Control Cultural, Biológico y Químico de Enfermedades de ...€¦ · Disease Management through...
Transcript of Control Cultural, Biológico y Químico de Enfermedades de ...€¦ · Disease Management through...
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Control Cultural, Biológico y Químico de Enfermedades
de Céspedes:
Investigaciones mas Recientes
ALFREDO MARTINEZ ESPINOZA
DEPARTAMENTO DE FITOPATOLOGIA
UNIVERSIDAD DE GEORGIA
HSC OrganicsRyan Bymaster
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Patogeno
Hospedero
Factores ambientales
ENFERMEDAD
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ENFERMEDAD
VS
PROBLEMAS CAUSADO POR CONDICIONES EXTREMAS
DE HUMEDAD, TEMPERATURA
PROBLEMAS DE CULTIVO
FITOTOXICIDAD
DEFICIENCIAS
DAŇO MECANICO
ENFERMEDAD
NO UNIFORME
PROGRESIVA
ESPECIFICA
FACTOR ABIOTICO
APARICION REPENTINA
UNIFORME
MAS DE UN HOSPEDERO
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CONTROL DE ENFERMEDADES
Plaguicidas
Productos/ Control
Biológicos
Hospedero/ Manejo de Especies
Especies adecuadas, tolerantes a enfermedades
Aspectos culturales y ambientales
Prevención, Sanidad, Cultivo, Fertilidad, Humedad
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CONTROL DE ENFERMEDADES DE CESPEDES:
IMPLEMENTACION DE PRACTICAS SUSTENTABLES
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• Sanidad de Plantas (Plant Health) y Cuidado en la sanidad de plantas Plant
Health Care) (PHC) – Un Sistema comprensivo y complete para preservar la
vitalidad, la integridad, estuctura y aparicencia de la planta con
expectativas nuevas y reasonables
• Evaluacion y preparacion del sitio
• Seleccion, establecimiento y cultivo
• Gestion integral de plantas
• Manejo. (gestion) integrada de Plagas (enfermedades) (MIP/MIE) –
Integracion de tacticas culturales, biologicas y quimicas
Re-Adaptacion al Manejo de Enfermedades
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• Establecimiento de pasos preventivos es vital para una manejo efectivo
• Establecimiento de periodos de riesgo de la enfermedad
• Tratar la causa en lugar de los sintomas
• No solamente considerar las areas afectadas sino Tambien observar y
gestionar las areas adyacentes
• Desarrollar conocimiento de lo que esta pasando en greens, calles y roughs
especificos
Re-Adaptacion al Manejo de Enfermedades=
Implementacion de las Practicas de Gestion Optimas (Best
Management Practices BMP’s)
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• Es efectivo= Ejemplos en la área de Atlanta
• No requiere mas tiempo. Balancear y re-localizar trabajo. “Work smarter not harder”
• No cuesta mas. Substitución en lugar de adición. Fungicidas + Practicas culturales o uso
de biofungicidas
• No requiere un entrenamiento exhaustivo
• Todo el personal debe comprometerse
• Basado en análisis de riesgo, mantener la calidad y/o establecer umbrales adaptables
• Focaliza en Prevención
Debemos Considerar que el Manejo Integrado de Enfermedades
Re-Adaptacion al Manejo de Enfermedades=
Implementacion de las Practicas Optimas de Gestion (Best
Management Practices BMP’s)
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Periodos Susceptibles y Patrones Climaticos
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Investigaciones Recientes en el Control Quimico de Enfermedades
Control
Quimico
Resistencia
Genetica
Manipulacion
ambiental
Nutricion de la
Planta
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Control Quimico Contra Mancha Dollar
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DOLLAR SPOT (Clarireedia
Sclerotinia homoeocarpa)
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•Symptoms on seashore paspalum.
Increased fitness/aggressiveness?
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•Infection requirements
50oF – 80oF (Anytime on bermudagrass /more common on Early Spring Late Fall)
>10 hrs leaf wetness/day
Dry Soils
Low Nitrogen/Potassium (fertility) promotes growth of the fungus
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EFFICACY OF FUNGICIDES FOR DOLLAR SPOT (Sclerotinia
homoeocarpa) IN SEASHORE PASPALUM (Paspalum vaginatum)
PASPALUM INCREASING IN POPULARITY
NOT MANY OPTIONS FOR DOLLAR SPOT CONTROL
EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT PRODUCTS FOR DS CONTROL
SOME COMMON FUNGICIDES FOR DS USED IN AGROSTIS DID NOT
PERFORM AS WELL
Xzemplar= fluxapyroxad; Lexicon= fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin
Emerald- boscalid
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EFFICACY OF FUNGICIDES FOR DOLLAR SPOT (Sclerotinia
homoeocarpa) IN SEASHORE PASPALUM (Paspalum vaginatum)
SEAISLE 1 FAIRWAY HEIGHT 2016
GRIFFIN GA
Posterity pydiflumetofen SDHI Dollar spot, SDS, FR SYNGENTA
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Fungicide Resistant Dollar Spot
We detected populations of
Sclerotinia homoeocarpa resistant to
DMI and benzimidazole fungicides in GA.
Populations resistant to dicarboximide fungicides
have been found in a few states.
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Large Patch
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TURFGRASS DISEASE DYNAMICS
UGA Plant Disease Clinic Turfgrass Sample–Commercial 2017 LARGE PATCH (RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI) EN ZOYSIAGRASS (ZOYSIA JAPONICA)
Jan Feb AprMar May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Jan Fe
b
AprMar May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
• NEW (AND USED) FUNGICIDE CHEMISTRIES; FUNGICIDE TIMING, RATES
• POST-EPIDEMIC (CURATIVE –SPRING) MANAGEMENT USING FERTILITY AND FUNGICIDES
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EVALUACION DE FUNGICIDAS EN MANCHA LARGA (RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI) DE ZOYSIA (ZOYSIA JAPONICA)
Mirage= tebuconazole
Xzemplar= fluxapyroxad)
Lexicon= fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin
Trinity= triticonazole
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Fungicidas contra Mancha Parda (Rhizoctonia solani) y Calidad
en el cesped zoysia (Zoysia japonica)
Experimentos de campo evaluados en 2015, 2016, 2017 y 2018
Fungicidas ahora disponibles contra Mancha Parda
Mirage= tebuconazole
Xzemplar= fluxapyroxad
Lexicon= fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin
Velista= penthiopyroxad
CONTROL POST-EPIDEMICO (CURATIVO –PRIMAVERA) USANDO FERTILIDAD Y FUNGICIDAS
Two Nitrogen sources
Three Fungicide Chemical Groups (Strobilurin; DMI; Benzimidazol)
Alone or in combination
Timely fertility in combination with fungicide can speed recovery up
to 5 weeks compared to fungicide alone or fertilizer alone
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Torque = Tebuconazol
Spectro=tiofanato metilico + clorotalonil
Heritage= azoxistrobina
Anuew=Prehexadione calcium (growth
regulator)
Martinez et al, 2014
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Bipolaris cynodontis; B. sorokiniana, B specifera; Exserohilum
•Observed in bermudagrass but also in cool season grasses especially over-
seeding. Observed consistently (most active) in the fall before dormancy and
during spring at green-up.
Improved Management for
Bipolaris Leaf Spot and Crown Rot (Bipolaris Leaf Blotch-Melting out)
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26GT Xtra= Iprodione
Exteris= fluopyram + trifloxystrobin
Lexicon= fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin
Mirage= tebuconazole
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Brote de Bipolaris and Pythium en Bermudagrass greens
Finales de Octubre / November 2018, fresco, lluvioso, nublado
Solo o juntos
Pythium en temperaturas frias es raro pero puede pasar
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•Early vigilance, diagnosis and fertility are key for management. Avoiding
excessive growth will help to reduce the disease
•Phosphorous and potassium regimes, avoiding N spikes.
•Water management and proper irrigation regimes
•Use lightweight mowing equipment to avoid stress on turf
•Readily produces spores, therefore mowing, traffic etc can spread the disease
•Thatch management
Fungicides for bermudagrass leaf spot suppression and turf quality
Similar trials evaluated in 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018
Evaluated and now labeled fungicides for Bipolaris leaf spot
26GT Xtra= Iprodione
Exteris= fluopyram + trifloxystrobin
Lexicon= fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin
Xzemplar= fluxapyroxad
Velista= penthiopyroxad
Heritage Action= azoxystrobin + acibenzolar
Daconil action (chlorothalonil + acibenzolar) +Appear (phosphonate)
Inoculation improvement
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Improved control strategies for warm and cool season grasses
COMMERCIAL NAME COMMON NAME CHEMICAL GROUP/TARGET
TARGET PATHOGEN COMPANY
Mirage tebuconazole DMI Rhizoctonia, DS, SDS BAYER
Exteris fluopyram + trifloxystrobin SDHI + Strobilurin Bipolaris BAYER
Xzemplar fluoxapyroxad SDHI Sclerotinia, others BASF
Lexicon fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin SDHI+ Strobilurin Rhizoctonia, DS, SDS, BASF
Velista penthiopyroxad SDHI Rhizoctonia, SDS SYNGENTA
Posterity pydiflumetofen SDHI Dollar spot, SDS, FR SYNGENTA
Kabuto isofetamid SDHI DS, SDS PBI GORDON
Tekken isofetamid + tebuconazole SDHI + DMI DS, SDS PBI GORDON
Divanem Abamectin Nematicide /GABA NEMATODES SYNGENTA
Indemnify fluopyram SDHI NEMATODES BAYER
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Common name
Active Ingredient Type of A. I. Rate Fungi Areas Company
Maxtima Mefentrifluconazole DMI (DemethylInhibitor)
0.4-0.8 fl oz 1000 sq ft
Wide Rangeof Fungi(we tested it on Dollar spot Spring dead spot)
Golf, commercial and Industrial, sod farms, Cemeteries
BASF
NaviconIntrinsic
Mefentrifluconazole+ Pyraclostrobin
DMI (DemethylInhibitor + Strobirulin
0.34-047 oz 1000 sq ft
Wide Rangeof Fungi
Golf, commercial and Industrial, sod farms, Cemeteries
BASF
Latest Developments on Turfgrass Fungicides 2019
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Control Quimico
Resistencia Genetica
Manipulacion ambiental
Nutricion de la Planta
Triangulo de Control de Enfermedades
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Resistencia Genetica
Algunas especies o variedades de cespedes son
mas resistentes que
otras a ciertas enfermedades
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NTEP evaluation of Zoysia spp for developed for greens
Resistant and Susceptible
to Bipolaris leaf spot (Photo Alfredo Martinez 8/01/19)
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Control de Mancha Dolar Especies y Variedades Resistentes
Bermuda Informacion es limitada en cuanto a las diferencias
En susceptibilidad a mancha dolar
Paspalum Las variedades Durban y SeaIsle 1son menos
Susceptibles que otras variedades como Supreme
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• Characterize available seashore paspalum germplasm for its resistance to dollar spot
– USDA collection
– Commercial cultivars
– UGA experimental lines
• Discover genotypes with better resistance for use in breeding program
Evaluation of Seashore Paspalum
Germplasm for Resistance to Dollar Spot
Disease
• Characterize available seashore paspalum germplasm for its resistance to dollar spot
– USDA collection
– Commercial cultivars
– UGA experimental lines
• Discover genotypes with better resistance for use in breeding program
Evaluation of Seashore Paspalum Germplasm
for Resistance to Dollar Spot Disease
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Evaluaciones de Campo
Assess
Visual
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Resultados de la Evaluacion de Germplasma de Paspalum contra
Mancha Dolar
• Niguna linea evaluada presenta una resistencia completa
• Accesiones fluctuoaron desde moderadamente resistentes a muy susceptibles
• No se observo clases concluyentes de resistencia
• Es probable que caracteristica de eresistencia sea controlada por varios genes
(poligenica/cuantitativa)
• Algunas accesiones en nuestra coleccion son promisorias para ser usadas en cruzas
con el germoplasma elite (que tienen excelente caracteristicas agronomicas)
Advanced elite seashore paspalum line (on right) showing S.
homoeocarpa tolerance when compared to susceptible check (left).
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Control Quimico Resistencia Genetica
Manipulacion ambiental
Nutricion de la Planta
Triangulo de Control de Enfermedades
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• FERTILIZACION
– Basada en requerimientos nutricionales
– Imbalances incrementan susceptibilidad
a ciertas enfermedades
– Mancha dólar; Deficiencia en Nitrógeno
y Potasio
– Bipolaris en céspedes de clima cálido-
deficiencia en Potasio
– Antracnosis= Baja fertilidad, estrés
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Disease Management through Manipulation
of Host Nutrition
Enhancement of Disease by Nitrogen
1. Nitrogen enhances some foliar diseases(eg. gray leaf spot, Fusarium patch) by
promoting the rapid production of
young leaf tissue that is less resistant to
fungal enzymes and toxins than older tissue.
2. Nitrogen enhances root diseases by inhibiting
root production in cool-season grasses, or by
stressing roots through the production of excessive
foliage in cool- and warm-season grasses.
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Disease Management through Manipulation
of Host Nutrition
POTASSIUM (K)
1. Some research suggests that K suppresses a few diseases (eg. snow molds) but results are not
extensive.
2. K is considered an element that will increase turfgrass tolerance to stress (heat, drought, disease,
etc.). However, K should only be applied according to soil test results. High applications of K
may result in salt injury to turf.
Phosphorus (P)
There is no direct information indicating that P
suppresses disease symptoms. However, P
may enhance tolerance to root diseases
through its positive effects on root growth in
young plants.
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Disease Management through Manipulation
of Host Nutrition
Minor Elements
There is very little information on the effects
of minor elements on turf disease.
Some evidence suggests that Mn and Zn are
suppressive to Take-All Patch and Take-All
Root Rot.
(Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo, B, Cl)
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Control Quimico Resistencia Genetica
Manipulacion ambiental
Nutricion de la Planta
Triangulo de Control de Enfermedades
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Disease Management through Environmental
Manipulation
Examples
1. Reduction in the duration of leaf wetness will reduce severity of most foliar
diseases of turfgrasses. This can be accomplished by:
A. Reducing shade – eg. removing or trimming
trees and shrubs.
B. Increasing air circulation – eg. using fans to
dry turf.
C. Avoiding irrigation in late afternoon and early
evening – This will allow turf leaves to dry
before nightfall.
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• Reducción de estrés: Rocío
– Humedad relativa alta
– Evaporación lenta
– Gutacion
– Favorecen el desarrollo, penetración y
esporulación de enfermedades fúngicas
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Rolling and dollar spot control
Rolling using lightweight equipment
reduced incidence of dollar spot
on Agrostis greens
Rolling 3x weekControl NO Rolling
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One of the best SBD, Pythium, Anthracnose
Controls
Very informal, highly
unscientific survey
32 out of 33 samples
did not have fan on the
problematic green
Fan= No problema
Martinez and company
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• Reducción de estrés: Irrigación
– Exceso o deficiencia
– Exceso: incrementa el potencial de
enfermedades radiculares, capa negra,
acumulación de sulfitos, reducción de
oxigeno. Alta humedad en el follaje-
enfermedades foliares. Humedad
excesiva produce esporulación
fúngica. Lixiviación de nutrientes
– Deficiencia: debilita césped, perdida
de turgencia, reduce fotosíntesis,
desecación, disminuye la actividad de
fungicidas
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• Corte
– Altura de corte; este es uno de los
aspectos mas importantes en la
promocion de salud de las plantas
– Frecuencia de corte. Determinar la
cantidad minima de cortes para
proveer un buen juego y calidad
visual
– En Georgia, no cortamos menos de
3.3 mm y no segamos doble. Roll si
necesitas mas firmeza
– Solo cortamos a menos de 3 mm en
dias de torneo
– Usamos Trinexapac-ethyl (Primo) de
0.1-0.2 oz por 1000 sq ft (322-538 gr
ha) cada dos semanas.
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• SUELO
– Propiedades tanto fisicas como Quimicas
– Tipo de suelo: Sand-based, push-up greens
(drenaje, compactación, retención de nutrientes
etc)
– Compactación;
– Salinidad
– Thatch
– PH. Decline radicular, spring dead spot/otras
enfermedades incrementan con pH mayores de
6.4
– Niveles de nutrientes
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Disease Management through Environmental
Manipulation
Examples
Increasing soil pH with lime or decreasing
pH with ammonium sulfate may suppress
certain diseases of turfgrasses. For example,
the acidifying effect of ammonium sulfate
suppresses the growth of the fungi that cause
take-all patch of bentgrass and spring dead
spot of bermudagrass.
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Disease Management BMP
Through Environmental Manipulation
Reducing soil compaction and thatch will
limit the severity of virtually every turfgrass
disease.
“Soil compaction and thatch are the
‘cholesterol and fat’ of turfgrass health”
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• Perfil del patógeno
– Enfermedad
– Síntomas
– Condiciones favorables
– Biología
– Monitoreo
– Practicas de cultivo
– Opciones de control biológico
– Control Químico
• Preventivo
• Curativo
• Selección de fungicida correcto
Mancha dolar
Re-Adaptacion al Manejo de Enfermedades
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• Monitoreo
– Detección de síntomas de la
enfermedad
– Detección de señas el patógeno
– Identificación del agente causal
– Conocimiento del ciclo de vida
– Condiciones ambientales al momento
del daño
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• Umbrales
– Enfermedades raramente se pueden eliminar completamente
– Establecimiento de umbrales en diferentes secciones del área (green vs
calle). Prioridades de monitoreo
– Ejemplo: Campo golf Atlanta, personal con actividades especificas,
Reportar por síntomas parecidos a Pythium o “wilt watcher”. Reducción
de 3-4 aplicaciones fungicidas en verano
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Re-Adaptacion al Manejo de Enfermedades e Incremento en la
Sanidad de la Planta Utilizando un Enfoque Integral
Mark Hoban-Rivermont Golf Club en Atlanta GA
Uso de las Mejores Practicas de Control-Best Management Practices, (reduciendo areas, costos,
holistico)
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Control Dirigido
Control de Malezas, ”spot treat” para
enfermedades
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1 day of
winter cart
traffic
Reducir estress en la planta
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4/9/173/2/2017
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Anticipar condiciones vunerables de temperatura y precipitacion
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Reducir areas de manejo utilizando plantas nativas roughs, bunkers,
calles
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Sombreado; cortar selectivamente arboles y reemplazar con arbustos
o u otros zacates
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Creacion de Puntos Focales Beneficiando a Miembros y Reduciendo
Areas que Requieran Cuidado
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BIOCONTROL, BIOPRODUCTS,
BIOFUNGICIDES IN DISEASE MANAGEMENT
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• BIOCONTROL
– Existen opciones de biocontrol?
– Evidencia de biocontrol;
Naturaleza esporádica de la
enfermedad,
– Decline natural de algunas
enfermedades tiempo después
de los brotes severos de la
enfermedad
– Take all, bermudagrass decline,
necrotic ring spot)
– Necrotic ring spot control
usando “syringing” en el
mediodía
• Reducción de estrés, incrementar
actividad microbiana
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PRODUCT ACTIVE INGREDIENT TYPE
ECOGUARD Bacillus licheniformis Biological control agent
RHAPSODY Bacillus subtilis qst 711 Biological control agent
ARMORTECH SONNET Bacillus subtilis qst 711 Biological control agent
Companion Bacillus subtilis GB3 Biological control agent
Double Nickel LC Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Biological control agent
Actinovate Steptomyces lydicus WYEC Biological control agent
BIOFUNGICIDAS COMERCIALES EN LOS EEUU
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PRODUCT ACTIVE INGREDIENT TYPE
Biojet spot-lesst Pseudomonas aureofaciens TX-1 strain biological control agent
Turfshield Trichoderma harzianum biological control agent
Endorse Polyoxin D cell wall inhibitor
Civitas Mineral oil derivative host defense activator
Regalia Reynoutria sachalinensis plant extract
SC27 Turf and shrub 12 Streptomyces sp +B. subtilis + 2
Endomycorrhizal
Plant Health Activator, Soil
Inoculant
BIOFUNGICIDAS COMERCIALES EN LOS EEUU
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Ejemplos del Uso de Productos Biologicos para
Incrementar La Sanidad de la Planta y como
Biofungicidas
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Uso de Mezcla de Arena con Potassium Humate como Recebo
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Actividad Microbiana
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Control de Brown Patch tall
fescue
Control biologico
Martinez et al, 2008-2011; Rhapsody; Bacillus subtillis QST 71342 % reduction from NTC
34.3 % reduction
from Heritage 1 fl oz
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3
4
5
6
7
8
Con
trol
Rub
igan 2
oz
Rub
igan 4
oz
Cle
arys
3336 1
oz
Cle
arys
3336 2
oz
Banner M
axx
Banner M
axx 4
oz
Her
itage
0.2 o
z
Her
itage
0.4 o
z
Bayleto
n 2 o
z
Peat M
oss T
opdre
ss
MnSo4
Treatments
Dis
ea
se
Inc
ide
nc
e Control
Rubigan 2 oz
Rubigan 4 oz
Clearys 3336 1 oz
Clearys 3336 2 oz
Banner Maxx
Banner Maxx 4 oz
Heritage 0.2 oz
Heritage 0.4 oz
Bayleton 2 oz
Peat Moss Topdress
MnSo4
Evaluación de Fungicidas y Biológicos en el Control de TARR en
Céspedes San Agustín
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Control 2 meses despues Rubigan 2 meses despues
Heritage 2 meses despues MnSO4 2 meses despues
Heritage 10 meses despues MnSO4 10 meses despues
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Companion Bacillus subtilis GB3 Biological control
agent
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SC27 Turf and shrub 12 Streptomyces sp +B. subtilis +
2 Endomycorrhizal
Plant Health Activator, Soil
Inoculant
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Abamectin (Divanem), fluopyram (Indemnify) and fluensulfone (Nimitz Pro G) were tested on a
ultradwarf bermudagrass putting green using different rates, timings of application, product combination
and cultural practices to enhance efficacy (2015, 2016, 2017).
PPN numbers in the soil were drastically reduced using these three active ingredients. Turfgrass quality
and root vigor greatly improved as well.
Fluopyram provided statistically significant better nematode control than the non-treated control and
was especially efficacious in a root knot nematode-infested putting green, and delivered outstanding turf
quality for over six months.
Results from this research facilitated the registration and labeling of two new nematicides “Divanem” and “Indemnify” and
provided Georgia turfgrass managers with PPN control strategies that are consistent, promote long-term control, reduce
applications, and improve turfgrass health and quality
Improved Control Against Turfgrass-Parasitic Nematodes in Georgia