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Copyright©ASTMInternational,100BarrHarborDrive,POBoxC700,WestConshohocken,PA19428-2959.UnitedStates. 1
2
EnvironmentalProductDeclarationAccordingtoISO14025andISO21930ThisEPDisanindustrywideorindustryaveragecradle-to-gateEPDforArchitecturalandInsulatedPrecastPanelsmanufacturedbyCanadianPrecast/PrestressedConcreteInstitute,NationalPrecastConcreteAssociation&Precast/PrestressedConcreteInstitutemembers.EPDPRODUCTIONSTAGESUMMARYRESULTS-ONEMETRICTONOFARCHITECTURALPRECASTPANEL
CategoryIndicator UnitRawMaterial
SupplyTransport Manufacturing
Total
A1 A2 A3Globalwarmingpotential kgCO2
eq. 265.2 14.0 29.8 309.0
Acidificationpotential kgSO2eq. 5.6 0.1 0.2 5.8
Eutrophicationpotential kgNeq. 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3
Smogcreationpotential kgO3eq. 62.8 3.2 1.6 67.6
Ozonedepletionpotential kgCFC-11eq.
1.6E-03 5.3E-10 5.8E-10 1.6E-03
PrimaryEnergyConsumption
TotalPrimaryEnergy MJ,HHV 2,091.1 193.1 530.2 2,814.4
Non-renewable(fossil,nuclear) MJ,HHV 2,056.4 192.8 511.2 2,760.4
Renewable(solar,wind,biomasshydroelectric,&geothermal)
MJ,HHV 34.6 0.3 19.0 53.9
Materialresourcesconsumption
TotalMaterialResourceConsumption
kg 1,057.9 0.0 0.0 1,057.9
Non-renewablematerials kg 1,056.7 0.0 0.0 1,056.7
Renewablematerials kg 1.2 0.0 0.0 1.2
Freshwater l 1,475.9 0.0 258.5 1,734.4
Wastegenerated
Non-hazardous kg 1.1 0.0 64.2 65.3
Hazardous kg 0.01 0.0 10.0 10.0
EPDPRODUCTIONSTAGESUMMARYRESULTS-ONEMETRICTONOFARCHITECTURALPRECASTPANEL
3
EPDPRODUCTIONSTAGESUMMARYRESULTS-ONEMETRICTONOFINSULATEDPRECASTPANEL
CategoryIndicator UnitRawMaterial
SupplyTransport Manufacturing
Total
A1 A2 A3Globalwarmingpotential kgCO2
eq. 279.0 13.3 29.8 322.2
Acidificationpotential kgSO2eq. 4.5 0.1 0.2 4.8
Eutrophicationpotential kgNeq. 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.3
Smogcreationpotential kgO3eq. 50.7 2.9 1.6 55.1
Ozonedepletionpotential kgCFC-11eq.
3.8E-03 5.1E-10 5.8E-10 3.8E-03
PrimaryEnergyConsumption
TotalPrimaryEnergy MJ,HHV 2,116.4 183.7 530.2 2,830.3
Non-renewable(fossil,nuclear) MJ,HHV 2,086.3 183.4 511.2 2,780.9
Renewable(solar,wind,biomasshydroelectric,&geothermal)
MJ,HHV 30.0 0.3 19.0 49.3
Materialresourcesconsumption
TotalMaterialResourceConsumption
kg 1,040.7 0.0 0.0 1,040.7
Non-renewablematerials kg 1,039.9 0.0 0.0 1,039.9
Renewablematerials kg 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.8
Freshwater l 1,312.7 0.0 251.3 1,564.1
Wastegenerated
Non-hazardous kg 1.1 0.0 64.2 65.3
Hazardous kg 0.01 0.0 10.0 10.0
IndustryWideEPDforArchitecturalandInsulatedPrecastPanels
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ASTMInternationalCertifiedEnvironmentalProductDeclarationThisisanindustrywidebusiness-to-businessTypeIIIenvironmentalproductdeclarationforstructuralprecast.ThisdeclarationhasbeenpreparedinaccordancewithISO14025andISO21930,thegoverningprecastconcretecategoryrulesandASTMinternational’sEPDprogramoperatorrules.
TheintentofthisdocumentistofurtherthedevelopmentofenvironmentallycompatibleandmoresustainableconstructionproductsbyprovidingcomprehensiveenvironmentalinformationrelatedtopotentialimpactsofstructuralprecastavailableintheUSAandCanadainaccordancewithinternationalstandards.
EnvironmentalProductDeclarationSummaryOwners of the EPD
Canadian Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute
PO Box 24058 Hazeldean, Ottawa Ontario,
Canada K2M 2C3
Link (URL): www.cpci.ca
National Precast Concrete Association
1320 City Center Drive, Suite 200
Carmel, IN 46032
Link (URL): www.precast.org
Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute
200 West Adams St., Suite 2100
Chicago, IL 60606
Link (URL): www.pci.org
Each trade association/institute and their respective member companies provided both LCI and meta-data for the reference year 2014. Their combined membership operate more than 1,000 facilities in the US and Canada producing structural, architectural, utility and specialty precast products used on, above and below grade applications. This EPD background report represents an average product as a production-weighted average from plants of more than one manufacturer.
IndustryWideEPDforArchitecturalandInsulatedPrecastPanels
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The owner of the declaration is liable for the underlying information and evidence.
Product Group and Name Architectural and Insulated Precast Panels (UN CPC 3755)
Product Definition Architectural precast panel - a single-wythe exterior wall panel and/or architectural trim product.
Insulated Precast Panel - two conventionally reinforced or prestressed concrete wythes with a continuous layer of rigid insulation placed between.
Architectural and Insulated Precast Panels are engineered construction products produced by casting concrete in a reusable mold or "form" which is then cured in a controlled environment, transported to the construction site and lifted into place.
Product Category Rules
ASTM International, Product Category Rules For Preparing an Environmental Product Declaration For Precast Concrete, March 2015 [1].
Certification Period 11.11.2015 - 11.11.2020
Declared Unit 1 metric tonne (1,000 kg) of either architectural or insulated precast panels and optionally 1 short ton (2,000 lbs) of each product.
ASTM Declaration Number EPD-016
Program Operator ASTM International
Declaration Holder
Canadian Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, National Precast Concrete Association & Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute
Product group
Precast Concrete
Date of Issue
09.11. 2015
Period of Validity
5 years
Declaration Number
EPD-016
Declaration Type
An industry average “cradle-to-gate” EPD for Architectural and Insulated Precast Panels as singular product groups manufactured by CPCI, NPCA and PCI members. Activity stages or information modules covered include production with the product ready for shipment from the point of manufacture (modules A1 to A3). The declaration is intended for use in Business-to-Business (B-to-B) communication.
Applicable Countries United States and Canada
IndustryWideEPDforArchitecturalandInsulatedPrecastPanels
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Product Applicability
Architectural and Insulated Precast Panel products satisfy a wide array of building and civil engineering applications.
Content of the Declaration This declaration follows Section 11; Content of the EPD, ASTM International, Product Category Rules For Preparing an Environmental Product Declaration For Precast Concrete, March 2015.
This EPD was independently verified Timothy Brooke ASTM International 100 Barr Harbor Dr. West Conshohocken, PA 19428 [email protected]
by ASTM in accordance with ISO 14025:
Internal External
X
EPD Project Report Information
EPD Project Report
An Industry Average Cradle-to-Gate Life Cycle Assessment of Precast Concrete Products for the US and Canadian Markets, October 2015
Prepared by
Athena Sustainable Materials Institute
119 Ross Avenue, Suite 100
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1Y 0N6
This EPD project report was independently verified by in accordance with ISO 14025 and the reference PCR:
Thomas P. Gloria, Ph. D.
Industrial Ecology Consultants
35 Bracebridge Rd.
Newton, MA 02459-1728
PCR Information
Program Operator ASTM International
Reference PCR
ASTM International, Product Category Rules For Preparing an Environmental Product Declaration For Precast Concrete, March 2015
PCR review was conducted by:
Nicholas Santero, thinkstep Inc. – Chair Christine Subasic,, Consulting Architectural Engineer and Juan Tejeda, ORCO Block Company
IndustryWideEPDforArchitecturalandInsulatedPrecastPanels
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1 PRODUCTIDENTIFICATION
1.1PRODUCTDEFINITION
Precastconcrete(UNCPC3755)isaconstructionproductproducedbycastingconcreteinareusablemoldor"form"whichisthencuredinacontrolledenvironment,transportedtotheconstructionsiteandliftedintoplace.Incontrast,standardconcreteisplacedintosite-specificformsandcuredonsite.Precastconcreteisprimarilycomposedofportlandcement,aggregatesandsteelreinforcementmaterials.
ForthepurposesofthisEPDthefollowingbroaddescriptivedefinitionforArchitecturalandInsulatedPrecastPanelsisasfollows[1]:
Architecturalprecast | single-wytheexteriorwallpanelsandarchitecturaltrimproducts.Architecturalprecastproductscanbeconventionallyreinforcedorprestressedconcretethatwillbepermanentlyexposedtoviewandthereforerequiremoreattentioninselectionoftheconcretematerials,forming,placing,andfinishingtoobtainthedesiredarchitecturalappearance.
Insulatedprecastpanels | twoconventionallyreinforcedorprestressedconcretewytheswithacontinuouslayerofrigidinsulationplacedbetween.
ThisEPDrepresentsabaselineorbenchmarkfortheCanadianandUnitedStatesArchitecturalandInsulatedPrecastPanelsindustryandexemplifiesanaverageproductgroupasanaveragefrommorethanonemanufacturer.
2 PRODUCTAPPLICATIONArchitecturalandInsulatedPrecastPanelproductsareengineeredproductssatisfyingawidearrayofbuildingandcivilengineeringapplications.
3 DECLAREDUNITThedeclaredunitis1metrictonneofeitherArchitecturalorInsulatedPrecastPanel.Dataisadditionallypresentedpershortton[1].
4 MATERIALCONTENTTable1belowpresentstheweightedaveragematerialcontentbyinputmaterialforthearchitecturalprecastpanelproductgroupasderivedfromparticipatingmemberfacilitiesLCIdataforthetimeline2014.Table2providessimilarinformationfortheinsulatedprecastpanelproductgroup.
IndustryWideEPDforArchitecturalandInsulatedPrecastPanels
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Table1:WeightedAverageMaterialContentforArchitecturalPrecastPanelProductGroup
MaterialInputs SIUnitsperMetrictonneofStructuralPrecast
ImperialUnitsperShorttonofStructuralPrecast
Amount Unit Amount Unit
PortlandCement 143.5 kg 286.9 lbs
PortlandLimestoneCement(PLC) 13.9 kg 27.7 lbs
FineAggregate-naturalsand 302.7 kg 605.4 lbs
FineAggregate-manufactured 40.6 kg 81.2 lbs
CoarseAggregate-naturalgravel 185.5 kg 371.0 lbs
CoarseAggregate-crushed 209.6 kg 419.2 lbs
ManufacturedLightweightAggregate 1.2 kg 2.4 lbs
NaturalLightweightAggregate 0.1 kg 0.1 lbs
SCMs-FlyAsh 6.0 kg 12.1 lbs
ChemicalAdmixture(CA)-AirEntraining 0.18 litre 0.04 gallon
CA-WaterReducer/Plasticizer 0.25 litre 0.06 gallon
ChemicalAdmixture-Accelerator 0.22 litre 0.05 gallon
CA-HighRangeWaterReducer(HRWR)/SuperPlasticizerand/orViscosityModifyingAdmixture(VMA)
0.89 litre 0.21 gallon
CA-CorrosionInhibiting 0.07 litre 0.02 gallon
CA-RetardingAdmixture 0.03 litre 0.01 gallon
FormReleaseAgent 0.27 litre 0.07 gallon
Rebar 17.9 kg 35.8 lbs
WeldedWireReinforcement(WWR) 9.0 kg 18.0 lbs
SteelAnchors 7.9 kg 15.9 lbs
SteelStressingStrand 8.9 kg 17.8 lbs
Steel Fibers 0.04 kg 0.09 lbs
ExtrudedPolystyrene 0.72 bdft 0.66 bdft
Brick 3.97 kg 7.95 lbs
NaturalStone 0.83 kg 1.66 lbs
Pigments 1.62 kg 3.23 lbs
NetConsumables 0.08 litre 0.02 gallon
TotalBatchWaterUse 57.9 litre 13.9 gallon
IndustryWideEPDforArchitecturalandInsulatedPrecastPanels
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Table2:WeightedAverageMaterialContentforInsulatedPrecastPanelProductGroup
MaterialInputs SIUnitsperMetrictonneofStructuralPrecast
ImperialUnitsperShorttonofStructuralPrecast
Amount Unit Amount Unit
PortlandCement 160.9 kg 321.9 lbs
PortlandLimestoneCement(PLC) 3.9 kg 7.8 lbs
FineAggregate-naturalsand 278.2 kg 556.5 lbs
FineAggregate-manufactured 58.6 kg 117.1 lbs
CoarseAggregate-naturalgravel 121.3 kg 242.6 lbs
CoarseAggregate-crushed 258.3 kg 516.6 lbs
ManufacturedLightweightAggregate 1.0 kg 2.0 lbs
NaturalLightweightAggregate 4.3 kg 8.6 lbs
SCMs-FlyAsh 6.7 kg 13.3 lbs
SlagCement 0.03 kg 0.1 lbs
ChemicalAdmixture(CA)-AirEntraining 0.14 litre 0.03 gallon
CA-WaterReducer/Plasticizer 0.20 litre 0.05 gallon
ChemicalAdmixture-Accelerator 0.38 litre 0.09 gallon
CA-HighRangeWaterReducer(HRWR)/SuperPlasticizerand/orViscosityModifyingAdmixture(VMA)
0.66 litre 0.16 gallon
CA-CorrosionInhibiting 0.09 litre 0.02 gallon
CA-RetardingAdmixture 0.07 litre 0.02 gallon
FormReleaseAgent 0.10 litre 0.02 gallon
Rebar 11.4 kg 22.7 lbs
WeldedWireReinforcement(WWR) 8.0 kg 15.9 lbs
SteelAnchors 5.2 kg 10.5 lbs
SteelStressingStrand 12.5 kg 24.9 lbs
CarbonFibreReinforcedPolymerStrand 0.06 kg 0.12 lbs
GlassFibreReinforcedPolymer(GFRP)reinforcingbars
0.004 kg 0.009 lbs
ExpandedPolystyrene 11.95 bdft 10.85 bdft
ExtrudedPolystyrene 20.62 bdft 18.70 bdft
Brick 2.60 kg 5.19 lbs
Pigments 0.72 kg 1.45 lbs
NetConsumables 0.10 litre 0.02 gallon
TotalBatchWaterUse 65.1 litre 15.6 gallon
IndustryWideEPDforArchitecturalandInsulatedPrecastPanels
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5 PRODUCTSTAGETheproductstageincludesthefollowingmodules[1]:
A1 Rawmaterialsupply;A2 Transporttothemanufacturer;andA3 Manufacturingandterminaloperations.
Figure2showstheproductstagesystemboundaryforthedeclaredproductsystem.
Figure1Productstagesystemboundary
TheProductStageincludesthefollowingprocesses[1]:Ø A1-Extractionandprocessingofrawmaterials,includingfuelsusedinproduct
productionandtransportwithinthemanufacturingprocess(A3);Ø A2-Averageorspecifictransportationofrawmaterialsfromtheextractionsiteor
sourcetomanufacturingsite,inclusiveofemptybackhauls(whereapplicable);Ø A3-Manufacturingofeachprecastproductincludingallenergyandmaterials
requiredandallemissionsandwastesproduced;Ø Averageorspecifictransportationfrommanufacturingsiteto
recycling/reuse/landfillforpre-consumerwastesandunutilizedby-productsfrommanufacturing,includingemptybackhauls(whereapplicable);
Ø Finaldispositionofpre-consumerwastesinclusiveoftransportation;
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TheProductStageexcludesthefollowingprocesses[1]:
Ø Production,manufacture,andconstructionofmanufacturingcapitalgoodsandinfrastructure;
Ø Formwork;Ø Productionandmanufactureofproductionequipment,deliveryvehicles,and
laboratoryequipment;Ø Personnelrelatedactivities(travel,officeoperationsandsupplies);andØ Energyandwateruserelatedtocompanymanagementandsalesactivitiesthatmay
belocatedeitherwithinthefactorysiteoratanotherlocation.
6 LIFECYCLEINVENTORY
6.1DATACOLLECTIONANDREPRESENTATIVENESS
CPCI,NPCAandPCImemberscombinedoperateabout1000precastmanufacturingfacilitiesintheUnitedStatesandCanada.Manufacturingfacilitiesvaryinsizeaswellastheproducttypestheyproduce.Forexample,somefirmsonlyproducestructuralorundergroundproductswhileothersmayproduceallfouroftheproducttypesofinterestaswellasotherspecialtyproducts.Lifecycleinventorydatawerecollectedfrom99facilitieswithinCanadaandtheUnitedStatesforthe2014referenceyear–representingslightlylessthan10%ofallmembers.Intotaltheparticipatingfacilitiesproducedintheorderof5.5millionmetrictonnesofprecast.AppendixAliststheplantsthatprovidedbothmetaandlifecycleinventorydatatosupportthisEPD.
Allgate-to-gateLCIflowdataforenergy,totalwateruse,emissionsandwastegeneratedwereaveragedontheannualproductionbasisacrossfacilitiestodetermineanoverallperunitprecastplantoperationsprofile.Theseperunitgate-to-gateoperationalflowswereusedtoestimatetheplantproductioneffectsacrossallprecastproductgroupsasplantswereunabletoprovidedetailedprocessbreakdownsforeachproductgroup,butprovidedannualproductgroupproductionfigures.Eachplantalsoprovidedaveragedformulationdataforeachproductgrouptheyproduceandthesedatatoowerealsoaveragedonaproductionweightedbasis,butonlyacrossplantsproducingtheprecastproductofinterest;inthiscasestructuralprecast.AsthisEPDrepresentsanindustrybenchmark,thecommissionersagreeditwouldbemoreinformativetoalsoreportamedianresultforinputandoutputflowsunderdirectcontrolofprecastproducers;i.e.,coremanufacturing(A3).Themedianflowsforelectricityandfuels,non-batchwateruseaswellasgeneratedwastesweredeterminedandmodeled(linkedtoA1andA2upstreammodules).The“median”productionresultisreportedseparatelyandprovidesanalternativebenchmarkforprecastproducers.
IndustryWideEPDforArchitecturalandInsulatedPrecastPanels
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6.2CUTOFFRULES,ALLOCATIONRULESANDDATAQUALITYREQUIREMENTS
Cut-offrules,asspecifiedinASTMPCRforprecastconcrete:2015,section7.3,wereapplied[1].Allinput/outputflowdatareportedbytheparticipatingmemberfacilitieswereincludedintheLCImodeling.Noneofthereportedflowdatawereexcludedbasedonthecut-offcriteria.
Allocationprocedures observedtherequirementsandguidanceofISO14044:2006,clause4.3andthosespecifiedinASTMPCRforprecastconcrete,section7.5.Themajorityoftheprecastfacilityoperationswerededicatedtotheproductionofoneormoreofthefourprecastproductgroups.Asmallnumberofthefacilitiesalsoproducedotherspecialtyprecastproducts–aco-product-andinsuchinstances“mass”allocationwasusedtoallocatefacilityLCIenvironmentalflows(inputsandoutputs)acrosstheco-productsforthosefacilitiespriortocalculatingandrollinguptheweightedaverageLCIflowsforthegate-to-gateprocessandindividualproductgroups.
Inaddition,thefollowingallocationrulesareapplied(Section7.5,ASTMPCRforprecastconcrete):
§ Allocationrelatedtotransportisbasedonthemassanddistanceoftransportedinput;
§ Recoveredmaterials(slagcement,flyash,syntheticgypsum,etc.)areconsideredrawmaterials.Onlythematerials,water,energy,emissions,andotherelementalflowsassociatedwithreprocessing,handling,sorting,andtransportationfromthepointofthegeneratingindustrialprocesstotheiruseintheproductionprocessareconsidered.Anyallocationsbeforereprocessingareallocatedtotheoriginalproduct;
§ Theenvironmentalflowsrelatedtothedisposalofthemanufacturing(pre-consumer)solidandliquidwasteareallocatedtomoduleA3Manufacturing.
Dataqualityrequirements,asspecifiedinASTM’sPrecastConcretePCR:2015,section7.3,wereobserved[1].ThissectionalsodescribestheachieveddataqualityrelativetotheISO14044:2006requirements.Dataqualityisjudgedonthebasisofitsprecision(measured,calculatedorestimated),completeness(e.g.,unreportedemissions),consistency(degreeofuniformityofthemethodologyappliedwithinastudyservingasadatasource)andrepresentativeness(geographical,temporal,andtechnological).
Precision:TheCanadianandUnitedStatesparticipatingmembercompaniesthroughmeasurementandcalculationcollectedprimarydataontheirproductionofprecastconcreteandthevarioussub-groupproductcategories.ForaccuracytheLCAteamindividuallyvalidatedtheseplantgate-to-gateinputandoutputdata.
Completeness:Allrelevant,specificprocesses,includinginputs(rawmaterials,energyandancillarymaterials)andoutputs(emissionsandproductionvolume)wereconsideredandmodeledtorepresentindustryaverageprecastconcreteaswellasprecastproductsub
IndustryWideEPDforArchitecturalandInsulatedPrecastPanels
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groupsofinterest.TherelevantbackgroundmaterialsandprocessesweretakenfromtheUSLCIDatabase(adjustedforknowndataplaceholdersknownas“dummy”1),ecoinventv3.1LCIdatabaseforUnitedStatesandCanadaandmodeledinSimaProsoftwarev.8.0.4,March2015.
Consistency:Toensureconsistency,theLCImodelingoftheproductionweightedinputandoutputLCIdataforeachprecastproductsub-groupsusedthesamemodelingstructureacrossthememberfacilitiesproducingtheseproducts,whichconsistedofinputrawandancillarymaterial,energyflows,waterresourceinputs,productandco-productsoutputs,emissionstoair,waterandsoil,andmaterialrecyclingandpre-consumersolidandliquidwastetreatment.Crosschecksconcerningtheplausibilityofmassandenergyflowswerecontinuouslyconducted.TheLCAteamconductedmassandenergybalancesattheplantandselectedprocessleveltomaintainahighlevelofconsistency.
Reproducibility:InternalreproducibilityispossiblesincethedataandthemodelsarestoredandavailableinN.A.PrecastAthenaLCIdatabasedevelopedinSimaPro,2015.AhighleveloftransparencyisprovidedthroughoutthereportastheweightedaverageLCIprofileforeachproductsub-groupispresentedforthedeclaredproduct.Keyprimary(manufacturerspecific)andsecondary(generic)LCIdatasourcesaresummarizedinTable2.Theprovisionofmoredetaileddatatoallowfullexternalreproducibilitywasnotpossibleduetoreasonsofconfidentiality.
Representativeness:Therepresentativenessofthedataissummarizedasfollows.
§ Timerelatedcoverageoftheprecastmanufacturingprocess-primarydatacollected:2014(12months).
§ Genericdata:themostappropriateLCIdatasetswereusedasfoundintheUSLCI(adjusted)Database,ecoinventv.3.1databaseforUnitedStates,Canadaandglobal,2014.
§ Geographicalcoverage:thegeographicalcoverageistheUnitedStatesandCanada.§ Technologicalcoverage:typicaloraverage.
7 LIFECYCLEASSESSMENT
7.1RESULTSOFTHELIFECYCLEASSESSMENT
Thissectionsummarizestheresultsofthelifecycleimpactassessment(LCIA)basedonthecradle-to-gatelifecycleinventoryinputsandoutputsanalysis.Theresultsarecalculatedonthebasisofonemetrictonne(1,000kg)ofarchitecturalprecast(Table3)andinsulated
1 “Dummy” is a term used by US LCI database that refers to “empty” LCI data sets (technosphere processes).
IndustryWideEPDforArchitecturalandInsulatedPrecastPanels
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precastpanels(Table6),butarealsoprovidedforoneshortton(2000lbs.)ofarchitecturalprecast(Table4)andinsulatedprecastpanels(Table7).Theweightedaverageproductionresultsaredelineatedbyinformationmodule(A1–Rawmaterialsupply),(A2–Rawmaterialtransport),and(A3–precastcoremanufacturing).The“A3MedianTotal”istheProductiontotal(A1,A2andA3summed)basedonthecalculatedmedianflowsforA3.
Tables5and8providesapercentcontributionsummarybyinformationmodelforeachofthesupportedindicatorsandinventoryparametersforarchitecturalandinsultedprecastpanels,respectively.ContributionanalysisisananalyticalmethodusedtosupporttheinterpretationofLCAresultsandtofacilitatethereader'sunderstandingoftheenvironmentalprofileofthedeclaredproduct.
AsperASTMPCRforprecastconcrete:2015,Section8,theUSEPAToolfortheReductionandAssessmentofChemicalandOtherEnvironmentalImpacts(TRACI),version2.1,2012impactcategoriesareusedastheyprovideaNorthAmericancontextforthemandatorycategoryindicatorstobeincludedinthisEPD.Thesearerelativeexpressionsonlyanddonotpredictcategoryimpactend-points,theexceedingofthresholds,safetymarginsorrisks.Totalprimaryandsub-setenergyconsumptionwascompiledusingacumulativeenergydemandmodel.Materialresourceconsumptionandgeneratedwastereflectcumulativelifecycleinventoryflowinformation.
Table3:LCAresults–ArchitecturalPrecastPanel,onemetricton-absolutebasis
CategoryIndicator UnitRawMaterial
SupplyTransport Manufacturing Weighted
AverageTotal
A3MedianTotalA1 A2 A3
Globalwarmingpotential kgCO2eq. 265.2 14.0 29.8 309.0 304.8
Acidificationpotential kgSO2eq. 5.6 0.1 0.2 5.8 5.8
Eutrophicationpotential kgNeq. 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3
Smogcreationpotential kgO3eq. 62.8 3.2 1.6 67.6 67.5
Ozonedepletionpotential kgCFC-11eq. 1.6E-03 5.3E-10 5.8E-10 1.6E-03 1.6E-03
PrimaryEnergyConsumption
TotalPrimaryEnergy MJ,HHV 2,091.1 193.1 530.2 2,814.4 2,542.2
Non-renewable(fossil,nuclear) MJ,HHV 2,056.4 192.8 511.2 2,760.4 2,688.4
Renewable(solar,wind,biomasshydroelectric,&geothermal)
MJ,HHV 34.6 0.3 19.0 53.9 88.2
Materialresourcesconsumption
TotalMaterialResourceConsumption
kg 1,057.9 0.0 0.0 1,057.9 1,057.9
Non-renewablematerials kg 1,056.7 0.0 0.0 1,056.7 1,056.7
Renewablematerials kg 1.2 0.0 0.0 1.2 1.2
IndustryWideEPDforArchitecturalandInsulatedPrecastPanels
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CategoryIndicator UnitRawMaterial
SupplyTransport Manufacturing Weighted
AverageTotal
A3MedianTotalA1 A2 A3
Freshwater L 1,475.9 0.0 258.5 1,734.4 1,577.6
Wastegenerated
Non-hazardous kg 1.1 0.0 64.2 65.3 12.6
Hazardous kg 0.01 0.0 10.0 10.0 0.2
Note: A3 Median Total is the Production total (A1, A2 and A3 summed) based on the calculated median flows for A3
Table4:LCAresults-ArchitecturalPrecastPanel,oneshortton-absolutebasis
CategoryIndicator UnitRawMaterial
SupplyTransport Manufacturing Weighted
AverageTotal
A3MedianTotalA1 A2 A3
Globalwarmingpotential kgCO2eq. 240.6 12.7 27.0 280.4 276.5
Acidificationpotential kgSO2eq. 5.0 0.1 0.2 5.3 5.3
Eutrophicationpotential kgNeq. 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3
Smogcreationpotential kgO3eq. 57.0 2.9 1.4 61.3 61.2
Ozonedepletionpotential kgCFC-11eq.
1.4E-03 4.8E-10 5.3E-10 1.4E-03 1.4E-03
PrimaryEnergyConsumption
TotalPrimaryEnergy MJ,HHV 1,897.0 175.2 481.0 2,553.2 2,306.2
Non-renewable(fossil,nuclear) MJ,HHV 1,865.5 174.9 463.7 2,504.2 2,438.8
Renewable(solar,wind,biomasshydroelectric,&geothermal)
MJ,HHV 31.4 0.3 17.3 48.9 80.0
Materialresourcesconsumption
TotalMaterialResourceConsumption
kg 959.7 0.0 0.0 959.7 959.7
Non-renewablematerials kg 958.6 0.0 0.0 958.6 958.6
Renewablematerials kg 1.1 0.0 0.0 1.1 1.1
Freshwater L 1,338.9 0.0 234.5 1,573.4 1,431.2
Wastegenerated
Non-hazardous kg 1.0 0.0 58.3 59.2 11.4
Hazardous kg 0.005 0.0 9.0 9.1 0.2
Note: A3 Median Total is the Production total (A1, A2 and A3 summed) based on the calculated median flows for A3
IndustryWideEPDforArchitecturalandInsulatedPrecastPanels
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Table5:LCAresults-ArchitecturalPrecastPanels-percentbasis
WeightedAverageBasisRawMaterial
SupplyTransport Manufacturing
A1 A2 A3Globalwarmingpotential 85.8% 4.5% 9.6%
Acidificationpotential 95.0% 1.7% 3.3%
Eutrophicationpotential 97.0% 1.9% 1.1%
Smogcreationpotential 92.9% 4.8% 2.3%
Ozonedepletionpotential 100.0% 0.0% 0.0%
TotalPrimaryEnergy 74.3% 6.9% 18.8%
Non-renewable(fossil,nuclear) 74.5% 7.0% 18.5%
Renewable(solar,wind,biomasshydroelectric,&geothermal) 64.2% 0.5% 35.3%
TotalMaterialResourceConsumption
100.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Non-renewablematerials 100.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Renewablematerials 100.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Freshwater 85.1% 0.0% 14.9%
Non-hazardous 1.6% 0.0% 98.4%
Hazardous 0.1% 0.0% 99.9%
Table6:LCAresults–InsulatedPrecastPanels,onemetricton-absolutebasis
CategoryIndicator UnitRawMaterial
SupplyTransport Manufacturing Weighted
AverageTotal
A3MedianTotalA1 A2 A3
Globalwarmingpotential kgCO2eq. 279.0 13.3
29.8 322.2 317.9
Acidificationpotential kgSO2eq. 4.5 0.1 0.2 4.8 4.7
Eutrophicationpotential kgNeq. 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3
Smogcreationpotential kgO3eq. 50.7 2.9 1.6 55.1 55.0
Ozonedepletionpotential kgCFC-11eq.
3.8E-03 5.1E-10 5.8E-10 3.8E-03 3.8E-03
PrimaryEnergyConsumption
TotalPrimaryEnergy MJ,HHV 2,116.4 183.7 530.2 2,830.3 2,558.0
Non-renewable(fossil,nuclear) MJ,HHV 2,086.3 183.4 511.2 2,780.9 2,708.9
Renewable(solar,wind,biomasshydroelectric,&geothermal)
MJ,HHV 30.0 0.3 19.0 49.3 83.6
Materialresourcesconsumption
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CategoryIndicator UnitRawMaterial
SupplyTransport Manufacturing Weighted
AverageTotal
A3MedianTotalA1 A2 A3
TotalMaterialResourceConsumption
kg 1,040.7 0.0 0.0 1,040.7 1,040.7
Non-renewablematerials kg 1,039.9 0.0 0.0 1,039.9 1,039.9
Renewablematerials kg 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.8
Freshwater L 1,312.7 0.0 251.3 1,564.1 1,407.4
Wastegenerated
Non-hazardous kg 1.1 0.0 64.2 65.3 12.6
Hazardous kg 0.01 0.0 10.0 10.0 0.2
Note: A3 Median Total is the Production total (A1, A2 and A3 summed) based on the calculated median flows for A3
Table7:LCAresults-InsulatedPrecastPanel,oneshortton-absolutebasis
CategoryIndicator UnitRawMaterial
SupplyTransport Manufacturing Weighted
AverageTotal
A3MedianTotalA1 A2 A3
Globalwarmingpotential kgCO2eq. 253.1 12.1 27.0 292.3 288.4
Acidificationpotential kgSO2eq. 4.1 0.1 0.2 4.3 4.3
Eutrophicationpotential kgNeq. 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2
Smogcreationpotential kgO3eq. 46.0 2.6 1.4 50.0 49.9
Ozonedepletionpotential kgCFC-11eq.
3.5E-03 4.6E-10 5.3E-10 3.5E-03 3.5E-03
PrimaryEnergyConsumption
TotalPrimaryEnergy MJ,HHV 1,920.0 166.6 481.0 2,567.6 2,320.6
Non-renewable(fossil,nuclear) MJ,HHV 1,892.7 166.4 463.7 2,522.8 2,457.5
Renewable(solar,wind,biomasshydroelectric,&geothermal)
MJ,HHV 27.3 0.2 17.3 44.8 75.9
Materialresourcesconsumption
TotalMaterialResourceConsumption
kg 944.1 0.0 0.0 944.1 944.1
Non-renewablematerials kg 943.4 0.0 0.0 943.4 943.4
Renewablematerials kg 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.7
Freshwater L 1,190.9 0.0 228.0 1,418.9 1,276.7
Wastegenerated
Non-hazardous kg 1.0 0.0 58.3 59.2 11.4
Hazardous kg 0.005 0.0 9.0 9.1 0.2
Note: A3 Median Total is the Production total (A1, A2 and A3 summed) based on the calculated median flows for A3
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Table8:LCAresults-InsulatedPrecastPanels-percentbasis
WeightedAverageBasisRawMaterial
SupplyTransport Manufacturing
A1 A2 A3Globalwarmingpotential 86.6% 4.1% 9.2%
Acidificationpotential 94.1% 1.8% 4.1%
Eutrophicationpotential 96.3% 2.2% 1.5%
Smogcreationpotential 92.0% 5.2% 2.8%
Ozonedepletionpotential 100.0% 0.0% 0.0%
TotalPrimaryEnergy 74.8% 6.5% 18.7%
Non-renewable(fossil,nuclear) 75.0% 6.6% 18.4%
Renewable(solar,wind,biomasshydroelectric,&geothermal) 60.9% 0.5% 38.6%
TotalMaterialResourceConsumption
100.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Non-renewablematerials 100.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Renewablematerials 100.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Freshwater 83.9% 0.0% 16.1%
Non-hazardous 1.6% 0.0% 98.4%
Hazardous 0.1% 0.0% 99.9%
7.2INTERPRETATION
Acrossthethreeproductioninformationmodulesforbotharchitecturalandinsultedprecastpanels,moduleA1-rawmaterialsupplycontributesthelargestshareoftheimpactcategoryresults–accountingforbetween100%(ozonedepletion)andabout86%(globalwarmingpotential)oftheimpactburden.Theupstreamrawmaterialsupply(A1)alsoaccountsforthelargestshareofenergyuse;almostallofwhichisdrawnfromnon-renewableenergysources.Rawmaterialtransportation(A2)provestobeaminorcontributortotheburdensexhibitedbyprecastproducts–generally5%orless.Manufacturing(A3)architecturalandinsulatedprecastpanelproductscontributesintheorderof10%ofallgreenhousegasesand20%oftheprimaryenergyuse.
Thelifecycleimpactindicatorresults,basedonmedianA3manufacturingflows,varylittleastheseindicatorsaredrivenprimarilybythespecifiedupstreammaterials(A1)foreachprecastproductgroup.Generally,themedianresultindicatorsandmetricsarelowerthan
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thoseoftheweightedaverageprofile,indicatingthatthemedianplantuseslessenergyandwaterandgenerateslesssolidwastes.
Thesignificanceoftheseresultsisasfollows:
Ø Rawmaterialsupply(upstreammaterialeffects)isthemajorsourceoftheenvironmentalimpactsofprecastproductsandissignificantlyinfluencedbycementuse–effortstooptimizeorreducetheinputofcementbyusinglessburdensomecementblendsorincreasingsupplementarycementitiousmaterialsusewouldmarkedlyimprovetheenvironmentalperformanceofallprecastproducts.
Ø Asthemanufacturingstageisasubstantialconsumerofenergyandresponsibleforasignificantshareoftheimpacts,anyprocessorenergyconservationimprovementswoulddirectlyandsignificantlylowertheenvironmentalprofileofprecastproducts.
8 ADDITIONALENVIRONMENTALINFORMATIONQualityandEnvironmentalManagementSystems
Ingeneral,CPCI.NPCAandPCImembermanufacturingfacilitiesfollowtheISO14001environmentalmanagementsystem,ISO9001qualitymanagementsystemorotherin-housequalitycontrolsystems.
HealthProtection
TheOSHAstandardsareapplicableandfollowed.
-U.S.DepartmentofLabor,OccupationalSafety&HealthAdministration(OSHA),
29CFR,PART1910OccupationalSafetyandHealthStandards.
(https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owasrch.search_form?p_doc_type=STANDARDS&p_toc_level=1&p_keyvalue=1910)
Noadditionalhealthprotectionmeasuresextendingbeyondmandatoryoccupationalsafetymeasuresforcommercialoperationsarerequired.
9 DECLARATIONTYPEANDPRODUCTAVERAGEDECLARATIONThetypeofEPDisdefinedas:
A“Cradle-to-gate”EPDofstructuralprecastcoveringtheproductstage(modulesA1toA3)andisintendedforuseinBusiness-to-Businesscommunication.
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ThisEPDforstructuralprecast,UNCPC3755isanaverageproductEPD,asanaveragefromseveralCPCI,NPCAandPCImemberfacilities.
10 DECLARATIONCOMPARABILITYLIMITATIONSTATEMENTThefollowingISOstatementindicatestheEPDcomparabilitylimitationsandintenttoavoidanymarketdistortionsormisinterpretationofEPDsbasedontheASTM’sPrecastConcretePCR:2015:
-EPDsfromdifferentprograms(usingdifferentPCR)maynotbecomparable.
-DeclarationsbasedontheASTMPrecastConcretePCR[1]arenotcomparativeassertions;thatis,noclaimofenvironmentalsuperioritymaybeinferredorimplied.
11 EPDEXPLANATORYMATERIAL
Foranyexplanatorymaterial,inregardtothisEPD,pleasecontacttheprogramoperator.ASTMInternationalEnvironmentalProductDeclarations100BarrHarborDrive,WestConshohocken,PA19428-2959,http://www.astm.org
12 REFERENCES1. ASTMInternational,ProductCategoryRulesForPreparinganEnvironmentalProduct
DeclarationForPrecastConcrete,March2015.
2. ISO21930:2007Buildingconstruction–Sustainabilityinbuildingconstruction–Environmentaldeclarationofbuildingproducts.
3. ISO14025:2006Environmentallabelinganddeclarations-TypeIIIenvironmentaldeclarations-Principlesandprocedures.
4. ISO14044:2006Environmentalmanagement-Lifecycleassessment-Requirementsandguidelines.
5. ISO14040:2006Environmentalmanagement-Lifecycleassessment-Principlesandframework.
6. ASTMProgramOperatorforProductCategoryRules(PCRs)andEnvironmentalProductDeclarations(EPDs),GeneralProgramInstructions,October2012.
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AppendixA–ParticipatingPlantList
Armtec, Richmond, BC Lafarge Precast, Winnipeg, MB
Arrow Concrete Products, Granby, CT Lee's Precast Concrete, Aberdeen, MI
Arto Brick & Tile, Gardena, CA Leesburg Concrete Company, Leesburg, FL
Atlanta Structural Concrete Company, Buchanan, GA Lindsey Precast, Franklinton, NC
Bartow Precast, Cartersville, GA Lindsey Precast, Colorado Springs, CO
BC Concrete, Inc. dba Missoula Concrete Construction, Missoula, MT
Lockwood Bros. Concrete Products, Armstrong, BC
Béton Préfabriques Du Lac Inc., Alma, QC Lowe Precast Inc., Waco, TX
Béton Préfabriques Du Richelieu, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC Manco Structures, TD., Schertz, TX
Blakeslee Prestress, Inc., Branford, CT Metromont - Greenville, Greenville, SC
By Crete, Lebanon, PA Metromont Corp. - Bartow, Bartow, FL
Camp Precast Concrete Products, Milton, VT Metromont Corp. - Charlotte, Charlotte, NC
Cement Industries, Inc., Fort Myers, FL Metromont Corp. - Hiram, Hiram, GA
Champion Precast, O’Fallon, MO Metromont Corp. - Richmond, Richmond, VA
Clark Pacific - Fontana Plant, Fontana, CA Mid South Prestress LLC, Pleasant View, TN
Clark Pacific - Woodland Plant, Woodland, CA Molin Concrete Products Company, Lino Lakes, MN
Colorado Precast Concrete, Loveland, CO North American Precast Company LLC. (NAPCO), San Antonio, TX
Columbia Precast Products, Washougal, WA Oldcastle - Avon, Avon, CT
Con Cast Pipe Inc., Guelph, ON Oldcastle - Rehoboth, Rehoboth, MA
Concrete Industries, Inc., Lincoln, NE Oldcastle Precast Building Systems, Edgewood, MD
Concrete Technology Corporation, Tacoma, WA Oldcastle Precast Building Systems, Selkirk, NY
Conewago Precast Building Systems, Hanover, PA Oldcastle Precast Inc., Perris, CA
Construction Products, Inc. of Tennessee, Jacksonville, TN Oldcastle Precast, Fontana, CA
Coreslab Structures (Ariz) Inc., Phoenix, AZ Oldcastle Precast, San Diego, CA
East Texas Precast Co., LTD., Hempstead, TX Pennstress, a division of MacInnis Group, Inc., Roaring Spring, PA
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EnCon Colorado, Denver, CO Prestressed Casting Co. - Ozark Plant, Ozark, MO
Fabcon Precast, Barnesville, PA Prestressed Casting Co. - Springfield Plant, Springfield, MO
Fabcon Precast, Grove City, OH Rocky Mountain Prestress ARCHITECTURAL Plant, Denver, CO
Fabcon Precast, Savage, MN Rocky Mountain Prestress STRUCTURAL Plant, Denver, CO
Florence Concrete Products, Inc., Sumter, SC Schokbeton Québec Inc., St-Eustache, QC
Gage Brothers, Sioux Falls, SD Shea Concrete Products, Wilmington, MA
Gate Precast Company (Ashland City), Ashland City, TN SI Precast Concrete, Grandview, MO
Gate Precast Company (Hillsboro), Hillsboro, TX Spancrete Southeast, Inc., Sebring, FL
Gate Precast Company (Jacksonville), Jacksonville, FL Spancrete, Valders, WI
Gate Precast Company (Kissimmee), Kissimmee, FL Strescon Limited, Bedford, NS
Gate Precast Company (Monroeville), Monroeville, AL Strescon Limited, Saint John, NB
Gate Precast Company (Oxford), Oxford, NC Stresscon Corporation, Colorado Springs, CO
Gate Precast Company (Pearland), Pearland, TX Surespan Structures Ltd., Duncan, BC
Gate Precast Company (Winchester), Winchester, KY Tekna Corporation, Charleston, SC
Geneva Pipe & Precast, Orem, UT Tindall Corporation - Georgia Division, Conley, GA
GPRM Prestress, Kapolei, HI Tindall Corporation - Texas Division, San Antonio, TX
Granite Precast, Bellingham, WA Tindall Corporation Virginia Division, Petersburg, VA
Hanson Structural Precast Eagle (HBP - Caldwell), Caldwell, ID Tindall Corporation, Spartanburg, SC
Heldenfels Enterprises, Inc., Corpus Christi, TX Unistress Corp, Pittsfield, MA
Heldenfels Enterprises, Inc., San Marcos, TX Walters & Wolf Precast, Fremont, CA
High Concrete Group LLC - Denver Plant, Denver, PA Wells Concrete - Albany Plant, Albany, MN
High Concrete Group LLC - Springboro Plant, Springboro, OH Wells Concrete - Grandforks, Grandforks, ND
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Kerkstra Precast, Inc., Grandville, MI Wells Concrete - Wells, Wells, MN
Kie-Con, Inc., Antioch, CA Wilbert Precast, Spokane, WA
Kistner Concrete Products, Batavia, NY William E. Dailey Precast, LLC, Shaftsbury, VT
Lafarge Precast, Calgary/Edmonton, AB