for San Antonio Program
•
CPS Solar PV Farm
• San Antonio Solar Research and Development Center
• San Antonio PV Manufacturing Incentive Program
Strategy 1
New Solar Home Program
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California government has launched a one million solar roofs program to
stimulate people to install PV system and increase total PV system capacity. It also
has cooperated with local builders to build new houses with PV systems. When
people buy these new houses, they can directly enjoy the advantages of solar energy.
Through this program California not only can increase its PV system capacity, but
also can let more people to know solar energy’s benefits.
San Antonio is the 7th largest city in the United States. Accord U.S. Census
Bureau, San Antonio has more than 1.35 million populations, and its annual
population growth rate is around 2% from 2002 to 2008. This means its average
population can increase almost 27,000 every month. Since these population choose to
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work and live in San Antonio, these are many new buildings be built every year.
According to U.S. Census Bureau’s record, the annual average number of new
building is around 10,000 from 2004-2008. Therefore, if CPS can cooperate with
local builder to positively promote PV system to customers and install PV system on
new buildings. CPS’s total PV capacity would enhance a lot.
Moreover, according to the report of Energy Pulse, 75% of Americans feels it is
important that their utilities include renewable resources. Moreover, 50% of U.S.
consumers would be willing to pay more money for renewable energy. Hence, many
people have a high willing for renewable energy. If CPS can adopt this plan to
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positively introduce and install solar PV systems for customers, this would let more
people to install and accept solar systems.
Testing Strategic Actions
Pro.
More people use and install PV systems
Customers promote Solar PV system to new customers
Might indirectly decrease install cost
Cons.
Local builders do not want to cooperate with CPS
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Customers have bad experiences for solar PV system
Decrease potential customers
Increase personnel expense
Implementation
Goal:
Total PV capacity achieve 100MW by 2020
Assumes:
CPS implements the plan next year and ends this by 2020 (10years)
Every year new house: 6,000
Average Home Size PV system: 4.5 KW
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After cooperate with Local Builders:
Best Case (70% of new houses installed PV systems):
6,000 X (0.7) X 4.5 X 10 = 189,000 KW= 189 MW
Expected Case (40% of new houses installed PV systems):
6,000 X (0.4) X 4.5 X 10 = 108,000 KW = 108MW
Worst Case (10% of new houses installed):
6,000 X (0.1) X 4.5X 10 = 27,000 KW= 27MW
The following chart shows how the best case can help CPS increase the volume
of total solar PV capacity by 89 MW (from 100 MW to 189MW), the expected case
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not only can help CPS to achieve its goal, but also increase the volume of total solar
PV capacity by 8 MW (from 100 MW to 108), and the worst case will decrease CPS’s
total solar PV capacity.
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Strategy 2
Solar Homes for San Antonio
We believe the trigger mechanism in the CSI incentives structure has generated
good results. Therefore, we recommend a similar structure for CPS to implement in
San Antonio. Since, in the initial steps higher incentives will result in faster customer
acquiring, a higher incentive level than the current $0.27 should be considered. We
recommend implementing a Solar Homes for San Antonio initiative which should aim
to create a 160MW solar capacity in San Antonio. The incentive structure should be
similar to the one depicted below:
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PBI Payments (per kWh)
MW Step San Antonio MW in Step Residential
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1 5 $0.39
2 7 $0.34
3 10 $0.26
4 12 $0.22
5 14 $0.15
6 18 $0.09
7 20 $0.05
8 22 $0.03
9 25 $0.03
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10 27 $0.03
In order to estimate the economic impact of the PV capacity created, we used the
CSI application data. We have to note that the application data includes completed
incentive payments and incomplete incentive payments. However, it provides us with
the potential economic impact of the PV deployment, since application has the
incentive amount and the cost of the projects. From the California Solar Initiative web
site provides application data with the installed and the pending capacity. Between
January 01, 2007 and December 02, 2009, the total of the pending and the installed
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PBI Payments / kWh)
MW
Step
San Antonio MW in
Step
Residential Business Potential
1 5 $0.39 $36,592,086.99
2 7 $0.34 $51,228,921.78
3 10 $0.26 $73,184,173.97
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4 12 $0.22 $87,821,008.77
5 14 $0.15 $102,457,843.56
6 18 $0.09 $131,731,513.15
7 20 $0.05 $146,368,347.94
8 22 $0.03 $161,005,182.74
9 25 $0.03 $182,960,434.93
10 27 $0.03 $197,597,269.72
Business Potential Total: $1,170,946,784
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The total impact of a 160 MW solar PV deployment may be equal to
$1,170,946,784 during these ten steps. Let’s assume that each of the ten steps takes 1
year to complete. The ASES report indicates that in 2006, the employment was 6,800
jobs in the PV industry. According to this data for every million dollar 6.80 jobs were
created in the industry. In the same study, the total number of employment that was
created in addition to the jobs created was calculated. The multiplier for the out-of-
industry employment can be calculated by the following formula: (Total employment
- Industry employment)/(Industry employment). We calculated 1.31 as the multiplier
by using this formula.
The employment estimates for each year are in shown in the table below:
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Solar Homes for San Antonio Employment Estimate-1
Year San Antonio MW
Deployed Each Year
PV Industry
Employment
Other
Employment
Business
Potential
1 5 249 326 $36,592,086
2 7 348 456 $51,228,921
3 10 498 652 $73,184,173
4 12 597 782 $87,821,008
5 14 697 913 $102,457,84
3
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6 18 896 1,173 $131,731,51
3
7 20 995 1,304 $146,368,34
7
8 22 1,095 1,434 $161,005,18
2
9 25 1,244 1,630 $182,960,43
4
10 27 1,344 1,760 $197,597,26
9
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$ Millon
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Given the variety of the estimates for the jobs created for the PV industry, we
believe it would be wise to provide a different estimate. For this purpose we estimated
the employment with an average of the estimates of 5 organizations which was given
in a similar study from UC Berkeley; the average of the estimates was 20
manufacturing and 13 installation jobs per MW or 33 jobs per MW. When the
distinction is made for the types of the jobs, regardless of the ratio accuracy of the
estimate, it may be better conceived why PV manufacturing would cause more jobs in
an area. In the table below there is the number of jobs that may be created per MW in
the PV industry and its effect in other employment using the multiplier we calculated
above.
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Solar Homes for San Antonio Employment Estimate - 2
Year San Antonio MW
Deployed Each Year
PV Industry
Employment
Other
Employment
Business
Potential
1 5 165 216 $36,592,086
2 7 231 303 $51,228,921
3 10 330 432 $73,184,173
4 12 396 519 $87,821,008.
5 14 462 605 $102,457,84
3
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6 18 594 778 $131,731,51
3
7 20 660 865 $146,368,34
7
8 22 726 951 $161,005,18
2
9 25 825 1,081 $182,960,43
4
10 27 891 1,167 $197,597,26
9
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Strategy 3
Ownership of a PV Farm
There are vast potential for solar energy. According to a PV industry analysis, with
some incentives, the solar photovoltaic market could attract more than a thirty-four
billion investment by 2015. Texas could attract almost five billion of the investment.
There are best resources available in West Texas, a strategy of such size would be
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more than enough to meet the country’s energy demand. In fact, the solar energy
industry has the ability to create between 28,000 and 42,000 new jobs in the U.S. by
2015. The value of ownership of such farms for electricity it produces is significantly
higher during the peak demand for electricity – for instance summer hot days when air
conditioners are at full blast.
Photovoltaic has a small advantage over solar thermal in which these types of solar
farms do not need water. Such investment for large solar farms could be strategically
located in any area whether dry or no access to natural resources.
Pros
Create Jobs
Meet Peak Demand
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manufacturing companies which need venture capital or incentives for a viable
investment in investment.
Estimate of San Antonio PV Manufacturing Incentive for a Residential PV
System
In this estimate, we assumed the average residential system size as 7.3kW it was in NJ
solar installations data. We also assumed the local origination percentage as 50%,
which means 50% of the PV system was manufactured in San Antonio. If $0.25
additional incentive would be paid then based on the assumptions incentive payment
would be $1,825 and the local revenue from this incentive would be $913 per system
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Estimate of San Antonio PV Manufacturing Incentive for a Residential PV System - System Size 0-10 kW
Incentive $ Average System Size kW Incentive Payment Local revenue per system
0.25 7.3 1,825 913
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Estimate of San Antonio PV Manufacturing Incentive for a Commercial PV
System
For an estimate of a commercial size we assumed that average commercial PV system
size would be 103.5kW as derived from NJ solar incentive data. We determined the
incentive payment as $0.07. Again, assuming a 50% local origination we calculated
the incentive payment as $7,245 per average commercial system where $3,622.5 of
this payment would stay with local San Antonio manufacturers.
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Estimate of San Antonio PV Manufacturing Incentive for a Commercial PV System - System Size 101-500 k
incentive $ Average System Size kW Incentive Payment Local revenue per system
0.07 103 7245 3,622.5
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San Antonio Solar Research and Development Center
Recommendation: A collaborative research and development center which will bring
the brain power of San Antonio together. The research center should focus on while
demonstrating the efficiency of the current technologies; it should also perform
research on how efficiency of the existing technologies can be increased. Another area
it should concentrate on is the discovery of the new technologies through experiments
and research. Therefore; the San Antonio Solar Power Research and Development
Center can employ students and academicians from engineering and business schools.
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Sources:
• http://www.dsireusa.org/documents/PolicyPublications/IREC_Updates_
%20Trends_2009.pdf
•eetd.lbl.gov/EA/emp/reports/lbnl-2674e.pdf
• http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/renewable-
energy-manufacturing-incentive
• http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/PUC/energy/Solar/rdd.htm
• http://njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/project-activity-
reports/installation-summary-by-technology/solar-installation-projects
• http://www.californiasolarstatistics.ca.gov/reports/12-02-
2009/Dashboard.html
• Daniel M. Kammen, Kamal Kapadia, and Matthias Fripp (2004) Putting
Renewables to
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Work: How Many Jobs Can the Clean Energy Industry Generate? RAEL
Report,
University of California, Berkeley.
• American Solar Energy Society, Estimating the Jobs Impacts of Tackling
Climate Change, October 2009,
http://www.ases.org/pdf/ASES_TCCJobs_Summary.pdf
• http://www.cansia.ca/Content/Documents/Document.ashx?DocId=11879
• http://www.census.gov/
• http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/03/06/eveningnews/main2540879.sh
tml
•http://www.dsireusa.org/incentives/index.cfm?
re=1&ee=1&spv=0&st=0&srp=1&state=TX
• http://www.dsireusa.org/incentives/index.cfm?
CurrentPageID=1&State=TX&RE=1&EE=1
• http://www.puc.state.tx.us/index.cfm