Correlation between Laboratory Emission Measurement … · 1. Background 2. Recent Advancements in...
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Transcript of Correlation between Laboratory Emission Measurement … · 1. Background 2. Recent Advancements in...
© 2015 HORIBA, Ltd. All rights reserved.
Ron Tandy Jr.Horiba Instruments, Inc.
Yoshinori Otsuki, Shintaro Aoki and Hiromi HaradaHORIBA, Ltd.
PEMS International Conference & WorkshopMarch 26, 2015
Correlation between Laboratory Emission Measurement System and HORIBA OBS-ONE for Gaseous and
Particulate Components
© 2015 HORIBA, Ltd. All rights reserved.
INDEX1. Background2. Recent Advancements in PEMS Technology3. Correlation between PEMS and a
Laboratory Emission Measurement System4. Conclusions
© 2015 HORIBA, Ltd. All rights reserved.
INDEX1. Background2. Recent Advancements in PEMS Technology3. Correlation between PEMS and a
Laboratory Emission Measurement System4. Conclusions
© 2015 HORIBA, Ltd. All rights reserved.
PEMS: A New Beginning…
Description 1980 1982 2003 2005 2014
ModelMEXA-1340AFMMEXA-1440AFM MEXA-1360AFM OBS-1000 series OBS-2000 series New OBS-ONE
Target Real world test Real world testReal world testenvironmental
modeling
US HDIU regulation
US / EU HDD, LDV regulation
Approvedregulations ― ― ―
CFR1065 Subpart J
(EU) No.582/2011
CFR1065 Subpart J
(EU) No.582/2011
Hardware
“HORIBA is a pioneer of PEMS”
300(w) 200(h)250(d)12v : 144VA
* Launching in 2015
GS PM*
4
© 2015 HORIBA, Ltd. All rights reserved.
INDEX1. Background2. Recent Advancements in PEMS Technology3. Correlation between PEMS and a
Laboratory Emission Measurement System4. Conclusions
© 2015 HORIBA, Ltd. All rights reserved.
330 470
350470 mm
EURO - 6c RDE US - 40 CFR 1065
FID
NDIRCLD
Controller
PEMS: Becoming more “Portable”
350 470 mm
Ni-MH Battery
© 2015 HORIBA, Ltd. All rights reserved.
PEMS: Evolution to Accurate Measurement WET based measurement for better performance
• Direct conversion to mass from exhaust flow without dry to wet correction• Faster response using HOT / WET measurement technique (no cooler)• More accurate real-world CO and CO2 measurement by Heated NDIR• Reliable / accurate NOX measurement by Dual Chemiluminescence (CLD)
Component Detection principle Advantage
NO, NOX Heated Dual-CLD • No dehumidifier (chiller) : fast response• Small size, low sample flow rate
NO2 (Calculated by Dual-CLD) No dehumidifier : no chiller loss of NO2
COHeated NDIR • No dehumidifier : fast response
• Integral H2O measurement for compensationCO2
THC Heated FID• Vacuum sampling for fast response• 190ºC for diesel THC measurement with no
HC hang-up• Compact design
PM Gravimetric filter method and DCS
• Good correlation with laboratory systems• Real-time PM measurement with high
sensitivity8
© 2015 HORIBA, Ltd. All rights reserved.
PEMS: Heated-NDIR
FTP-75 Phase 1 (Cold start) Lean burn gasoline vehicle
Real concentration at measuring point can be measured by H-NDIR
NDIR with chiller/dehumidifier cannot provide accurate dry to wet base correction during changing water conditions(e.g. Cold Start / Diesel / LNG / CNG)
Sample gas inlet
Light source Sample cell Chopper Solid filter Detector
H2O signalCO2 signalCO signalREF signal
Heated
05
1015
Conventional_NDIR(Dry) OBS_NDIR(Wet)
0 100 200 300 400 5000
50
100
time [s]
Velocity
Ve
hicl
e sp
eed
[km
/h]
CO
2[v
ol%
]
Heated-NDIR (H-NDIR)CO and CO2 signal are compensated
by H2O signal and optimized algorithm for more accurate measureament
9
© 2015 HORIBA, Ltd. All rights reserved.
PEMS: Heated Chemiluminescence (CLD)
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0Without
compensationWith
compensation
CO
2 +
H2O
que
nchi
ng [%
]
Item Feature
Reliability
Common legislative analyzer principle for NOX, providing accuracy at low concentration and good correlation with certification systems.
Heated sampling so no loss of NO2 (Chiller penetration) No interference by HC or H2O
Reduction insize & weight
Ambient air is used as O3 source. O2 bottle not required Differential vacuum sampling system
Low Quench The CLA signal is compensated by the CO2 and H2O concentration signals. The flow of O3 source air and sample flow is optimized.
DieselCO2 9vol%H2O 8vol%
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0Without
compensationWith
compensation
CO
2 +
H2O
que
nchi
ng [%
]
GasolineCO2 13.4vol%H2O 12.6vol%
10
© 2015 HORIBA, Ltd. All rights reserved.
PEMS: Sampling Systems Optimized
Vacuum type sampling system for size reduction
P191 ˚C
Heated section
Heated Pump
FILTER
Sample in
Detector
– Heated pump is bigger than cold pump– More electrical power is required
P191 ˚C Non Heated Pump
FILTERPHeated section
Detector
Sample in
– Smaller size and lower power consumption of pump– Less heat insulation requiredSmaller instrument size and smaller battery due to lower
power consumption => Smaller size of total system11
© 2015 HORIBA, Ltd. All rights reserved.
PEMS: Advancements in Installations
Pitot flow tubes can now easily be mounted on Dual Exhaust vehicles.
Close Coupled Transducer modules
Improvements for Exhaust Flow• Faster pressure sensor response. = better measurement• New “Water guard” is added to prevent water influence• Colder weather specification (down to 20º F)
Installation Options!
Stackable Transducer modules
12
© 2015 HORIBA, Ltd. All rights reserved.
Verification of PEMS Equipment
1065 Verification checks, notification and reporting built in
(Quench, NOX converter, ARN, Linearity, etc.)Completely automated with optional cart
Interference check / heated
bubbler
Calibration Gas Controller
Gas Divider / Converter
Check
Power Supply
© 2015 HORIBA, Ltd. All rights reserved.
Health Check – Precautionary and Alarm
Analyzer Sensitivity MonitorHistory functionPrecaution before alarm occurs
THC Background MonitorHistory functionIndicator for THC Hangup
MaintainanceHour meter and reminderHealth of Analyzer (CLD/NDIR)Real-Time flow schematic
© 2015 HORIBA, Ltd. All rights reserved.
HORIBA-ONE - Common Platform
Test Cell (MEXA, CVS, QCL, Etc.)
OBS-ONE
Remote
© 2015 HORIBA, Ltd. All rights reserved.
Advanced Post-Processing
© 2015 HORIBA, Ltd. All rights reserved.
PM Sampling and Real-Time Mass Sensor
Exhaust pipe
P
mixer
47ºC
Dilution Air
Correlation Traceability Fast response
High sensitivity Real time measurement
Diffusion Charger Sensor(DCS)
Exhaust flow rate signal from pitot tube flowmeter used to control proportional sampling as certification method and calculate real time particle measurement
DCS is a real-time particle sensor, based on diffusion charge principle
DCS signal is calibrated to actual PM mass post-testing using the filter based method.
The use of the diffusion screens to eliminate PM mass over-reading during DPF regeneration
PM mass measured by filter using a portable exhaustflow rate proportional partial flow dilution system
Real time measurementGravimetric Method
This method is approved by EPA and also meets draft requirements of draft EURO VI test procedures
Filter
Bypass
Cyclone
17
© 2015 HORIBA, Ltd. All rights reserved.
• Filter is loaded during NTE events only– Both valid and invalid– Bypassed when not in NTE
• DCS real time data is collected over entire test
PM: Example NTE Test
© 2015 HORIBA, Ltd. All rights reserved.
Particle Number Counting - EU
© 2015 HORIBA, Ltd. All rights reserved.
INDEX1. Background2. Recent Advancements in PEMS Technology3. Correlation between PEMS and a
Laboratory Emission Measurement System4. Conclusions
© 2015 HORIBA, Ltd. All rights reserved.
The Target of OBS-ONE Correlation
To compare the mass emission of OBS-ONE with MEXA/CVS on a chassis dyno.
• Euro 6c (draft) regulation specifies the tolerance for PEMS validation.
Table 7: Permissible tolerances Parameter [Unit] Permissible tolerance Distance [km](1) ± 250 m of the laboratory reference THC(2) [mg/km] ± 15 mg/km or 15% of the laboratory reference, whichever is larger CH4
(2) [mg/km] ± 15 mg/km or 15% of the laboratory reference, whichever is larger NMHC(2) [mg/km] ± 20 mg/km or 20% of the laboratory reference, whichever is larger PN(2) [#/km] to be specified CO [mg/km] ± 150 mg/km or 15% of the laboratory reference, whichever is larger CO2
[g/km] ± 10 g/km or 10% of the laboratory reference, whichever is larger NOx
[mg/km] ± 15 mg/km or 15% of the laboratory reference, whichever is larger
21
© 2015 HORIBA, Ltd. All rights reserved.
Comparison to Laboratory Standard: THC
(Bag)
New European Drive Cycle
Table 7: Permissible tolerances Parameter [Unit] Permissible tolerance Distance [km](1) ± 250 m of the laboratory reference THC(2) [mg/km] ± 15 mg/km or 15% of the laboratory reference, whichever is larger CH4
(2) [mg/km] ± 15 mg/km or 15% of the laboratory reference, whichever is larger NMHC(2) [mg/km] ± 20 mg/km or 20% of the laboratory reference, whichever is larger PN(2) [#/km] to be specified CO [mg/km] ± 150 mg/km or 15% of the laboratory reference, whichever is larger CO2
[g/km] ± 10 g/km or 10% of the laboratory reference, whichever is larger NOx
[mg/km] ± 15 mg/km or 15% of the laboratory reference, whichever is larger Data provided by HORIBA Europe
© 2015 HORIBA, Ltd. All rights reserved.
Comparison to Laboratory Standard: NOX
(Bag)
New European Drive Cycle
Table 7: Permissible tolerances Parameter [Unit] Permissible tolerance Distance [km](1) ± 250 m of the laboratory reference THC(2) [mg/km] ± 15 mg/km or 15% of the laboratory reference, whichever is larger CH4
(2) [mg/km] ± 15 mg/km or 15% of the laboratory reference, whichever is larger NMHC(2) [mg/km] ± 20 mg/km or 20% of the laboratory reference, whichever is larger PN(2) [#/km] to be specified CO [mg/km] ± 150 mg/km or 15% of the laboratory reference, whichever is larger CO2
[g/km] ± 10 g/km or 10% of the laboratory reference, whichever is larger NOx
[mg/km] ± 15 mg/km or 15% of the laboratory reference, whichever is larger Data provided by HORIBA Europe
© 2015 HORIBA, Ltd. All rights reserved.
Comparison to Laboratory Standard: CO
(Bag)
New European Drive Cycle
Table 7: Permissible tolerances Parameter [Unit] Permissible tolerance Distance [km](1) ± 250 m of the laboratory reference THC(2) [mg/km] ± 15 mg/km or 15% of the laboratory reference, whichever is larger CH4
(2) [mg/km] ± 15 mg/km or 15% of the laboratory reference, whichever is larger NMHC(2) [mg/km] ± 20 mg/km or 20% of the laboratory reference, whichever is larger PN(2) [#/km] to be specified CO [mg/km] ± 150 mg/km or 15% of the laboratory reference, whichever is larger CO2
[g/km] ± 10 g/km or 10% of the laboratory reference, whichever is larger NOx
[mg/km] ± 15 mg/km or 15% of the laboratory reference, whichever is larger
Reference (Bag) = 148.3 mg/kg
Draft Regulation states tolerance = ±150 mg/km, or 15%, whichever is greater (~300 mg/kg)
Measuring what is considered to be noise of PEMS CO detection, yet still within 6% of reference (Bag)
Data provided by HORIBA Europe
© 2015 HORIBA, Ltd. All rights reserved.
Comparison to Laboratory Standard: CO
4 repeated FTP cycles showed the same good correlation as well
Data from HORIBA, LTD. Japan
25
© 2015 HORIBA, Ltd. All rights reserved.
Comparison to Laboratory Standard: CO2
4 repeated FTP cycles showed the same good correlation as well
Data from HORIBA, LTD. Japan
26
© 2015 HORIBA, Ltd. All rights reserved.
Comparison to Laboratory Standard: NOX
4 repeated FTP cycles showed the same good correlation as well
Data from HORIBA, LTD. Japan
27
© 2015 HORIBA, Ltd. All rights reserved.
Comparison of Mass Emission of PM
Correlation between laboratory (partial flow system) and PM PEMS
Good agreement across wide range of PM emissions
Y=1.046x – 0.0042R2 = 0.9947
28
© 2015 HORIBA, Ltd. All rights reserved.
Proportionality of PM Sample Flow
Proportionality of the PEMS-PM sample flow to engine exhaust flow during FTP cycle
Fast response of flow controller was verified
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Sam
ple
Flow
(L/m
in)
Exha
ust F
low
(L/m
in)
Time (s)
Exhaust FlowSample Flow
y = 0.0014x - 0.0013R² = 0.9971
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Sam
ple
Flow
(L/m
in)
Exhaust Flow (L/min)
Y=0.0014X -0.0013R2=0.9971
29
© 2015 HORIBA, Ltd. All rights reserved.
Flow measurement of OBS-ONE vs. CVS
HOT 505Exhaust flow measurement by PEMS (Pitot Flowmeter) and CVS (total flow - dilution air flow) showed good correlation.
y = 1.0295xR² = 0.9379
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
-0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
OBS
[m3/
min
]
CVS [m3/min]
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
0 100 200 300 400 500
Flow
[m3/
min
]
Time [sec]
OBS m3/min CVS m3/min
Y=1.0295xR2= 0.9379
30
© 2015 HORIBA, Ltd. All rights reserved.
INDEX1. Background2. Recent Advancements in PEMS Technology3. Correlation between PEMS and a
Laboratory Emission Measurement System4. Conclusions
© 2015 HORIBA, Ltd. All rights reserved.
Conclusions
Recent advancements have allowed for great PEMS Improvements
Ease of PEMS InstallationSmaller sizeInstallation options; modular PEMS, dual exhaust/tube
More reliable and functional PEMS systemsHealth checks and tracking of regulatory checksAutomated regulatory verification/quality checksAdvanced software and post-processing
Better accuracy and correlation to the laboratory referenceDual CLD in PEMS – Lab StandardHot / Wet (NDIR/CLD/FID) No Dry-Wet calculation requiredReal-Time H2O interference compensation
32
© 2015 HORIBA, Ltd. All rights reserved.
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