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Transcript of Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Lectures prepared by Christine L. Case Chapter 4...
![Page 1: Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Lectures prepared by Christine L. Case Chapter 4 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062312/551c13ae5503469e4f8b551f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Lectures prepared by Christine L. Case
Chapter 4
Functional Anatomy of
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Q&A
Penicillin was called a “miracle drug” because it doesn’t harm human cells. Why doesn’t it?
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Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
4-1 Compare and contrast the overall cell structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Learning Objective
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Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryote comes from the Greek words for prenucleus.
Eukaryote comes from the Greek words for true nucleus.
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Prokaryote
One circular chromosome, not in a membrane
No histones No organelles Peptidoglycan cell walls
if Bacteria Pseudomurein cell walls
if Archaea Binary fission
Eukaryote
Paired chromosomes, in nuclear membrane
Histones
Organelles Polysaccharide cell
walls Mitotic spindle
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Check Your Understanding
Check Your Understanding
What is the main feature that distinguishes prokaryotes from eukaryotes? 4-1
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The Prokaryotic Cell
4-2 Identify the three basic shapes of bacteria.
Learning Objective
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.7a
Prokaryotic Cells: Shapes
Average size: 0.2 –1.0 µm 2 – 8 µm Most bacteria are monomorphic A few are pleomorphic
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figures 4.1a, 4.2a, 4.2d, 4.4a, 4.4b, 4.4c
Basic Shapes
Bacillus (rod-shaped) Coccus (spherical) Spiral
Spirillum Vibrio Spirochete
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.3
Bacillus or Bacillus
Scientific name: Bacillus Shape: Bacillus
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.5a
Unusually Shaped Bacteria
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.5b
Unusually Shaped Bacteria
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figures 4.1a, 4.1d, 4.2b, 4.2c
Arrangements
Pairs: Diplococci, diplobacilli
Clusters: Staphylococci
Chains: Streptococci, streptobacilli
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Check Your Understanding
Check Your Understanding
How would you be able to identify streptococci through a microscope? 4-2
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.6
The Structure of a Prokaryotic Cell
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Structures External to the Cell Wall
4-3 Describe the structure and function of the glycocalyx.
4-4 Differentiate flagella, axial filaments, fimbriae, and pili.
Learning Objectives
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 24.12
Glycocalyx
Outside cell wall Usually sticky Capsule: neatly
organized
Slime layer: unorganized and loose
Extracellular polysaccharide allows cell to attach
Capsules prevent phagocytosis
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.8b
Flagella
Outside cell wall Made of chains of
flagellin Attached to a protein
hook Anchored to the wall
and membrane by the basal body
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The Structure of a Prokaryotic Flagellum
Figure 4.8a
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.7
Arrangements of Bacterial Flagella
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Motile Cells
Rotate flagella to run or tumble Move toward or away from stimuli (taxis) Flagella proteins are H antigens
(e.g., E. coli O157:H7)
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.9a
ANIMATION Flagella: Movement
ANIMATION Flagella: Structure
ANIMATION Motility
ANIMATION Flagella: Arrangement
Motile Cells
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.10a
Axial Filaments
Also called endoflagella In spirochetes Anchored at one end
of a cell Rotation causes cell
to move
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.10b
ANIMATION Spirochetes
A Diagram of Axial Filaments
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.11
Fimbriae and Pili
Fimbriae allow attachment
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Fimbriae and Pili
Pili Facilitate transfer of DNA from one cell to another Gliding motility Twitching motility
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Check Your Understanding
Check Your Understanding
Why are bacterial capsules medically important? 4-3 How do bacteria move? 4-4
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The Cell Wall
4-5 Compare and contrast the cell walls of gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, acid-fast bacteria, archaea, and mycoplasmas.
4-6 Compare and contrast archaea and mycoplasmas.
4-7 Differentiate protoplast, spheroplast, and L form.
Learning Objectives
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.6
The Cell Wall
Prevents osmotic lysis Made of peptidoglycan (in bacteria)
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.12
Peptidoglycan
Polymer of disaccharide: N-acetylglucosamine
(NAG) N-acetylmuramic acid
(NAM)
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.13a
Peptidoglycan in Gram-Positive Bacteria Linked by polypeptides
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Gram-Positive Bacterial Cell Wall
Figure 4.13b
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Gram-Negative Bacterial Cell Wall
Figure 4.13c
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Thick peptidoglycan Teichoic acids
Gram-positiveCell Wall
Figure 4.13b–c
Thin peptidoglycan Outer membrane Periplasmic space
Gram-positiveCell Wall
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.13b
Gram-Positive Cell Walls
Teichoic acids Lipoteichoic acid links to plasma membrane Wall teichoic acid links to peptidoglycan
May regulate movement of cations Polysaccharides provide antigenic variation
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.13c
Gram-Negative Cell Wall
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.13c
Gram-Negative Outer Membrane
Lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins, phospholipids Forms the periplasm between the outer membrane
and the plasma membrane
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Gram-Negative Outer Membrane
Protection from phagocytes, complement, and antibiotics
O polysaccharide antigen, e.g., E. coli O157:H7 Lipid A is an endotoxin Porins (proteins) form channels through membrane
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The Gram Stain
Table 4.1
(a) Gram-Positive (b) Gram-Negative
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The Gram Stain Mechanism
Crystal violet-iodine crystals form in cell Gram-positive
Alcohol dehydrates peptidoglycan CV-I crystals do not leave
Gram-negative Alcohol dissolves outer membrane and leaves holes in
peptidoglycan CV-I washes out
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2-ring basal body Disrupted by lysozyme Penicillin sensitive
Gram-PositiveCell Wall
Figure 4.13b–c
4-ring basal body Endotoxin Tetracycline sensitive
Gram-NegativeCell Wall
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 24.8
Atypical Cell Walls
Acid-fast cell walls Like gram-positive Waxy lipid (mycolic acid) bound to peptidoglycan Mycobacterium Nocardia
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Atypical Cell Walls
Mycoplasmas Lack cell walls Sterols in plasma membrane
Archaea Wall-less or Walls of pseudomurein (lack NAM and D-amino acids)
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Damage to the Cell Wall
Lysozyme digests disaccharide in peptidoglycan Penicillin inhibits peptide bridges in peptidoglycan Protoplast is a wall-less cell Spheroplast is a wall-less gram-positive cell
Protoplasts and spheroplasts are susceptible to osmotic lysis
L forms are wall-less cells that swell into irregular shapes
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Check Your Understanding
Check Your Understanding
Why are drugs that target cell wall synthesis useful? 4-5
Why are mycoplasmas resistant to antibiotics that interfere with cell wall synthesis? 4-6
How do protoplasts differ from L forms? 4-7
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Structures Internal to the Cell Wall
4-8 Describe the structure, chemistry, and functions of the prokaryotic plasma membrane.
4-9 Define simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, and group translocation.
4-10 Identify the functions of the nucleoid and ribosomes.
4-11 Identify the functions of four inclusions.
4-12 Describe the functions of endospores, sporulation, and endospore germination.
Learning Objectives
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.14a
The Plasma Membrane
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.14b
The Plasma Membrane
Phospholipid bilayer Peripheral proteins Integral proteins Transmembrane Proteins
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.14b
Fluid Mosaic Model
Membrane is as viscous as olive oil Proteins move to function Phospholipids rotate
and move laterally
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The Plasma Membrane
Selective permeability allows passage of some molecules
Enzymes for ATP production Photosynthetic pigments on foldings called
chromatophores or thylakoids
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.15
Chromatophores
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ANIMATION Membrane Permeability
ANIMATION Membrane Structure
The Plasma Membrane
Damage to the membrane by alcohols, quaternary ammonium (detergents), and polymyxin antibiotics causes leakage of cell contents
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.17a
Movement of Materials across Membranes Simple diffusion:
Movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.17b-c
Movement of Materials across Membranes Facilitated diffusion: Solute combines with a
transporter protein in the membrane
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ANIMATION Passive Transport: Principles of Diffusion
ANIMATION Passive Transport: Special Types of Diffusion
Movement of Materials across Membranes
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.18a
Movement of Materials across Membranes Osmosis: The
movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water to an area of lower water concentration
Osmotic pressure: The pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.17d
Movement of Materials across Membranes Through lipid layer Aquaporins (water
channels)
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.18a–b
The Principle of Osmosis
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.18c–e
The Principle of Osmosis
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ANIMATION Active Transport: Overview
ANIMATION Active Transport: Types
Movement of Materials across Membranes Active transport: Requires a transporter protein
and ATP Group translocation: Requires a transporter protein
and PEP
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Check Your Understanding
Check Your Understanding
Which agents can cause injury to the bacterial plasma membrane? 4-8
How are simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion similar? How are they different? 4-9
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.6
Cytoplasm
The substance inside the plasma membrane
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.6
The Nucleoid
Bacterial chromosome
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.6
Ribosomes
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 4.19
The Prokaryotic Ribosome
Protein synthesis 70S
50S + 30S subunits
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 4.20
Magnetosomes
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Inclusions
Metachromatic granules (volutin)
Polysaccharide granules Lipid inclusions Sulfur granules Carboxysomes
Gas vacuoles Magnetosomes
Phosphate reserves
Energy reserves Energy reserves Energy reserves Ribulose 1,5-diphosphate
carboxylase for CO2 fixation
Protein-covered cylinders Iron oxide
(destroys H2O2)
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Endospores
Resting cells Resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals Bacillus, Clostridium Sporulation: Endospore formation Germination: Return to vegetative state
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 4.21b
Endospores
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Formation of Endospores by Sporulation
Figure 4.21a
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Check Your Understanding
Check Your Understanding
Where is the DNA located in a prokaryotic cell? 4-10 What is the general function of inclusions? 4-11 Under what conditions do endospores form? 4-12
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 4.22a
The Eukaryotic Cell
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Flagella and Cilia
4-13 Differentiate prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella.
Learning Objective
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 4.23a-b
Flagella and Cilia
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Microtubules Tubulin 9 pairs + 2 array
Figure 4.23c
Flagella and Cilia
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The Cell Wall and Glycocalyx
4-14 Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell walls and glycocalyxes.
Learning Objective
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The Cell Wall and Glycocalyx
Cell wall Plants, algae, fungi Carbohydrates
Cellulose, chitin, glucan, mannan Glycocalyx
Carbohydrates extending from animal plasma membrane Bonded to proteins and lipids in membrane
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Q&A
Penicillin was called a “miracle drug” because it doesn’t harm human cells. Why doesn’t it?
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The Plasma Membrane
4-15 Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic plasma membranes.
Learning Objective
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The Plasma Membrane
Phospholipid bilayer Peripheral proteins Integral proteins Transmembrane proteins Sterols Glycocalyx carbohydrates
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The Plasma Membrane
Selective permeability allows passage of some molecules
Simple diffusion Facilitative diffusion Osmosis Active transport Endocytosis
Phagocytosis: Pseudopods extend and engulf particles Pinocytosis: Membrane folds inward, bringing in fluid and
dissolved substances
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Cytoplasm
4-16 Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cytoplasms.
Learning Objective
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 4.2
Cytoplasm
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Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm membrane: Substance inside plasma and outside nucleus
Cytosol: Fluid portion of cytoplasm Cytoskeleton: Microfilaments, intermediate
filaments, microtubules Cytoplasmic streaming: Movement of cytoplasm
throughout cells
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Ribosomes
4-17 Compare the structure and function of eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes.
Learning Objective
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Ribosomes
Protein synthesis 80S
Membrane-bound: Attached to ER Free: In cytoplasm
70S In chloroplasts and mitochondria
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Check Your Understanding
Check Your Understanding
Identify at least one significant difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic flagella and cilia, cell walls, plasma membranes, and cytoplasm.
4-13–4-16 The antibiotic erythromycin binds with the 50S
portion of a ribosome. What effect does this have on a prokaryotic cell? On a eukaryotic cell? 4-17
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Organelles
4-18 Define organelle.
4-19 Describe the functions of the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria, chloroplasts, peroxisomes, and centrosomes.
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Organelles
Nucleus: Contains chromosomes ER: Transport network Golgi complex: Membrane formation and secretion Lysosome: Digestive enzymes Vacuole: Brings food into cells and provides support
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Organelles
Mitochondrion: Cellular respiration Chloroplast: Photosynthesis Peroxisome: Oxidation of fatty acids; destroys H2O2
Centrosome: Consists of protein fibers and centrioles
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 4.24
The Eukaryotic Nucleus
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 4.24a–b
The Eukaryotic Nucleus
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 4.25
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 4.25a
Detailed Drawing of Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 4.25b
Micrograph of Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 4.26
Golgi Complex
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 4.22b
Lysosomes and Vacuoles
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 4.27
Mitochondria
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 4.28
Chloroplasts
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 4.28a
Chloroplasts
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 4.28b
Chloroplasts
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 4.22b
Peroxisome and Centrosome
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Check Your Understanding
Check Your Understanding
Compare the structure of the nucleus of a eukaryote and the nucleoid of a prokaryote. 4-18
How do rough and smooth ER compare structurally and functionally? 4-19
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The Evolution of Eukaryotes
4-20 Discuss evidence that supports the endosymbiotic theory of eukaryotic evolution.
Learning Objective
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 10.2
Endosymbiotic Theory
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Endosymbiotic Theory
What are the fine extensions on this protozoan?
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Endosymbiotic Theory
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Check Your Understanding
Check Your Understanding
Which three organelles are not associated with the Golgi complex? What does this suggest about their origin? 4-20