Contrastive Grammar 4

8/13/2019 Contrastive Grammar 4

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Contrastive

grammar 4


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THE VERB. 1.General characteristics

Grammatically the verb is the mostcomplex part of speech.

It performs the central role in achieving

predication- connection between situationin the

utterance/reality.

That is why the verb is of primary

informative significance in an utterance.


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The verbpossesses a lot of

grammatical categories.within the class of verb various subclass

divisions based on different principles of

classification can be found. 1. Semanticfeaturesof the verb.

The verb possesses the grammatical

meaning of verbiality- the ability to

denote a process developing in time.


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This meaning is inherent not only in the

verbs denoting processes, but also in those denoting states, forms

of existence, evaluations, etc.

2. Morphologicalfeatures of the verb. The verb possesses the following

grammatical categories in En:

tense, aspect, voice, mood, person,

number, finitude.


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The formative elements expressingthese categories are

grammatical affixes, inner

inflexion(En) and function words.

Some categories have only

synthetical forms (person, number),others - only analytical (voice).


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There are also categories expressed by

both synthetical and analytical formsEn (mood, tense, aspect).

Ro (tense, mood)

3.Syntactic features.

their ability to be modified by adverbs.

is the ability of the verb to perform thesyntactic function of the predicate.


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This criterion is not absolute

because only finite formscanperform this function(personal

moods)

I go / eu merg

while non-finite formscan be used

in any function but predicate.En. Infinitive, gerund, participle I,

participle II


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Ro: infinitivul, participiul,

gerunziul, supinulBreaking, broken sprgnd,

spart

any verb in the form of the infinitive

can be combined with a modal

verb.


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2. Classifications of English/Ro

verbsAccording to different principles of

classification,

classifications can be

morphological

lexical-morphological

syntactical and functional.

A.Morphologicalclassifications.


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I.According to their stem-types all

verbs fall into:

simple (to go),

sound-replacive (food - to feed, blood

- to bleed), stress-replacive(import- to import,

transport - to transport,

expanded(with the help of suffixes and

prefixes):justify, overcome,


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composite (correspond tocomposite nouns): to blackmail),

phrasal:to have a smoke, to give asmile (they always have an

ordinary verb as an equivalent). Ro.4 conjugations/infinitive-

prez.indic.

I-a-ez, -eaza nva, nv,nva

a desena, desenez, deseneaz


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II-eaa vedea, vd, vede

III-ea merge, merg, merge IV-i --esc , -etea veni, vin, vine,

a citi, citesc, citete -sc, -tea cobor, cobor,

coboar, a hotr, hotrsc,

hotrte


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2.According to the way of

forming past tenses andParticiple II verbs can be

regular play-played

irregular -Do did- done


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Ro.regular verbs that in the

process of conjugation keep theirroot unchanged, although some

of them undergo some changes-

spun, spuiand irregular verbs that change

totally or partially the root in theprocess of conjugation- a bea, a

mnca, a fi, a sta


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B.Lexical-morphologicalclassification

is based on the implicit grammatical

meanings of the verb.

According to the implicit grammatical

meaning of transitivity/intransitivity verbsfall into transitive and intransitive.

Ro 1.-transitive-direct verbs- a duce

2.transitive reflexive- a se mbrca

3. transitive-reciprocal- a se ajuta, a

se respecta


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4.intransitive- a alerga, a merge,

5.impersonal a ploua, a tunaAccording to the implicit

grammatical meaning of

stativeness/non-stativeness verbs

fall into

stativeand dynamic. stative a fi, a sta,/ to be

Dynamic a scrie, a citi/to write


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According to the implicit

grammatical meaning of terminativeness/non-

terminativeness verbs fall into

terminative-to end, to finish

durative- to continue, to sleep

This classification is closelyconnected with the categories of

Aspect in English.


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C. Syntacticclassifications.

According to the nature of predication(primary and secondary) all verbs fallinto finite and non-finite.

D. Functional classification.According to their functional

significance verbs can be

notional (with the full lexical meaning), semi-notional (modal verbs, link-verbs),

Auxiliaries (to be, to have, to do).


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Ro.

1. Predicative- a lucra. A scrie. 2. Non-predicative

A. auxiliary verbsa fi, a avea

B. Copulative verbs- form the nominal

predicate- a fi, a deveni, a ajunge.

C. Semi-auxiliariesa part of theverbal predicatea putea, a continua,

a termina


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3. The category of voice

The form of the verb shows whether the

agent expressed by the subject is the

doerof the action or the recipientof

the action

(John broke the vase - the vase was

broken).

The objective relations between theaction and the subject/ object of the

action find their expression in Lg as the

category of voice.


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The category of voicereflects

the objective relations betweenthe action itself and the

subject/object of the action:

The category of voiceis

achieved through the opposition

Active voice-Passive voice.


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It is formed with

the aux verb to be +participle IIof thenotional verb

Is/are done

Was/were done

Is/are being done

Was/were being doneHas been done

Had been done


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Must be done

Must have been doneWill be done

Would be doneThe voice category is restricted

because of the implicit grammatical

meaning of transitivity/intransitivity.


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In accordance with this meaning, all

En/Ro verbs should fall into transitive

and intransitive.

The classification turns out to be more

complex and comprises 6 groups: 1. Verbs used only transitively: to mark,

to raise;

2.Verbs with the main transitivemeaning: to see, to make, to build;


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3. Verbs of intransitive meaning and

secondary transitive meaning.

A lot of intransitive verbs may develop

a secondary transitive meaning:

He danced the girl out of the room; 4.Verbs of a double nature, neither of

the meanings are the leading one,

the verbs can be used both transitivelyand intransitively: to drive home - to

drive a car;


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5.Verbs that are never used in the

Passive Voice: to seem, to become;6. Verbs that achieve their passive

meaning only in special contexts:

to live, to sleep, to sit, to walk, to

jump.

Some scholars admit the existenceof Middle, Reflexive and

Reciprocal voices in English.


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"Middle Voice"- the verbs primarily

transitive may develop an intransitive

middle meaning:

The door opened;

The book sells easily; The dress washes well.

"Reflexive Voice":

He dressed; He washed -the subject is

both the agent and the recipient of the

action at the same time.


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It is always possible to use a reflexive

pronoun in this case:

He washed himself."Reciprocal voice:

They met; They kissed -it is always

possible to use a reciprocal pronounhere:

They kissed each other.

We cannot speak of different voices,

because all these meanings are not

expressed morphologically.


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Romanian voice

Active voice

Passive voice

Aux verb a fi+ participle of the conj.verb

este ntrebat / ntrebat este construit /construit

Dynamic/Impersonal

pronoun se+the form of the verb in the

active voice :se citete, se citesc

se construiete, se construiesc


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Contrastive Grammar 4

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