Copyright and Fair Use: Transnational Troubles
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Copyright and Fair Use: Transnational Troubles Leonhard Dobusch Freie Universität Berlin – School of Business & Economics ESRC Workshop Series ‚Digital Policy: Connectivity, Creativity and Rights’ November 22, 2012, Vienna
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Talk given at the ESRC Workshop Series 'Digital Policy: Connectivity, Creativity and Rights', November 22, 2012, Vienna
Transcript of Copyright and Fair Use: Transnational Troubles
Copyright and Fair Use: Transnational Troubles
Leonhard DobuschFreie Universität Berlin – School of Business & Economics
ESRC Workshop Series‚Digital Policy: Connectivity, Creativity and Rights’
November 22, 2012, Vienna
Using content online: legal or illegal?
Fair Use on YouTube and in Wikipedia
Private resolution of public problems?
Using content online: legal or illegal?
1970s: Violate copyrights!
2000s: Don‘t violate copyrights!
Forty-four per cent of all internet users aged 12+ claimed to be either ‘not particularly confident’ or ‘not at all’ confident in terms of what is legal and what isn’t online.
“”Online copyright infringement tracker
benchmark study, commissioned by the Office of Communications (Ofcom) UK, 2012
Do copyright experts know?
Online usage End-user Intermediarywatching/listening/reading
Is the source legal? Is watching/listening/reading from an illegal source legal?
Is providing tools for watching/listening/reading legal?
linking Is linking to (illegal) content legal?
Is providing the tools for linking to content legal?
storing/offering Is storing/offering the content legal?
Is providing tools for storing/offering (illegal) content legal?
interacting/creating online
Is interacting/creating with the content online legal?
Is providing tools for interacting/creating with online content legal?
Regulatory Uncertainty: Questions
Source: Dobusch, L./Quack, S. (2012): Transnational Copyright: Misalignments between Regulation, Business Models and User Practice. Osgoode CLPE Research Paper Series, 8 (4), Research Paper No. 13, http://ssrn.com/abstract=2116334
Regime Forums Regulatory OutcomeInternational treaties
WTO, UN/WIPO TRIPS treaty, WCT, WPPT, ACTA, TPP
(Supra-)national law
EU, national legislative bodies
EU copyright directives, national laws
Private regulation via standards
Industry networks, standard setters
Digital Rights Management, Open Content Licensing
Regime Complexity in Copyright
Source: Dobusch, L./Quack, S. (2012): Transnational Copyright: Misalignments between Regulation, Business Models and User Practice. Osgoode CLPE Research Paper Series, 8 (4), Research Paper No. 13, http://ssrn.com/abstract=2116334
Online usage End-user Intermediarywatching/listening/reading
- RIAA v. Diamond (“Rio case”, 1998)
linking Intellectual Reserve v. Utah Lighthouse Ministry (1999)Universal City Studios v. Corley (2001)
A&M Records v. Napster (2001)Arista v. Lime Wire (2010)
storing/offering e.g. Warner v. DeWitt (2007) or Interscope v. Rodriguez (2007)
Viacom v. YouTube (2007)GEMA v. RapidShare (2010)
interacting/creating online
Lenz v. Universal Music Corp. (2008)Sapient v. Geller (2008)
Warner Bros. Entertainment et al. v. RDR Books et al. (2008)
Regulatory Uncertainty: Case Law
Source: Dobusch, L./Quack, S. (2012): Transnational Copyright: Misalignments between Regulation, Business Models and User Practice. Osgoode CLPE Research Paper Series, 8 (4), Research Paper No. 13, http://ssrn.com/abstract=2116334
Illegal in spite of substantial proportion of non-infringing practices?
Arista v. Limewire (2010)A&M Records v. Napster (2001)
Legal in spite of substantial proportion of infringing practices?
Viacom v. YouTube (2007)
Fair Use on YouTube and in Wikipedia
Members shall confine limitations and exceptions to exclusive rights to certain special cases which do not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the rights holder.
“
”Article 13, TRIPS Agreement
„Fair Use“
General Clause
Exceptions and Limitations to Copyright
Closed List
Example: Transformative Consumption
Im Hintergrund: Prince - Let‘s Go Crazy
Transformative Werknutzung
Video: Holden Lenz Dancing
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N1KfJHFWlhQ
Example: Amateur Art
Video: O Fortuna Misheard Lyrics
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIwrgAnx6Q8
?
Video: YouTube Copyright School
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=InzDjH1-9Ns
Example: Thumbnails in Wikipedia
Private resolution of public problems?
Platforms decide what to consider as (il)legal
Regime Forums Regulatory OutcomeInternational treaties
WTO, UN/WIPO TRIPS treaty, WCT, WPPT
(Supra-)national law
EU, national legislative bodies
EU copyright directives, national laws
Private regulation via standards
Industry networks, standard setters
Digital Rights Management, Open Content Licensing
Growing importance of private regulatory layer
Uncertainty in copyright is going to last
Enabling uncertainty of fair use preferrable to prohibiting certainty
Scope of fair use is re-negotiated by regulatory practices of non-state actors
Conclusions
Contact details
E-Mail: [email protected]
Twitter:@leonidobusch
Homepages:http://bit.ly/FU_Dobusch (Freie Universität Berlin)http://www.dobusch.net
Blog:http://www.governancexborders.com
