Convergence: nth-Term Test, Comparing Non-negative Series, Ratio Test
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Transcript of Convergence: nth-Term Test, Comparing Non-negative Series, Ratio Test
Convergence: nth-Term Test, Comparing Non-negative Series,
Ratio Test
Power Series and ConvergenceWe have written statements like:
But we have not talked in depth about what values of make the identity true.
Example: Investigate whether or not makes the sentence above true? ?
:
:
ln (1+.5 )=.5β .52
2+.53
3ββ¦+ (β1 )πβ1 .5
π
π +β¦
ln (1+100 )=100β 1002
2+1003
3ββ¦+(β1 )πβ1 100
π
π +β¦
Appears to Converge.
Appears to Diverge.
We need better ways to determine the values of that make the series converge.
When is a Taylor Series a Good Approximation?
Consider the Maclaurin Series for :
Investigate the partial sums of the series and compare the results to on a graph.
Window: and
Consider the Maclaurin Series for :
Investigate the partial sums of the series and compare the results to on a graph.
Window: and
When is a Taylor Series a Good Approximation?
Consider the Maclaurin Series for :
Investigate the partial sums of the series and compare the results to on a graph.
Window: and
When is a Taylor Series a Good Approximation?
Consider the Maclaurin Series for :
Investigate the partial sums of the series and compare the results to on a graph.
Window: and
When is a Taylor Series a Good Approximation?
Consider the Maclaurin Series for :
Investigate the partial sums of the series and compare the results to on a graph.
Window: and
When is a Taylor Series a Good Approximation?
Consider the Maclaurin Series for :
Investigate the partial sums of the series and compare the results to on a graph.
Window: and
When is a Taylor Series a Good Approximation?
Consider the Maclaurin Series for :
Window: and
On , , , , , ,β¦ converges to . The polynomial series is a good approximation of on .
When is a Taylor Series a Good Approximation?
When is a Taylor Series a Good Approximation?
Consider the Maclaurin Series for :
Investigate the partial sums of the series and compare the results to on a graph.
Window: and
When is a Taylor Series a Good Approximation?
Consider the Maclaurin Series for :
Investigate the partial sums of the series and compare the results to on a graph.
Window: and
When is a Taylor Series a Good Approximation?
Consider the Maclaurin Series for :
Investigate the partial sums of the series and compare the results to on a graph.
Window: and
When is a Taylor Series a Good Approximation?
Consider the Maclaurin Series for :
Investigate the partial sums of the series and compare the results to on a graph.
Window: and
When is a Taylor Series a Good Approximation?
Consider the Maclaurin Series for :
Investigate the partial sums of the series and compare the results to on a graph.
Window: and
When is a Taylor Series a Good Approximation?
Consider the Maclaurin Series for :
Investigate the partial sums of the series and compare the results to on a graph.
Window: and
When is a Taylor Series a Good Approximation?
Consider the Maclaurin Series for :
Window: and
On , , , , , ,β¦ converges to . The polynomial series is a good approximation of on.
Proving Sine ConvergesProve the Maclaurin series converges to for all real .
Inve
stig
ate
the
erro
r fun
ctio
n: π π (π₯ )=π (π+1 ) (π ) (π₯β0 )π+1
(π+1 )!
|π π (π₯ )|=|π (π+1 ) (π ) (π₯β0 )π+1
(π+1 )! |ΒΏ|π (π+1 ) (π )π₯π+1|
(π+1 )!
β€|1β π₯π+1|(π+1 )!
β€ |π₯|π+1
(π+1 )!
Investigate the limit of the last statement
limπββ
|π₯|π+1
(π+1 ) !ΒΏ0
This means that for all .
Therefore the Maclaurin series converges for all .
When is a Taylor Series a Good Approximation?
Consider the Maclaurin Series for :
Investigate the partial sums of the series and compare the results to on a graph.
Window: and
When is a Taylor Series a Good Approximation?
Consider the Maclaurin Series for :
Investigate the partial sums of the series and compare the results to on a graph.
Window: and
When is a Taylor Series a Good Approximation?
Consider the Maclaurin Series for :
Investigate the partial sums of the series and compare the results to on a graph.
Window: and
When is a Taylor Series a Good Approximation?
Consider the Maclaurin Series for :
Investigate the partial sums of the series and compare the results to on a graph.
Window: and
When is a Taylor Series a Good Approximation?
Consider the Maclaurin Series for :
Investigate the partial sums of the series and compare the results to on a graph.
Window: and
When is a Taylor Series a Good Approximation?
Consider the Maclaurin Series for :
Investigate the partial sums of the series and compare the results to on a graph.
Window: and
When is a Taylor Series a Good Approximation?
Consider the Maclaurin Series for :
Window: and
On , , , , , ,β¦ converges to . The series is a good approximation of on .
The Convergence Theorem for Power Series
There are three possibilities for with respect to convergence:
1. There is a positive number such that the series diverges for but converges for . The series may or may not converge at either of the endpoints and .
2. The series converges for every ().3. The series converges at and diverges elsewhere
().
Radius of Convergence
The set of all values of for which the series converges is the interval of convergence.
The n-th Term TestIf , then the infinite series diverges.
OR
If the infinite series converges, then .
The converse of this statement is NOT true.If , the infinite series does not necessarily converge.
When determining if a
series converges, always use this
test first!
ExamplesUse the n-th Term Test to investigate the convergence of the series.
1.
2.
limπββ
ππ+ππ ΒΏπ Since the limit is not 0,
the series must diverge.
limπββ
ππππΒΏπ
Since the limit is 0, the n-th Term Test is
inconclusive.
Just because the n-th term goes to zero does not mean the series necessarily converges. We need more tests to
determine if a series converges.
The Finney Procedure for Determining Convergence
nth-Term TestIs ?
No The series diverges.
Yes or Maybe
?
Convergent Geometric Series
The geometric series converges if and only if . If the series converges, its sum is .
Example: Determine if converges.Where a is the first term and r
is the constant ratio.
This is a geometric series with .
Since , the series converges.
This explanation would warrant full credit on the AP Test. Statements like βI know this is a __ series with __, so it diverges/convergesβ are acceptable.
The Finney Procedure for Determining Convergence
nth-Term TestIs ?
No The series diverges.
Yes or Maybe
Geometric Series TestIs ?
Yes
Converges to if .
Diverges if .
No
?
ExampleInvestigate the series to see if it diverges.
βπ=0
β (π !)2
(2π )!=1+1
2+ 16+ 120
+ 170
+ 1252
+β¦
Using partial sums, it appears the series converges:
Similar to a Geometric Series, we can investigate the ratio between terms.
Notice the series is NOT geometric.
1
0
1 2 0.5;1
aa
2
1
1 6 0.33;1 2
aa
3
2
1 20 0.3;1 6
aa
4
3
1 70 0.29;1 20
aa
5
4
1 252 0.281 70
aa
Similar to a converging Geometric Series, the limit of the βcommonβ ratio appears to be less than 1. According to the next theorem. This means the series converges.
The Ratio TestSuppose the limit either exists or is infinite. Then:1. If , the series converges.
2. If , the series diverges.
3. If , the test is inconclusive.
Each successive terms are getting smaller.
Each successive terms are getting larger.
This is the βcousinβ test to determining if a Convergent Geometric Series test. It is identical except: (1) If the βcommonβ ratio is 1, then test fails. (2)
The test does not determine the value the series converges to.
Example 1Investigate the series to see if it diverges.
Similar to a Geometric Series, we can investigate the ratio between terms.
1lim n
nn
aa
2
2
1 !2 1 !
!2 !
limnn
nnn
2
2
1 ! 2 !
! 2 2 !lim n n
n nn
212 2 2 1lim nn nn
2
22 1
4 6 2lim n n
n nn
14
Similar to a converging Geometric Series, this βcommonβ ratio is less than 1. According to the Ratio Test, this means the series converges.
Example 2In #3 on Taylor Series Challenges we worked with the series . Find the radius of convergence.
2 1
2 1
22
1 23 2 1
lim 1 23 2
n
n
n nn
xn
xn
1lim n
nn
aa
2 22
22 2
3 2 2lim
3 2 1 2
nn
nnn
n x
n x
2
2
2lim
3 1n
n xn
2
2
2lim
1 3n
xnn
22
19
x
229 1x
22 9x 2 3x
The interval of convergence is
centered at 2 with a radius
convergence of 3.
Notice: Unlike the last example, this series
depends on a value of x.
The limit depends on n. Separate the nβs.
If the series converges, the
ratio is less than 1.
Example 3Find the radius of convergence for the Maclaurin series for .
2 1
2
1 !lim
!
n
nn
xnxn
1lim n
nn
aa
The series has an infinite radius.
ππ₯=1+π₯+ π₯2
2 !+ π₯
3
3 !+β¦+ π₯
π
π !+β¦=βπ=0
β π₯ππ!
ππ₯2=1+π₯2+ π₯4
2 !+ π₯
6
3 !+β¦+ π₯
2π
π! +β¦=βπ=0
β π₯2ππ !
2 2
2
!lim1 !
n
nn
x nn x
2
lim1n
xn
0
We know:
Thus:
Investigate the ratio:
Example 4Find the radius of convergence for the series .
1 1 1
1
1
15lim15
n n
n
n nn
n
x
x
1lim n
nn
aa
1
11
5 1lim
5 1
nn n
nn nn
x
x
1
1
5lim5
n n
n nn
xx
lim
5n
x
Investigate the ratio:
5x
5 1x
5x
The interval of convergence is centered at 0 with a radius
convergence of 5.
If the series converges, the ratio is less than 1.
Since the ratio tests uses an absolute value, the powers on -1 do not
affect the limit.
White Board ChallengeUse the Ratio Test to determine the radius of convergence for .
1lim n
nn
aa
1 111
limnnnnn
xx
21lim n n
n nn
21lim n
nn
1
The Ratio Test is inconclusive because the limit is 1. We need to use other tests to
determine if the series converges.
The Direct Comparison TestSuppose for all .
β’ If converges, then converges.β’ If diverges, then diverges.
Example: Prove converges for all real .
For all is the Taylor Series for .
Since converges for all real , converges for all real by the Direct Comparison Test.
Both series must have only positive terms.
What about Negative Terms?Does the Direct Comparison Test fail if there are negative terms? Consider the series if :
Using partial sums, it appears the series converges:
But we donβt have a test to prove the series converges.Similar to the Ratio Test, what happens when we look at the absolute value of each term:
Using partial sums, this series ALSO appears to converges:
Since the new series is less than the original, if we can prove the new series converges, then the original series must converge.
Absolute Convergence Test
If converges, then converges.
Example: Prove converges for all .Unlike the Comparison Test, this test does not require the terms to be positive.
Notice: converges by the Ratio Test:
Since converges for all real by the Direct Comparison Test, converges for all real by the Absolute Convergence Test.
Investigate 11 !
lim 1!
n
n
n
!lim1 !n
nn
1lim1n n
01lim n
nn
aa
Definition of Absolute Convergence
If converges, then converges absolutely.
Example: The Alternating Harmonic Series converges but it does not converge absolutely:
This is the divergent Harmonic Series.
Note about Absolute Convergence
If converges, then converges absolutely.
The Ratio Test uses an absolute value: . Thus, every test that converges by the Ratio Test also converges absolutely:
converges absolutely because converges by by the ratio test
The Ratio Test is incredibly strong