BIODIESEL FROM WASTE COOKING OILS (WCO) IN PORTUGAL ...

BIODIESEL FROM WASTE COOKING OILS (WCO) IN

PORTUGAL: ALTERNATIVE COLLECTION SYSTEMS

1INESC Coimbra, Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores de Coimbra

2ADAI-LAETA, Center for Industrial Ecology, Dept of Mechanical Engineering

University of Coimbra, Portugal

Carla Caldeira1,2, João Queirós2 & Fausto Freire2

SYMBIOSIS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE| 19 – 21 June, Athens

OUTLINE

1. INTRODUCTION

Motivation and goal

2. METHODOLOGY

Life Cycle Environmental Assessment (LCA)

3. LCA OF BIODIESEL FROM WCO PRODUCED IN PORTUGAL

Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)

Allocation methods

Comparison of results with the values in RED

4. CONCLUSIONS

2Symbiosis International Conference | 19 – 21 June, Athens

INTRODUCTION

3

The biodiesel consumption increased significantly in the last years and

according the OECD-FAO outlook 2011-2020, the biodiesel use in the

European Union (EU) will increase by almost 85% over the projection period

Symbiosis International Conference | 19 – 21 June, Athens

Renewable Energy Directice (RED)

EU DIRECTIVE n.º 2009/28/CE on the promotion of the use of energy from

renewable sources

• Mandatory 10 % target for transport

• Sustainability criteria for biofuels

GHG emissions reduction 35% (until 2016), 50% (2017) and 60% (2018)

Land use and biodiversity

LEGAL FRAMEWORK

4

Questions raised related to the use of conventional biofuels

Competition with food

High environmental impacts (GHG emissions - Land use)

EU Proposal to amend the Renewable Energy Directive

(October 2012)

• Reduce the conventional fuels required for the transportation

energy mix by 2020

• Double counting for biodiesel from waste oils


INTRODUCTION

5

Most of the environmental assessment of WCO biodiesel studies are

focused on GHG emissions and do not analyse the WCO collection

stage

• Contribution of the collection stage to the overall environmental

impacts of WCO biodiesel


INTRODUCTION

• Analyze other environmental categories besides GHG emissions

6

• Present a LCA of biodiesel produced from WCO collected in Portugal

using alternative WCO collection systems for households and the

HoReCa (Hotels, Restaurants and Catering) sector

• Life Cycle Impact Assessment for Climate Change (CC), Terrestrial

Acidification (TA), Marine Eutrophication (ME) and Freshwater

Eutrophication (FE)

• Assess the implications of alternative allocation approaches in the Life

Cycle Impact Assessment

• Compare the GHG emissions of biodiesel from WCO collected in

Portugal with the RED typical values


INTRODUCTION

GOAL OF THIS STUDY

7

Assessment of the potential environmental impacts of a

product, process or activity trough the life cycle

LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT - LCA


METHODOLOGY

8

WCO

Collection

WCO Pre treatment

Transesterification

“Well-to-gate”


LCA OF BIODIESEL FROM WCO PRODUCED IN PORTUGAL

9

WCO in Portugal

Households

HoReCa

Industrial

43 000 a 65 000 t per year (APA, 2010)

133 196 to 201 343 tonnes CO2 emissions savings



10

Model and Inventory : collection

HOUSEHOLDS

• Street containers

a municipality in the center of Portugal: Coimbra

an inter municipality area located in the south of Portugal: Grândola, Alcácer do Sal, Ferreira do Alentejo, Aljustrel, Odemira, Santiago do Cacém and Sines

an inter municipality area located in the north of Portugal: Espinho, Gondomar, Maia, Matosinhos, Porto, Póvoa de Varzim, Valongo and Vila do Conde

• Door-to-doora municipality located in Azores (island in Portugal) Angra do Heroísmo

HoReCa

WCO collection from restaurants in the municipality of Coimbra



11

Date Departure Arrival kmWCO

collected(L)

L WCO/ km

03-08-2009

Miranda do CorvoJ.F. de Santo António dos

Olivais41.4 280 6.8

J.F. de Santo António dos

OlivaisMiranda do Corvo

01-09-2009

Miranda do CorvoDAQV- Oficinas do Algar,

Assafarge

51.4 818 15.9DAQV- Oficinas do Algar,

Assafarge


Olivais


OlivaisMiranda do Corvo

23-10-2009

Miranda do CorvoJ.F. de Torres do

Mondego

65 625 9.6

J.F. de Torres do

Mondego


Olivais


OlivaisJ.F. de Eiras

J.F. de EirasJ.F. de São Martinho do

Bispo

J.F. de São Martinho do

BispoMiranda do Corvo

Table 1. Collection data for Coimbra_Households_Streetcontainers

Performance indicator




12


Collection System

Average

Fuel

consumption

(L/km)

Average

Performance

Indicator

(L WCO/km)

Households

Street Containers

Coimbra 0.09 9.1

Inter-municipal

system north0.11 2.1

Inter-municipal

system south0.14 3.1

Door-to-DoorAngra do

Heroísmo0.09 1.5

HoReCa 0.09 1.6



Table 3. Vehicle fuel consumption and average WCO collected

13

Inputs (Jungbluth et al., 2007)

Value Units

WCO 1.008 kg

Methanol 0.027 kg

Sulfuric Acid 0.002 kg

Glycerin 0.106 kg

Natural gas 0.773 MJ

Electricity (Mix PT 2010) 0.051 kWh

Product

WCO treated 1 kg

* Filter, Water removal, Acid esterificationOil Purification



Model and Inventory : Pre treatment and transesterification

Inputs(Castanheira & Freire, 2012)

Value Units

Oil 0.998 kg

Methanol 0.105 kg

Chloridric Acid 0.010 kg

Sodium Hidroxide 0.001 kg

Sodium methoxide 0.005 kg

Natural gas 0.560 MJ

Fuel oil 0.197 MJ

Electricity (Mix PT 2010) 0.036 kWh

Raw material

transportation – land0.023 tkm

Raw material

transportation – sea0.008 tkm

Products Values Units

Biodiesel 1 kg

Glycerin 0.119 kg

Table 4. Inventory for WCO pre treatment* Table 5. Inventory for transterification


Allocation methods


MethodAllocation factors

Biodiesel Glycerin

No allocation (NA)1 0

Mass allocation

(MA)0.89 0.11

Energy allocation

(EnA)0.95 0.05

Economic

allocation (EcA)0.99 0.01

Mass Allocation based on the mass flows: 0.11 kg of glycerin per kg of biodiesel produced

Energy Allocation based on the lower heating value content of biodiesel and glycerin

Economic Allocation based on actual market prices

Table 6. Allocation factors applied in biodiesel from WCO production

15

RESULTS LCIA no-allocation



CLIMATE CHANGE TERRESTRIAL ACIDIFICATION

FRESHWATER EUTROPHICATION MARINE EUTROPHICATION

WCO Collection Pre treatment Transesterfication

5 %

50 %

90 %

16

LCIA – allocation methods



CLIMATE CHANGE

Allocation Method NA MA EnA EcA

NA - 11% 5% 1%

MA -11% - -6% -11%

EnA -5% 6% - -4%

EcA -1% 11% 4% -

- 11 % - 5 % - 1 %

Table 7. Variation (%) in the results by applying different allocation methods.

17

COMPARISON WITH RED GHG EMISSION VALUES



0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

Coimbra IntermunicipalSystem - North

IntermunicipalSystem - South

Angra do Heroísmo CoimbraRestaurants

Street Containers Door-to-Door HoReCa

Clim

ate

ch

ange

(g C

O2

eq

/MJ

Bio

die

sel)

Default GHG emissions savings defined in RED:88%

Typical GHG emissions savings defined in RED:83%

The GHG emission saving for biodiesel from WCO collected in

Portugal ranged between 81% (Households - Door-to-Door) and 89%(Households - Street containers, Intermunicipal system north).

EB =total emissions from the biofuel or bioliquid;

EF = total emissions from the fossil fuel comparator (83.8 gCO2eq/MJ)𝐺𝐻𝐺 𝑆𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 =

(𝐸𝐹 − 𝐸𝐵)

𝐸𝐹


CONCLUSIONS

• The “door-to door” system presented the higher impacts for CC.

• The intermunicipal system north presented the lower impacts for CC but the

higher impacts for TA and ME due the use of biodiesel to preform the collection.

• The system implemented in Coimbra presented the lower impacts for TA and

ME.

• Depending on the impact category and the collection system, the contribution

of the collection stage to the overall impacts can range significantly.

• For CC the contribution can be less than 5 % (intermunicipal system north) or

represent about 50% (“door-to-door” system).

• For MA, the collection stage can reach 90 % (intermunicipal system north) of

contribution to the overall impacts.

• The difference in the results by applying different allocation methods ranges

from 1% to 11 % (absolute value).

• The GHG emission saving for biodiesel from WCO collected in Portugal ranged

from 81% to 89%.

The authors would like to thank to Fundação para a Ciência e a

Tecnologia (FCT) de Portugal for support under the projects:

• Capturing Uncertainty in Biofuels for Transportation. Resolving Environmental Performanceand Enabling Improved Use. MIT/SET/0014/2009;

• Extended “well-to-wheels” assessment of biodiesel for heavy transport vehicles” (BioHeavy).PTDC/SEN-TRA/117251/2010;

• Sustainable mobility: Perspectives for the future of biofuel production. PTDC/EMS-ENE/1839/2012.

Carla Caldeira acknowledge financial support from FCT, through grants

SFR/BD/60328/2009 and SFRH/BD/51952/2012, respectively.

This work has been framed under the Energy for Sustainability initiative of

the University of Coimbra and supported by the R&D project EMSURE

(CENTRO-07-0224-FEDER-002004)


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Carla [email protected]

INESC Coimbra |ADAI-LAETA, Centre for Industrial Ecology

University of Coimbra, Portugal

http://www2.dem.uc.pt/CenterIndustrialEcology

Thank you!

SYMBIOSIS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE| 19 – 21 June, Athens

mailto:[email protected]

http://www2.dem.uc.pt/CenterIndustrialEcology

21

Renewable Energy Directice (RED)

EU DIRECTIVE n.º 2009/28/CE

on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources

• Mandatory 10 % target for transport

• Sustainability criteria for biofuels

GHG emissions reduction 35% (until 2016), 50% (2017) and 60% (2018)

Land use and biodiversity

LEGAL FRAMEWORK


INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

22

According the OECD-FAO outlook 2011-2020, the biodiesel use in the

European Union (EU) will increase by almost 85% over the projection

period and 75% of the global production is expected to come from

vegetable oil



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LCIA – allocation methods



CLIMATE CHANGE TERRESTRIAL ACIDIFICATION

FRESHWATER EUTROPHICATION MARINE EUTROPHICATION

Allocation Method NA MA EnA EcA

NA - 11% 5% 1%

MA -11% - -6% -11%

EnA -5% 6% - -4%

EcA -1% 11% 4% -

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