Cosonants 1 lecture 3
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Transcript of Cosonants 1 lecture 3
![Page 1: Cosonants 1 lecture 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081605/58ed504a1a28ab08348b4749/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
SPEECH ARTICULATION
Consonants
![Page 2: Cosonants 1 lecture 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081605/58ed504a1a28ab08348b4749/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What we are trying to do?
We are trying to characterize the inventory of sounds in a language, knowing that that language chose one set of sounds when a vast range of other possibilities might have been chosen.
![Page 3: Cosonants 1 lecture 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081605/58ed504a1a28ab08348b4749/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Systems We Have Looked At• Respiratory System• Phonatory System• Articulatory System
Speech Sounds
![Page 4: Cosonants 1 lecture 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081605/58ed504a1a28ab08348b4749/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Speech sounds can be divided into three main types:
• Stops (or plosives) and affricates• Fricatives• Vowels and approximants
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Symbols
• We assign symbols to these sounds; in addition, we want to characterize them as best we can articulatorily and acoustically.
• Sounds can be divided into two major groups, consonants and vowels; or set along a continuum known as the sonority hierarchy:
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Sonority hierarchy
• Vowels• Glides• Liquids• Nasals• Obstruents: – Fricatives– Affricates– Stops
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We will first focus on stops and fricatives which are classified
according to • The place in which they are articulated• Whether they are voiced or not (vibration of
vocal folds)• Whether they are oral or nasal (for stops only)
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Places of articulation• 1. Bilabial• 2. Labio-dental• 3. Interdental• Dental• 4. Alveolar ridge• 5. Post-alveolar• 6. Palatal• 7. Velar• 8. Glottal• 9. Uvula
9
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Voicing: A consonant may be
• Voiced (lenis)• Voiceless (fortis)
![Page 10: Cosonants 1 lecture 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081605/58ed504a1a28ab08348b4749/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
A stop is composed of three phases
• Closure• Hold (the passage of air from the lungs is
blocked)• Release – the difference in air pressure
between the area behind the closure and the atmosphere results in a small explosion
![Page 11: Cosonants 1 lecture 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081605/58ed504a1a28ab08348b4749/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The place of articulation is where the passage of air is blocked
• For example /t/ and /d/ are both produced by blocking the passage of air at the alveolar ridge/dental region
![Page 12: Cosonants 1 lecture 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081605/58ed504a1a28ab08348b4749/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
English oral stops
• /p/ and /b/ are voiceless and voiced bilabials i.e. produced with both lips
• /t/ and /d/ are voiceless and voiced alveolars• /k/ and /g/ are voiceless and voiced velars
![Page 13: Cosonants 1 lecture 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081605/58ed504a1a28ab08348b4749/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
What consonant pair is this?
![Page 14: Cosonants 1 lecture 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081605/58ed504a1a28ab08348b4749/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
That’s right! /p/, /b/
![Page 15: Cosonants 1 lecture 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081605/58ed504a1a28ab08348b4749/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
And this?
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/k/, /g/
![Page 17: Cosonants 1 lecture 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081605/58ed504a1a28ab08348b4749/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
What is the difference between these two slides?
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In the first (/b/, /p/) the passage of air to the nose is blocked by the raised velum, in the
second this passage is open, giving us a nasal. What consonant is it?
![Page 19: Cosonants 1 lecture 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081605/58ed504a1a28ab08348b4749/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
It’s /m/
![Page 20: Cosonants 1 lecture 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081605/58ed504a1a28ab08348b4749/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Let’s look at other positions – in the alveolar position we have /t/ and /d/, and
the nasal /n/:
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In a similar way at the velum we have /k/ and /g/, and the nasal //:
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Fricatives
• Are created by forming a constriction through which air from the lungs may pass, but not freely.
• This lack of freedom causes audible turbulence, or friction, hence the name fricative.
• As for stops they may be voiceless or voiced .
![Page 23: Cosonants 1 lecture 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081605/58ed504a1a28ab08348b4749/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Let’s look at a fricative pair which causes non-native speakers of English a lot of trouble and //:
![Page 24: Cosonants 1 lecture 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081605/58ed504a1a28ab08348b4749/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Air passes through a small gap between the tongue and the upper teeth causing a low friction sound:
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In the alveolar fricatives /s/ and /z/, the friction noise is quite loud, as air hits the upper teeth causing a hiss.
![Page 26: Cosonants 1 lecture 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081605/58ed504a1a28ab08348b4749/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
What fricative pair is represented here?
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That’s right - /f/,and /v/
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And here?
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This is the post-alveolar pair // and //. Note that a small shift of the tongue from the /s/, /z/ position directs the flow of air
onto the alveolar ridge.
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AffricatesThese may be considered
as stop + fricative
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An affricate is composed of the following stages
• Closure• Hold• A small opening instead of the complete
opening of the stop.• This small opening causes friction just like a
fricative
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• The place of articulation is always the same for both stages
• Affricates are always either voiced or unvoiced
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In English we have two affricates:
• // church and // George• Both are realised in the post-alveolar
position
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Here are the two main phases.
1. Hold
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2. Release with constriction
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Here is the IPA consonant chart
White represents standard British English consonants, light blue possible allophones, and dark blue exotic consonants