Conversion of Waste Cooking Oil to Biodiesel: Life Cycle ...Conversion of Waste Cooking Oil to...
Transcript of Conversion of Waste Cooking Oil to Biodiesel: Life Cycle ...Conversion of Waste Cooking Oil to...
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Zhang Zhe and Rajasekhar Balasubramanian
Division of Environmental Science & Engineering
National University of Singapore
Conversion of Waste Cooking Oil to Biodiesel: Life Cycle Assessment
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• To compare the life cycle emission of carbon
dioxide and particulate matter (PM) from
biodiesel (generated from waste cooking oil) and
diesel
• To gain insights into
biodiesel’s life cycle impacts on
the environment
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� What is Life Cycle Analysis?
• It is an investigation and evaluation of the environmental
impacts of a given product caused by its existence.
• It measures the whole life cycle of the
product
Raw Material
Production Process
Use
PhaseEnd of Life
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� Importance of Life Cycle Analysis
• The environmental impact generated from all
the processes is analyzed, not only the
manufacture or end use process
• Gain overall understanding
about a product’s entire
environmental impact
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� Life Cycle of Petroleum Diesel
Shipping
with
Ocean
Tanker
Emissions
� Life Cycle of Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel
Emissions
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• Process
• Transesterification
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Original waste cooking oil 1.0638 L
Methanol used 0.2128 L
KOH used 8.511 g
Biodiesel Generated 1 L
�Material (Adapted from the laboratory experiment)
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To represent the industrial practice, the following data
obtained from a research done by U.S. National Biodiesel
Board were used for the analysis.
�Energy Use
Electricity 0.0502 kWh
Natural Gas 0.02581 m3
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� Applications developed for the life cycle analysis
• Entire life cycle is broken down into different life stages of
the product.
• Each life stage is further broken down to sub-processes.
• The environmental impact from each sub-process
is analyzed.
• The integration of all the environmental impact is the
life cycle impact.
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Life Cycle Emission = ∑ ×
i
ji eE
• i: different life stages
• Ei: the amount of sub-process used in that life
stage (Unit: L, kWh, etc.)
• ej: emission factors associated with each sub-process
(Unit: kg/L, kg/kWh)
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� Taking diesel as example, analysis model was used:
• Stages:
o Crude Oil Drilling in Middle East
o Transportation to Singapore with Ocean Tankers
o Refinery
o Transportation to Retail Stations
o End Use
• Sub-processes:
o Diesel, combusted in industrial boiler
o Electricity, at grid
o Gasoline, combusted in equipment
o Natural gas, combusted in industrial boiler
o Residual fuel oil, combusted in industrial boiler
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All the final results are based on the same
comparison basis: 1 MJ of energy that can be derived
from the fuel
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� CO2 emission comparison (95.27 % reduction)
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1. End Use
2. Refinery
3. Transportation to
Singapore: 8000 km
4. Drilling
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1. Energy Use
During Production
2. Methanol and
KOH
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� Only consider about production and transportation stages.
58.96% Reduction
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� PM emission comparison (46.95% reduction)
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� 44.60% Reduction
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� Used to measure the life cycle energy input (except end use phase)
�40.57 % reduction
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� Biodiesel’s (from waste
cooking oil) life cycle
emission of carbon dioxide
and particulate matter is
much lower than that from
diesel
� The life cycle analysis indicates that the use of biodiesel as
an alternative (automotive) fuel is acceptable from the
environmental point of view.
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• To simulate industrial production process
• To obtain first-hand data of the resource usage
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� Data Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)
Database, experiment
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� Other Data Sources
• Saudi Arabia Emission Factor: CO2 Emissions from Fuel
Combustion. 2009 ed, International Energy Agency
• Singapore Emission Factor: Information on Emission
Factors 2010. National Energy Efficiency Committee
• Emission Factor for KOH: Korea LCI Database
Information Network. Korea Environmental Industry &
Technology Institute
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� Cost Aspects
• Most of waste cooking oil exported
• Supply of WCO cannot meet the
designed capacity
• Currently producing with cost
• Can only achieve break-even with an
increase of WCO supply by 80%
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� Life Cycle Analysis
� Objectives
� System Boundaries
� Experiment to Produce Biodiesel
�Results and Discussion
� Conclusion
� Analysis Model