DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC
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Transcript of DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC
General Microbiology
Difference Between Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic Cell
By Jamseel.M
CellThe cell Latin cella, meaning "small room.Basic structural, functional and biological unit of all known living organisms.
Cells are the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently,
"building blocks of life“There are two types of cells, eukaryotes, which contain a nucleus, and prokaryotes, which do not.
PROKARYOTIC CELLS
Functions of Cells
A boundary that keeps the cellular contents separate from the external environment but allows for the transfer of some substances into and out of the cell.
Replication of DNA
Synthesis of cellular components
The ability to obtain energy through metabolic processes
Appendages are basically involved in movement or adhesion
Flagella (singular flagellum) are cellular appendages that consist of three parts:
1. A filament that rotates for movement2. A hook where the filament attaches3. A basal body that anchors the hook to
the cellThe arrangement of the hook/basal body
articulation allows the hook with its filament to rotate 360o
Arrangements of Flagella
Axial filaments
Modified flagella that occur in spirochetes
Non-locomotor appendages
Pili are longer and sparser than fimbriae.
fimbriae are involved in adhesion and pili (found only in Gram - bacteria) are involved in conjugation ( a “mating” process).
Cell envelopes differ between taxa but they basically consist of three layers:
The capsule or slime layer (outermost layer) differs greatly in thickness, organization and chemical composition depending on the bacterial species.
Beneath the outer layer lies the cell wall.
The cell membrane is a thin flexible sheet that surrounds the contents of the bacterial cell. Its functions include: transport, energy extraction, nutrient processing, and synthesis
The Gram Stain
The protoplasm or cytoplasm
o Dense gelatinous solution within the cell membrane
o Primary site for the cell’s biochemical and synthetic processes.
Nuclear region
chromatin body or the bacterial chromosome
Nucleoid or nuclear region of the cell that is associated with the chromatin body
Plasmids Plasmids are tiny circular extra chromosomal strands of DNA
Ribosomes are small structures consisting of RNA and proteins that are involved in protein synthesis
Inclusions or granules are areas where nutrients are concentrated
Endospores are dormant structures produced by some species of Bacillus and Clostridium.
Inclusions or granules
Shapes and arrangements of bacteria
FUNGI
Fungi are eukaryotic protista; differ from bacteria and other prokaryotes.
1. Cell walls containing chitin (rigidity & support) ,other polysaccharides
2. Cytoplasmic membrane contains ergosterols
3. Possess true nuclei with nuclear membrane & paired chromosomes.
4. Divide asexually, sexually or by both5. Unicellular or multicellular
• Simplest fungus :- Unicellular budding yeast
• Hypha :- Elongation of apical cell
produces a tubular, thread like structure called hypha
• Mycelium :- Tangled mass of hyphae is
called mycelium. Fungi producing mycelia are called molds or filamentous fungi.
• Hyphae may be septate or non-septate
CLASSIFICATION
• Depending on cell morphology 1. Yeasts2. Yeast like fungi 3. Molds 4. Dimorphic fungi
Eukaryotic Cell
CELL MEMBRANEStructureComponentsArrangement
Functions
BarrierTransport (know diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion and active transport)Recognition (e.g., self vs. non-self)Reception (for protein hormones)Adhesion
Nucleus
Structure and Function
– membrane similar to cell membrane (similar function)
– Nucleolus (formation of ribosomes)
– Chromosomes (gene expression)
– Nucleoplasm (matrix)
Ribosomes Structure
– rRNA–Proteins
Function– Site of protein formation (translation)
Found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes (different structurally)
Endoplasmic Reticulum Structure membranous
system of tunnels and sacs– Rough – with
ribosomes on surface
– Smooth- no ribosomes on surface
Function– Rough – protein
synthesis– Smooth- lipid
synthesis
Golgi Apparatus
Structure also membranous, kind of like a stack of pancakes
Function processing of lipids and proteins
LYSOSOMES
Structure Membrane bound sac containing
hydrolytic enzymes Function Digestion
Mitochondria
Structure – cigar-shaped, double membrane-bound organelle
Function – Energy transfer by ATP synthesis
Chloroplast
Structure Also cigar or spindle shaped, double membrane-bound, green
Function photosynthesis
Other structure
• Cell walls, not in animal cells• Vacuoles• Cytoskeleton• Cytoplasm
Differences Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells
No
Features
1. Occurrence
Prokaryotic cells are the characteristic of bacteria and blue green algae
These are cells are found in all, animals and plants, except blue green algae and bacteria.
2.
Size
Mostly 1-10 μm
Mostly 10-100 μm
3. Multicellular forms
RareCommon, with extensive tissue formation
4. Cell wall
Present in most but not in all cells. In Bacteria, cell wall is made up murein,polysaccharides, lipid and proteins.
The animal cells lack cell wall, but plants cell wall is made up of cellulose and chitinous cell wall is present in fungi.
5.Plasma membrane
Present
PPresentresent
Present
6
Nucleus
7.Nuclear Membranes
Absent Present
8. Chromatin with histone
Absent Present
9. Number ofchromosomes
Each cell Has only one chromosome
Number of chromosomes per cell depends upon the type of organism.
10 Chromosome The Chromose is circular ringlacking a centromere.
Each chromosome is linear having a centromere
11.
Genetic material Circular or linear, double stranded DNA: only exons are present
Linear doublestranded DNA:genes frequentlyinterrupted byintron sequences, especially inhighereukaryotes(called as splitgenes).
12Nucleoli and Mitotic apparatus
Absent Present
13. Nucleolus Absent Present (for the synthesis and organization of ribosomes)
14. Plasmid Commonly present
Rare
15 Mesosomes Mesosomes perform the function of Golgi bodies and mitochondria, and also help in the separation of chromosomes during cell division.
Absent
Mitochondria Absent PresentEndoplasmic Reticulum
Vacuoles
Absent
Absent
Present
Present
16. Cell organelles
Lysosomes Absent Present
Chloroplast Absent Present
Centrioles Absent Present
Ribosomes Only 70S type of ribosomes are present which lie free in cytoplasm, or are engaged in protein synthesis.
The cytoplasm has 80S type of ribosomes; and plastid and mitochondria have 70 S
Microtubules Absent Present
Flagellae
Simple structureComposed of theprotein Flagellin.
Complex 9+2 Structure of tubulin and other protein.
Respiration
Many strict anaerobes
All aerobic, but somefacultative Anaerobes By secondary modifications.
17
18
Photosynthetic Enzymes
Bound toplasmamembrane ascompositechromatophore
Enzymespackedin plastidsbound by membrane
19 Metabolic Patterns
Great Variations
All share cytochromeelectron transportchains, Krebs cycleoxidation, glycolysis.
20
Sexual System
Rare: If present oneway (and usuallyforming partial diploids ormerozygotes)
Both sexes involved in sexual participation and entire genomes transferred
21
Cyclosis
There are nostreamingmovementsof cytoplasm
Cytoplasmshows streaming movements
22
Protein
Synthesis
Transcriptionand translationtake place incytoplasm.
Transcriptionoccurs innucleus and translationtakes place incytoplasm.
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Durationof cellcycle
Cell cycle is short,takes 20-60minutesto complete.
Cell cycle islong, takes 12-24 hours tocomplete.
CONCLUSION
Cell are basic unit of organization or structure of all living matter
There are two types of cell,that are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell
There are are so many difference in between them include occurance,size,cell wall, nucleus ,nuclear membrane, cell organelles respiration, sexual system ,protein synthesis.
REFERENCE Prescott LM Harley JP and Klein DA-MicrobiologyJohn Webster-Introduction to fungiVoet and voetTortora-Microbiology an introductionPelczar Jr.MJ Chan,Ecs and Kreig-MicrobiologyLehninger’s principle of biochemistry