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Englishby Matifmarin

Some words for describing highly successful peopleUnit 4 - Success

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Englishby Matifmarin

Words to describe particular traits successful people seem to possess.

Some words for describing highly successful people

1. Positive • Positive people think that tomorrow is always a new day, with new opportunities.

2. Perseverant • No matter how difficult it might seem, these people never give up. 

3.Confident

• It is their confidence that helps them to be able to push past the nay-sayers and go against the grain. 

4. Relationship-masters. • Successful individuals tend to be masters at building relationships. People like them because they are genuine and positive 

5. Charismatic.

• To have the ability to effortlessly winning the affections of others.

6. Creative: • To be talented when it comes to finding new solutions, fixing things, or coming up with innovative ideas

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Englishby Matifmarin

Unit 4 Language ReviewPresent and Past tenses revision

1. Present Simple

                                                         

USE 1: Repeated Actions

Examples:• You come to the class ever Monday and Wednesday.• The boss doesn’t come  to the English class.• Do you learn a bit every day?

USE 2: Facts or GeneralizationsExamples:1. Lions eat  meat.2. Elephants do not eat meat.3. Do monkeys eat meat?

USE 3 Scheduled Events in the Near Future

Examples:1. The train leaves tonight at 6 PM.2. The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it arrives at 11 PM.3. When does our class  start?4. Our class starts at 14:30.

= [VERB] + s/es in third person

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1.2. Present Continuous

Unit 4 Language Review

= [am/is/are + present participle]

□ We use the Present Continuous with Normal Verbs to express the idea that something is happening now,at this very moment or at the moment of speaking. It can also be used to show that something is not happening now.

USE 1: Now

Examples:• You are learning English now.• You are not swimming now.• Are you sleeping?• I am speaking now.• You are listening.

USE 2: Longer Actions in Progress Now• In English, "now" can mean: this second, today, this month, this year, this century, and so on. Sometimes, we use the Present Continuous to say that we are in the process of doing a longer action which is in progress; however, we might not be doing it at this exact second.

Examples: (All of these sentences can be said while eating in the English class.)• I am studying to become an engineer. • I am not reading any books right now.• I am not studying to become a teacher. • Are you working on any special projects at work?• I am reading the book Utopia by T. More. • Aren't you teaching at the university now?

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1.2. Present Continuous

Unit 4 Language Review

USE 3: Near Future

□ Sometimes, speakers use the Present Continuous to indicate that something will or will not happen in the near future.Examples:• I am meeting some friends after work.• I am not going to the party tonight.• Is he visiting his parents next weekend?• Isn't he coming with us tomorrow?

USE 4: Repetition and Irritation with "Always"

□ The Present Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happens. Notice that the meaning is like Simple Present, but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing." Examples:• She is always coming to class late.• He is constantly talking. I wish he would shut up.• I don't like them because they are always complaining.

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Englishby Matifmarin Unit 4 Language Review

1.3. Present Perfect= [has/have + past participle] Examples:• You have seen that film many times.• Have you seen that film many times?• You have not seen that film many times.

USE: Unspecified Time Before Now□ We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Germany, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.

Examples:• I have seen that film twenty times. • I think I have met him once before.• There have been many earthquakes in California. • People have travelled to the Moon.• People have not travelled to Mars. • Have you read the book yet?• Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.

A: Has there ever been a war in the United States? B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.

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Englishby Matifmarin Unit 4 Language Review

1.3. Present Perfect□ If you find the concept of "unspecified time" confusing, you’d better associate Present Perfect with the following topics:

TOPIC 1: Experience

□ You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.

Examples:• I have been to France. →This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe you have been there once, or several times.

• I have been to France three times. → You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.

• I have never been to France. → This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France.

• I think I have seen that film before.• He has never travelled by train.• John has studied two foreign languages.

A: Have you ever met him? B: No, I have not met him.

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Englishby Matifmarin Unit 4 Language Review

1.3. Present Perfect

TOPIC 2: Change Over Time□ We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.

Examples:• You have grown since the last time I saw you.• The government has become more interested in arts education.• Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established.• Your English has really improved since you started this course last month.

TOPIC 3: Accomplishments / skills & achievements□ We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.

Examples:• Man has walked on the Moon.• Our son has learned how to read.• Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.• Scientists have split the atom.

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Englishby Matifmarin Unit 4 Language Review

3. Present PerfectTOPIC 4: An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting□ We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen.

Examples:• James has not finished his homework yet.• Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.• Bill has still not arrived.• The rain hasn't stopped.

TOPIC 5: Multiple Actions at Different Times□ We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible.

Examples:• The army has attacked that city five times.• I have had four compositions and five tests so far this semester.• We have had many major problems while working on this project.• She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.

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Englishby Matifmarin Unit 4 Language Review

1.4. Present Perfect Continuous = [has/have + been + present participle] Examples:• You have been waiting here for two hours.• Have you been waiting here for two hours?• You have not been waiting here for two hours.

USE 1: Duration from the Past Until Now□ We use the Present Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect Continuous.

Examples:• They have been talking for the last hour. • She has been working at that company for three years.• What have you been doing for the last 30 minutes? • James has been teaching at the university since June.• We have been waiting here for over two hours! • Why has Nancy not been taking her medicine for the

last three days?

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Englishby Matifmarin Unit 4 Language Review

1.4. Present Perfect Continuous

USE 2: Recently, Lately□ You can also use the Present Perfect Continuous WITHOUT a duration such as "for two weeks." Without the duration, the tense has a more general meaning of "lately." We often use the words "lately" or "recently" to emphasize this meaning.

Examples:• Recently, I have been feeling really tired.• She has been watching too much television lately.• Have you been exercising lately?• Mary has been feeling a little depressed.• Lisa has not been practicing her English.• What have you been doing?

IMPORTANT:

□ Remember that the Present Perfect Continuous has the meaning of "lately" or "recently." If you use the Present Perfect Continuous in a question such as "Have you been feeling alright?", it can suggest that the person looks sick or unhealthy. A question such as "Have you been smoking?" can suggest that you smell the smoke on the person. Using this tense in a question suggests you can see, smell, hear or feel the results of the action. It is possible to insult someone by using this tense incorrectly.

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1. Simple Past / Past Simple

Grammar: Past Tense Summary [5 tenses]

1.3. We use the Simple Past (red) together with the Past Progressive (blue). The action in the Simple Past interrupted the action in the Past Progressive (the one which was in progress).

(b) First I got up, then I had breakfast = A series of completed actions in the past.

Time linkers : yesterday, last week, a month ago, in 1989

(c) They were playing cards when the telephone rang.

[action in progress] [Interuption]

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got up had breakfast

Ring

1.2. We use the Simple Past to describe a series of actions in the past.

(a) When I was a child I visited my grandmother every weekend = A state and an action finished in the past.

1.1. We use the past simple to talk about actions (red) and states (blue) which we see as completed in the past.

Time linkers: then, afterwards, later

Time linkers: when, while

English by Matifmarin

= [VERB+ed] or own forms for irregular verbs

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2. Simple Past Continuous / Progressive

Grammar: Past Tense Summary [5 tenses]

2. Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.

(was or were + verb-ing)

(a) They were driving to Egypt on holiday when they saw a cow in the middle of the road. [interruption by a shorter action in the past]

USE 1: Interrupted Action in the Past:

(b) At midnight, they were still driving through the desert.[interruption in time]

USE 2 Specific Time as an Interruption:

USE 3 Parallel Actions: When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions were happening at the same time. The actions are parallel.

(c) Ann was playing with the children while Peter was making dinner.

Next pageNext pageNOTE: “when” ist most often followed but the Simple Past and “while” is usually followed by Past Continuous.I was studying when she called; She called while I was studying.

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Englishby Matifmarin.

3. Past Perfect3. Past Perfect

Grammar: Past Tense Summary [5 tenses]

3. The past perfect tense refers to activities that happened before a specific time/event in the past.

= (had + past participle)

(a) I had visited my grandmother many times before she died.

4. Past Perfect Continuous / Progressive4. Past Perfect Continuous / Progressive = (had + been + verbing)

(a) I had been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived.

USE 1 Duration Before Something in the Past

X

4. We use the Past Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and continued up until another time /event in the past.

USE 2: Cause of Something in the Past

4.1. Using the Past Perfect Continuous before another action in the past is a good way to show cause and effect.

(b) Sara failed the final test because she had not been attending class.

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FCEby Matifmarin. Grammar: Past Tense Summary [5 tenses]

5. Used to vs Would + bare infinitive

1. Use (to) (used in the past tense) expresses that an activity was a past habit; it occurred at an earlier stage of life but not now. It focuses on the habit, not duration or frequency.

2. Would expresses that an activity was routine, typical behaviuor, frequently repeated (dynamic verbs only).

(both state and dynamic verbs can be used).

(a) I used to ride my bike every day when I was young.

(b) I would ride bike every day when I was young.

I would have a boat….

(c) I used to have a boat when I was younger.

BUT

I would have a boat one day, but now I can’t afford it.

Compare: With state verbs, the meaning is a wish (= the future)

Thanks a lot to englishpage.com

Englishby Matifmarin.

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Englishby Matifmarin Exercise: Fill in the gaps with the suitable verb form

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Englishby Matifmarin

ANSWER KEY:

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Englishby Matifmarin Vocabulary - Prefixes

□ Prefixes are letters which we add to the beginning of a word to make a new word with a different meaning. Prefixes can, for example, create a new word opposite in meaning to the word the prefix is attached to. They can also make a word negative or express relations of time, place or manner.

EXAMPLES:

base word prefixed word type of meaning

possible impossible opposite

able unable opposite/negation

payment non-payment negation

war pre-war time (before)

terrestrial extraterrestrial place (outside of/beyond)

cook overcook manner (too much)

1. It has been impossible for the children to play outside because of the rain. 2. Although she tried very hard, she was unable to attend the meeting.3. Non-payment of fees could result in a student being asked to leave the course.4. It was a pre-war journey to Germany when the couple fell in love5. Has you ever met an extraterrestrial being? 6. The steak was overcooked and quite tasteless.

Contextulized sample sentences:

UNIT 4

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Englishby Matifmarin Prefixes

The most common prefixes

prefix meaning examples

anti- against/opposed to anti-government, anti-racist, anti-war

auto- self autobiography, automobile

de- reverse or change de-classify, decontaminate, demotivate

dis- reverse or remove disagree, displeasure, disqualify

down- reduce or lower downgrade, downhearted

extra- beyond extraordinary, extraterrestrial

hyper- extreme hyperactive, hypertension

il-, im-, in-, ir- not illegal, impossible, insecure, irregular

inter- between interactive, international

mega- very big, important megabyte, mega-deal, megaton

mid- middle midday, midnight, mid-October

mis- incorrectly, badly misaligned, mislead, misspelt

non- not non-payment, non-smoking

over- too much overcook, overcharge, overrate

prefix meaning examples

out- go beyond outdo, out-perform, outrun

post- after post-election, post-war

pre- before prehistoric, pre-war

pro- in favour of pro-communist, pro-democracy

re- again reconsider, redo, rewrite

semi- half semicircle, semi-retired

sub- under, below submarine, sub-Saharan

super- above, beyond super-hero, supermodel

tele- at a distance television, telepathic

trans- across transatlantic, transfer

ultra- extremely ultra-compact, ultrasound

un- remove, reverse, not undo, unpack, unhappy

under- under-less than, beneath undercook, underestimate

up- make or move higher upgrade, uphill

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Englishby Matifmarin Contents summary for UNIT 4