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Contents

GIP AD 01: Electromagnetic composite structures for Aerospace, Maritime and Land Domains……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………2

GIP AD 02: Modelling Simulation…………………………………………………………………………..………...4

GIP CEWD 01: Trustworthiness Measurement………………………………………….……………………...5

GIP CEWD 02: Electronic Warfare Battle Management Software Development A………..……6

GIP CEWD 03: Electronic Warfare Battle Management Software Development B………..……8

GIP JOAD 01: Applying Modelling and Simulation (M&S) to Support Australian Defence Force (ADF) Joint Fires………………………………………………………………………………………………….…10

GIP LD 01: Machine learning applications in future vehicle logistic support networks…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……...……12

GIP LD 02: Reconfigurable Augmented Reality Visualisation Platform…………………………....14

GIP LD 03: Modelling Organisational Integration of Emerging Field Vehicle Technologies……………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….……16

GIP LD 04: Experimental Characterisation and Mathematical Modelling Of Spraying Devices Used For Suppression of Chemical, Biological and Radiological (CBR) Materials from Contaminated Surfaces………………………………………………………………………..………………..18

GIP LD 05: Use of New and Emerging Simulation Technologies to Support Military Training…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…...20

GIP LD 06: Trusted Autonomous Systems in the Land Domain…………………………………………22

GIP MD 01: Do Submarine Command Team Operators Need to Face Forward…………….....24

GIP MD 02: Adaptive Robotics for Undersea Exploration……………………………….……………….26

GIP NSID 01: The Psychology of Cyber Security……………………………..………………………………..28

GIP WCSD 01: Development of a Millimetre-Wave Radar Sensor…………………………………….31

GIP WCSD 02: Human Factors of Uninhabited Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for Surface Ships…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……...….32

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GIP AD 01: Electromagnetic composite structures for Aerospace, Maritime and Land Domains

Location: Fishermans Bend, Victoria Project Description: This proposal aims to investigate how emerging technologies (i.e. metamaterials, frequency selective surface, high-impedance ground planes and structural capacitors) can be integrated into composite structures applicable to Aerospace, Maritime and Land platforms with the aim of providing increased functionality without additional burdens (such as weight, volume, cost, etc.). The increased use of composite materials in modern aircraft (especially unmanned air vehicles) has highlighted the need for greater integration of electromagnetic systems (i.e. antennas, sensor and power). Similarly, composite materials are finding new applications on Maritime platforms (i.e. USS DDG 1000 Zumwalt) and Land platforms (i.e. Hawkei vehicle). Several techniques for integrating electromagnetic features into composite structure have been trialled as part of an existing DST Group Research Agreement with RMIT University. Techniques include NC embroidery, 3D printing, laser etching and electrophoretic deposition (EPD). Recent developments in metamaterials, FSS, HIGPs and structural capacitors (using the laser etching and EPD techniques developed in conjunction with RMIT and UD) has opened new avenues for the integration of electromagnetic and energy storage systems in truly multi-functional composite structure. Outcomes of this work may transition into the development of conformal antenna, power and signature management technologies for current and future Defence platforms. The result could significantly reduce detectability while improving endurance of ADF platforms in the Air, Sea and Land domains. Some work has already transitioned to Hawkei troop carriers and further development will require increased resourcing (for example low frequency whip antennas). Project Objectives: 1. Develop low-frequency high-power electrically small integrated antenna concepts; 2. Develop HIGP/FSS concepts for surface wave manipulation; and 3. Investigated candidate material system for structural capacitor integration into composite structure. Project Activities: 1. Fabrication and testing (electromagnetic and structural) of antenna concepts; 2. Fabrication and testing (electromagnetic and structural) of HIGP/FSS concepts; and 3. Manufacture of down-selected structural capacitor and testing under representative environments to prove feasibility. Relevant Research Areas and Desirable Skills:

1. Bachelor of Science – Major in Physics or allied discipline;

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2. Bachelor of Engineering – Major in Electrical or allied discipline;

3. Experience with Matlab, numerical simulation codes (i.e. FEKO, CST, HFSS etc.); and

4. Practical experience in electronic circuit fabrication and microwave measurement.

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GIP AD 02: Modelling Simulation

Location: Edinburgh, South Australia Project Description: Aerospace Division conducts a significant research program in trusted autonomous systems, specifically survivable unmanned aerial systems (UAS). In support of a research and development goal of contested environment operation, closed loop flight is undertaken on experimental aerial systems in both simulation and real-world environments to evaluate mission performance in the face of threats to satellite navigation systems (e.g. GPS) and communications. The relationship between simulation and real-world experimentation is vital and requires ongoing development to ensure that simulation accurately characterizes and predicts full systems level behaviours expected in flight test. The successful applicant with participate in system development for flight trials of experimental UAS and use that understanding to develop and enhance the existing simulation capability suitability. Project Objectives: 1. Support UAS flight experimentation through remote outdoor trials and simulation; 2. Enhance modelling and simulation environment in support of the Trusted Autonomy program; and 3. Propose and implement UAS system improvements to mitigate hazards associated with contested environment operation. Project Activities: 1. Develop understanding of the important aspects of UAS flight experimentation that are needed to be captured in fly-out simulation; 2. Construct a prototype fly-out simulation environment for a contested environment scenario; and 3. Propose and implement sub-system changes to mitigate contested environment threats. Relevant Research Areas and Desirable Skills:

1. Engineering (Mechatronic, Computer Systems, Software, Electronic or similar);

2. Applied software development skills in hosted and / or embedded systems; and

3. Modelling and Simulation background would be advantageous.

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GIP CEWD 01: Trustworthiness Measurement

Location: Edinburgh, South Australia Project Description: Much of the commercially developed technology that is desirable to use in Defence is often developed to lower security standards than Defence requirements, this can be compensated for by combining their use with highly trusted components. Certain circumstances may favour a more usable configuration even if it is less secure. This project has developed a risk framework able to trade off security and usability, and is working to develop security metrics that are able to assist in making automated assessment of security risk in mixed level of trust systems which may have changing configurations. Project Objectives:

1. Find additional metrics for measuring trustworthiness or security in systems;

2. Apply the metrics to an exemplar DST developed system for managing information flows; and

3. Combine various metrics to automatically compare security in various configurations of the Defence Science and Technology (DST) developed system.

Project Activities:

1. A set of metrics that can be used for measuring security;

2. An assessment of which metrics are most useful for assessing the security of alternative configurations; and

3. Apply metrics to assess the security risk of various system configurations using the DST developed risk

framework. Relevant Research Areas and Desirable Skills:

1. Bachelor Degree in Science, Engineering or Mathematics; and

2. Knowledge of computer and/or network security desirable.

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GIP CEWD 02: Electronic Warfare Battle Management Software Development A

Location: Edinburgh, South Australia Project Description: Since the 1990’s military operations have highlighted the ever increasing need for the timely provision of tactical information to the warfighter. A critical component of this information relates to the diversity of electronic emissions that permeate the battlespace; from the transient burst of a soldier radio transmission, to the more persistent radiation from long-range surveillance radars associated with high capability surveillance. Increasingly sophisticated EW sensors are being installed on a wider range of ADF platforms, to enable routine processing in real-time for immediate threat detection and identification, and the initiation of appropriate EWSP responses. Internetworking of these EW sensors can ensure that time-critical tactical information is provided to the right user or node or asset at the right time. In a networked and integrated EW environment, this data has the potential to be leveraged for greatly enhanced force level situational awareness. This awareness can extend the engagement timeline to allow evaluation of the effectiveness of various potential EW responses comprising EW force protection or force projection. The use of EW in this manner is termed Force Level EW (FLEW). The Cyber and Electronic Warfare (EW) Division (CEWD) of DSTG is developing a prototype demonstrator system called the Shared EW Testbed (SHEWT). The SHEWT is used to scientifically evaluate new technologies and concepts at a low technology readiness level (TRL) that may lead to future Force Level EW (FLEW) capabilities for the Australian Defence Force (ADF). The SHEWT is comprised of EW sensor and effector systems, networking and computing technologies, EW Battle Management software for processing sensor data, conducting data fusion and performing systems integration and command and control, and modelling and simulation systems based on similar technologies. Some concepts for and components of this prototype demonstrator are developed through collaborative activities with coalition military R&D agencies. Examples include: interactions with NRL, AFRL and CERDEC; DSTG will also have interactions with DSTL and NATO. In addition, The Technical Cooperation Program (TTCP) facilitates R&D interactions between Australia and the TTCP partner nations. DSTG requires support from highly motivated specialist solution architects and software engineers/developers to deliver novel, distributed sensor network and corresponding sensor management software. They will work with a diverse team of scientists, mathematicians and software engineers. They will apply Agile software engineering best practices, including continuous integration and test driven development using industry standard tools. They may advance specific components, systems architectures and functionality of the prototype demonstrator and conduct data analyses and processing. The student may also engage with other contractors and research staff undertaking other functions to facilitate the development of DSTO’s SHEWT or EW simulator systems. Project Objectives: There is a range of objectives and tasks depending on the selected student:

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1. Assist in the design of and implement using Agile or similar software development and engineering

strategies the information systems architecture for the SHEWT under the constraints of being an affordable and pragmatic prototype demonstrator. Identify and report on issues impacting the migration to an operational capability;

2. Develop software to obtain signal or platform data from in-service or simulated sensor networks or

command systems, to transfer, transform and inject appropriate object level representations into the prototype demonstrator;

3. Add value to object level representations by implementing new localisation, tracking and threat

identification algorithms supplied by DSTG as Java, C, MatLab or similar language software;

4. Interpret object level information by implementing new data exploitation algorithms supplied by DSTG as Java, C, MatLab or similar language to yield situation assessments and response recommendations; and

5. Tailor the visualisation and human interaction of the decision, analysis and situation awareness aids

appropriate for the physical environment of the SHEWT. Evaluate the computational performance of the SHEWT, identify bottlenecks and underperforming components and recommend remedial action. Implement performance remediation as directed. Project Activities: Key tasks/outcomes:

1. Software development;

2. Algorithm testing; and

3. Field experiment support. Relevant Research Areas and Desirable Skills: Skills and qualifications required:

1. Java software development; and 2. IT, electronic or communications engineering.

Technologies used in DSTG development of the SHEWT and EW software:

1. 3D geospatial visualisation(Google Earth, NASA WorldWind); 2. Java 8; 3. C/C++; 4. Python; 5. Software Defined Radio (SDR); 6. Embedded hardware; 7. Matlab; 8. ProtoBuf; and 9. Wireless networks.

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GIP CEWD 03: Electronic Warfare Battle Management Software Development B

Location: Edinburgh, South Australia Project Description: Since the 1990’s military operations have highlighted the ever increasing need for the timely provision of tactical information to the warfighter. A critical component of this information relates to the diversity of electronic emissions that permeate the battlespace; from the transient burst of a soldier radio transmission, to the more persistent radiation from long-range surveillance radars associated with high capability surveillance. Increasingly sophisticated EW sensors are being installed on a wider range of ADF platforms, to enable routine processing in real-time for immediate threat detection and identification, and the initiation of appropriate EWSP responses. Internetworking of these EW sensors can ensure that time-critical tactical information is provided to the right user or node or asset at the right time. In a networked and integrated EW environment, this data has the potential to be leveraged for greatly enhanced force level situational awareness. This awareness can extend the engagement timeline to allow evaluation of the effectiveness of various potential EW responses comprising EW force protection or force projection. The use of EW in this manner is termed Force Level EW (FLEW). The Cyber and Electronic Warfare (EW) Division (CEWD) of DSTG is developing a prototype demonstrator system called the Shared EW Testbed (SHEWT). The SHEWT is used to scientifically evaluate new technologies and concepts at a low technology readiness level (TRL) that may lead to future Force Level EW (FLEW) capabilities for the Australian Defence Force (ADF). The SHEWT is comprised of EW sensor and effector systems, networking and computing technologies, EW Battle Management software for processing sensor data, conducting data fusion and performing systems integration and command and control, and modelling and simulation systems based on similar technologies. Some concepts for and components of this prototype demonstrator are developed through collaborative activities with coalition military R&D agencies. Examples include: interactions with NRL, AFRL and CERDEC; DSTG will also have interactions with DSTL and NATO. In addition, The Technical Cooperation Program (TTCP) facilitates R&D interactions between Australia and the TTCP partner nations. DSTG requires support from highly motivated specialist solution architects and software engineers/developers to deliver novel, distributed sensor network and corresponding sensor management software. They will work with a diverse team of scientists, mathematicians and software engineers. They will apply Agile software engineering best practices, including continuous integration and test driven development using industry standard tools. They may advance specific components, systems architectures and functionality of the prototype demonstrator and conduct data analyses and processing. The student may also engage with other contractors and research staff undertaking other functions to facilitate the development of DSTO’s SHEWT or EW simulator systems. Project Objectives: There is a range of objectives and tasks depending on the selected student:

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6. Assist in the design of and implement using Agile or similar software development and engineering

strategies the information systems architecture for the SHEWT under the constraints of being an affordable and pragmatic prototype demonstrator. Identify and report on issues impacting the migration to an operational capability;

7. Develop software to obtain signal or platform data from in-service or simulated sensor networks or

command systems, to transfer, transform and inject appropriate object level representations into the prototype demonstrator;

8. Add value to object level representations by implementing new localisation, tracking and threat

identification algorithms supplied by DSTG as Java, C, MatLab or similar language software;

9. Interpret object level information by implementing new data exploitation algorithms supplied by DSTG as Java, C, MatLab or similar language to yield situation assessments and response recommendations; and

10. Tailor the visualisation and human interaction of the decision, analysis and situation awareness aids

appropriate for the physical environment of the SHEWT. Evaluate the computational performance of the SHEWT, identify bottlenecks and underperforming components and recommend remedial action. Implement performance remediation as directed. Project Activities: Key tasks/outcomes:

1. Software development;

2. Algorithm testing; and

3. Field experiment support. Relevant Research Areas and Desirable Skills: Skills and qualifications required:

1. Java software development; and 2. IT, electronic or communications engineering.

Technologies used in DSTG development of the SHEWT and EW software:

1. 3D geospatial visualisation(Google Earth, NASA WorldWind); 2. Java 8; 3. C/C++; 4. Python; 5. Software Defined Radio (SDR); 6. embedded hardware; 7. Matlab; 8. ProtoBuf; and 9. Wireless networks.

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GIP JOAD 01: Applying Modelling and Simulation (M&S) to Support Australian Defence Force (ADF) Joint Fires

Location: Fairbairn, Australian Capital Territory Project Description: This project explores using M&S to study and improve workflows in ADF headquarters that support joint fires in military operations. The focus of the study is to model existing processes, identify bottlenecks and develop suitable alternatives. Joint fires involve employment and coordination of force from two or more components to produce desired effects in support of a common objective. Planning processes supporting joint fires involve personnel from multiple headquarters, identifying resources and synchronising defence capability to produce desired battlespace effects to achieve the commander’s objectives. Several software tools has been identified as potentially useful for M&S activities including C3TRACE for process modelling, SIMVision for organisational modelling and colour Petri nets for state space analysis. The chosen candidate is expected to gain competency in these tools, employ them for M&S, perform analysis and report on findings and recommendations. A baseline security clearance is required to conduct the work. Project Objectives: 1. Model existing processes in M&S, identify bottlenecks and develop suitable alternatives; and 2. Gain competency in C3TRACE and SIMVision, employ them for M&S, perform analysis and report on findings and recommendations. Project Activities: 1. Developing executable process and organisational models of current joint fires workflows (‘as-is’ models); 2. Using simulation to execute the developed models under various operating conditions to identify performance characteristics, limitations and bottlenecks; 3. Develop improved alternative process and organisational models (‘to-be’ models) that overcome identified limitations and use simulation to compare the resulting performance against current approaches; and 4. Report on results to inform Defence clients and stakeholders. Relevant Research Areas and Desirable Skills: Relevant Research Areas

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1. Modelling and simulation;

2. Operations research;

3. Systems engineering;

4. Management science;

5. Business analysis; and

6. Process analysis and improvement.

Other Desirable Skills

1. Computer programming;

2. Statistics; and

3. Report writing.

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GIP LD 01: Machine Learning Applications in Future Vehicle Logistic Support Networks

Location: Edinburgh, South Australia Project Description: An array of models and software tools propose methods by which to design, manage and operate logistic support networks, such as those employed to support military vehicle fleets. Often these models and tools have a primary aim of optimising key measures of performance (principally asset availability) within prevailing cost constraints. Many example solutions are found in the public domain and are subsequently applied by Defence to the logistic domain. However, advances in data analytics and machine learning are changing the way that support networks like these can be managed, as is also technology such as additive manufacturing offering new ways for logistics to be delivered. As a result our models and software tools (and the real-world derived systems) must react to these changes to take advantage of opportunities that arise. This project task specifically looks at applying machine learning techniques to replace/adjust the current simple optimisation and forecasting techniques embedded within such models and tools. The work involves some mathematical modelling and statistical experimentation, preferably in the MATLAB or R programming environment. There are also options to use simulation software in conjunction with these tools. A successful applicant is also encouraged to pursue their own innovative approaches that may arise or suggest using emergent machine learning techniques and tools they see as suitable in addressing the task. The work undertaken will focus upon generic examples from Land Vehicles and Systems however the lessons learned could be applied to other areas within or outside Defence (e.g. the mining industry, and infrastructure projects) that involve future supply chains. The successful applicant would be expected to do the bulk of the programming exercise on-site at DST Group Edinburgh. However, unclassified research may be sourced or taken off-site. The project also aims to provide the applicant with an early career opportunity to conduct and publish research. Project Objectives: 1. The work undertaken will contribute to future research efforts in improving logistic support effectiveness and efficiencies for future land force fleets; 2. L121 and L400 are such projects that could benefit from improved logistic support performance outcomes by: • implementing machine learning techniques to exploit the increasing amount of data generated with new fleets; • gaining insight into the impact of new technologies such as additive manufacturing on supply chains and stock holdings; and 3. This in turn may aid software tool development (third party or in house) and improve military decision makers’ ability to enact new fleet supply chain practices. Project Activities:

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1. Explore machine learning techniques, and interactions with various simple: • optimisation techniques (e.g. greedy algorithm), • forecast methods (exponential) and, • calculation techniques (backorder) related to the task; 2. Investigate the effects on adjusting the optimisation method in the selection process for spares; based on options that arise from modelling environment changes (e.g. additive manufacturing) and machine learning implementations; 3. Some written research output whether a student paper for journal/conference or written report. Final programming code with adequate commenting; and 4. Presentation to peers within DST Land Logistics Research Science Capability group (small group of colleagues - 11 people) and possibly wider audience (conference possibility). Relevant Research Areas and Desirable Skills: Qualifications

1. Undergraduate studies in either or a combination of Mathematics/Computer

Science/Engineering/Statistics (STEM courses).

Essential skills

1. Mathematics and experience in using Excel and MATLAB or R.

Desirable skills

1. Knowledge of any optimisation, mathematical programming, data/text mining, tele-traffic theory, queueing models, systems engineering, machine learning methods.

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GIP LD 02: Reconfigurable Augmented Reality Visualisation Platform

Location: Edinburgh, South Australia Project Description: Augmented Reality (AR) technologies present a new and novel communication medium for ideas, concepts and outcomes. For this reason, the Land Logistics group within Land Division is seeking to develop a Reconfigurable Augmented Reality Visualisation Platform for enhanced client engagement and communication. This is to be reconfigurable in both the physical and virtual sense. Visualisation may be immersive in nature or in the style of a ‘heads-up display’ and may be static or dynamic in nature. The AR device may be head-mounted (e.g. smart glasses) or a hand-held device such as a smartphone or tablet. Our intention is for such a platform to facilitate the exploration, visualisation, demonstration and communication of land logistics concepts to our partners and stakeholders. This is particularly important, as much of our work is done in the conceptual space, with no physical artefacts that can be used for demonstration. Hence, any means by which we can improve our ability to communicate these ideas, thoughts and concepts is of benefit. To give an idea of the potential application of such a reconfigurable platform, an example may be the visualisation of the operation of alternative/future logistic supply chains that incorporate autonomous delivery of goods, and that can adapt to a future of increasingly ‘dispersed’ operations in which increasing numbers of smaller, more mobile units require logistics support. Another example is in the area of materiel maintenance: consider an AR-enhanced interactive electronic technical manual for a vehicle that displays equipment health and usage statistics and an animated graphical overlay of instructions for the task to be performed. Such a Reconfigurable AR Visualisation Platform would be invaluable for demonstrating a proof-of-concept to Army maintainers. Such a platform also has application in domains beyond logistics, such as in the visualisation and performance of advanced tactical communication networks, another area where it is difficult to create tangible artefacts for demonstration. This project will focus on the implementation of a proof-of-concept, or a capability demonstrator, of the Reconfigurable AR Visualisation Platform. The successful applicant would be expected to undertake the bulk of the development on-site at DST Group Edinburgh. The project also aims to provide the student with an early career opportunity to conduct and publish research. Project Objectives: 1. Articulation of technology requirements and design considerations; 2. "Proof-of-concept" implementation and demonstration of the AR system for a targeted example application; and 3. A basis for the continued development, implementation and enhancement of the Reconfigurable AR Visualisation Platform. Project Activities: Project activities are to include some or all of the following (we also welcome input from the successful candidate):

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1. Explore self-localisation and localisation of a physical ‘play space’ within the AR interface; 2. Develop a basic textual and 2D graphical user interface for the AR interface; 3. Explore image and object recognition within the AR interface: allow the AR device to recognise images and display textual/graphical information on the AR interface in response to that recognition; 4. Explore overlay of relevant information based on image/object recognition: connect the recognised image/object with actual information retrieved from e.g. an external database, based upon that recognition; 5. Explore the insertion and animation of 3D ‘virtual’ objects within the AR interface; and 6. Document the above in written form, including limitations, problems encountered, and lessons learnt. This may be a report and/or a draft journal, conference or workshop paper. By the end of the project, a functioning capability demonstrator of the Reconfigurable AR Visualisation Platform should be extant. Relevant Research Areas and Desirable Skills:

1. Skills in computer science, computer systems engineering or software engineering (including programming) will be essential;

2. Good mathematics skills will be highly desirable; and

3. Personal attributes of being self-motivated and able to work under limited guidance.

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GIP LD 03: Modelling Organisational Integration of Emerging Field Vehicle Technologies

Location: Edinburgh, South Australia Project Description: Integration of new technologies within large organisations presents considerable challenge that goes beyond technical considerations. It is a challenge of acceptance, adoption and effective use at individual, procedural and organizational levels. It is also a frequent reason for failure to adopt and use new technologies efficiently and therefore derive maximum organizational benefit. The purpose of the proposed project is to develop a conceptual model for organizational integration for new technologies with specific focus on the new capabilities coming in under Land 121 Phase 4 Project as well as potential upgrading of Land 121 vehicles to have self-driving capabilities. The exploration of the conceptual, tactical and organizational implications of emerging field vehicle technologies under this Project will be a key part of the human-in-the-loop (HITL) immersive simulation study to be conducted at Land Division in 2017. The proposed project would involve development of conceptual constructs and a model for exploring the key issues in adoption, integration and effective exploitation of new technologies from a systems and organisational perspective. This includes looking at issues arising from modifying extant Tactics, Techniques and Procedures (TTP), and developing new TTPs to exploit new capabilities, and new vulnerabilities. The project would contribute to a more comprehensive study design and also use the study to develop and test the proposed model for describing integration challenges. The key benefits will be in developing a more robust concept of employment and integration pathway for these technologies, with the intent of ensuring successful adoption. In particular, the outputs from this project will directly inform L121 stakeholders in considering mid-life upgrade options for the L121 fleet. Furthermore, the fundamentals of the model will likely be translatable to other logistics technologies. The successful applicant would be expected to undertake the bulk of the model development on-site at DST Group Edinburgh. The project also aims to provide the student with an early career opportunity to conduct and publish research. Project Objectives: 1. Articulation of key considerations in organizational integration of emerging field vehicle technologies; 2. Incorporation of the key concepts and research questions into the HITL study design; and 3. Summary of key findings that pertain to organizational integration of LAND 121 Phase 4 technologies based on the observations and outcomes of the HITL study. Project Activities: Project activities are to include some or all of the following (we also welcome input from the successful candidate): 1. Explore the relevant concepts through literature review and discussions with subject matter experts;

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2. Contribute to the development of the HITL study design including development of vignettes and articulation of key issues for observation to inform model development; and 3. Document the preliminary explorations and the study findings in written form, including the model for considering organizational integration of emerging technologies in military context, the outcomes conceptual and tactical assessment, and key recommendations for capability development processes. This may be a report and/or a draft journal, conference or workshop paper. Relevant Research Areas and Desirable Skills:

1. Skills in management science, systems thinking, soft operations research, or allied disciplines will be essential;

2. Good written and verbal communication skills will be highly desirable; and

3. The ability to work independently with limited guidance.

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GIP LD 04: Experimental Characterisation and Mathematical Modelling of Spraying Devices Used for Suppression of Chemical, Biological and Radiological (CBR) Materials from Contaminated Surfaces

Location: Fishermans Bend, Victoria Project Description: The project aims at experimental characterisation and mathematical modelling of spraying devices applied for the suppression of chemical, biological and radiological (CBR) materials from contaminated surfaces with the primary focus on personal protection equipment (PPE). Dermal and respiratory protection of personnel working in a CBR environment may be enhanced by suppression of CBR materials deposited on the exposed surfaces of the PPE. In the context of this study, the suppression effect is defined as the ability to minimise or stop secondary contamination, i.e., release or resuspension of deposited materials from the contaminated surfaces into the surrounding environment. The re-suspended airborne CBR material may lead to a secondary exposure of personnel and environment contamination. The suppression effect can be achieved by encapsulation, coating or wetting of the contaminated surface by a suitable suppressant delivered in aerosol form. Spraying devices, commonly used for a range of industrial and agriculture applications (e.g., paint spraying, pesticides dispersion), have the potential for aerosolisation and delivery of the suppression materials onto the contaminated PPE surface. Currently, there is limited information available in this area and the proposed program addresses some of the fundamental questions relevant to the use of spraying devices for CBR materials suppression. The technology aims to enhance the existing capability in the area of personnel CBR protection. Project Objectives: 1. Development of an experimental test method & Standard Operating Procedures; 2. Characterisation of COTS sprayers; 3. Development of a simple physics-based model; and 4. Publication of the results. Project Activities: Activity 1: Experimental characterisation of COTS spraying devices in terms of output rate, aerosol particle size characterization and surface deposition:

• Development of an experimental system and test methods;

• Physico-chemical characterisation of targeted parameters using aerosol sciences, quantitative fluorometry and visualisation techniques; and

• Data analysis and interpretation of the results.

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Activity 2: Characterisation of suppression efficiency of tested sprayers for using swatch samples (fabrics) and full size IPE protective suite:

• Development of experimental setup and test methods;

• Assessment of suppression efficiency; and

• Data analysis and interpretation of the results. Activity 3: Development of a simple physics-based model and GUI allowing estimation of the spraying device output, physical characteristics of generated aerosols, surface deposition and CBR material suppression effect. Activity 4: Preparation of a technical report /external publication resulting from the project. Relevant Research Areas and Desirable Skills: Relevant Research Areas (one of)

1. Physical Sciences, Chemistry or Mathematics;

2. Engineering (electronics, communication, interfacing); and

3. Data analysis and programming (Excel, Matlab, Python, C). Other Desirable Skills

1. Experience or ability to quickly acquire skills relevant to lab work and instrumentation;

2. Skills in data processing, analysis and interpretation.

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GIP LD 05: Use of New and Emerging Simulation Technologies to Support Military Training

Location: Edinburgh, South Australia

Project Description:

The Australian Army seeks to use training to enhance the cognitive preparation and performance of its personnel. Simulation technologies play an important role in training, as they are able to provide training scenarios that may be too difficult, dangerous, or expensive to conduct live. There are a range of new and emerging simulation technologies entering the consumer market. This includes head-mounted Virtual, Augmented, and Mixed Reality systems. These create an immersive simulation environment, which may potentially result in better training outcomes compared to other forms of simulation-based training (such as desktop computers). The Defence Science and Technology Group (DST Group) have an ongoing program of work exploring methods for enhancing military training outcomes. This project will examine how new and emerging simulation technologies can be used to supplement existing forms of simulation-based training. This may include examining the affordances and constraints of different types of simulation, the types of tasks that are best suited to being trained by different forms of simulation or another topic to be negotiated between the student and supervisor. As funding is being provided by an Army Land Vehicle project, the student project is expected to generate insights relevant to military personnel transiting in, operating, and dismounting from vehicles. Project Objectives:

The objectives of the project are to:

1. Investigate the affordances and constraints of new and emerging simulation training technologies through

a human-in-the-loop study involving military and civilian participants; and

2. Identify the implications of the research outcomes for the use of simulation for military training.

Project Activities:

The expected outputs from the student are:

1. A comprehensive literature review of published research relevant to the proposed area of

study;

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2. A detailed research proposal describing the theoretical grounding and methodological

approach that meets the requirement for human research ethics review and approval; and

3. Collection and analysis of data from a laboratory based study;

A report summarising the key outcomes from the study that meets the requirements for a university minor thesis. Relevant Research Areas and Desirable Skills:

Applicants will be expected to have an undergraduate or Honours degree in Psychology, Behavioural Science, Social Science, Cognitive Science, or similar. The applicant must be an Australian citizen and successfully undergo a security clearance. In addition, applicants must be willing to travel to, and work at, the Defence Science and Technology Group Edinburgh site (north of Adelaide, South Australia) and be willing to undertake some interstate travel to military bases or other locations if required. Essential skills • Highly motivated and the ability to work unsupervised; • Good communication and interpersonal skills; and • Willing to work in teams with civilian and military personnel.

Desirable skills • Good quantitative and qualitative research skills; and • Prior experience conducting research with human subjects.

Interest in, or experience with, simulation technologies such as Virtual Reality or first person perspective computer games. (Note that programming knowledge or computer engineering skills are not required).

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GIP LD 06: Trusted Autonomous Systems in the Land Domain

Location: Edinburgh, South Australia Project Description: Robotic land vehicles will likely increase in prevalence over the coming decade. Due to the challenges of sustaining robust communications links on operations, the tele-operation and supervisory control of these vehicles will need to entail localised control/oversight, alongside of longer range control/oversight to provide increased resilience. The proposed study will assist in understanding some of the physical and cognitive ergonomic challenges, associated influences and proposed mitigations associated with operation of robot vehicles whilst mounted in a simulated land vehicle (military truck). Such mitigations (e.g. changes to user interfaces, modes of control, transition management) have the potential to increase system usability, user trust in such systems, and the range of operational contexts, such as higher levels of motion, within which operation of robotic vehicles is viable. It will also continue to surface the tactical implications of employing such platforms. Such tactical investigations by military participants ensures that consideration of potentially unintended negative consequences for achieving military objectives are not undermined by inadequate consideration of the tactical affordances and constraints of robotic land vehicles by robotic system developers. The proposed study will employ the Tactical Team Simulator (TTS) at DST Group Edinburgh. The TTS is a virtual simulation environment that uses Virtual Battlespace 3. It is configured with motion actuated seats and associated visual systems, and control systems based on operator role. The study will involve two key data collection activities. It is proposed that two students will lead the collection of data with the specific differentiation of research foci to be negotiated with the students. Both activities will entail the collection of detailed ergonomics and design feedback from participants to inform future design and standard operating procedures. This may include the use of mock-up HMIs within the particular truck within which robotic vehicle operation is proposed and/or the operator work space in the TTS being modified to more closely approximate the seating environment for the particular truck. Project Objectives: The objective of the project is to investigate proposed Human Machine Interfaces (HMIs) for tele-

operating and supervising a robotic land vehicle whilst the operator is mounted in a simulated land

vehicle (protected military truck) under motion. The study will assess

1. the physical and cognitive ergonomic implications to inform design (usability, trust, motion

sickness) and associated influences;

2. the transition between supervisory control and tele-operation; and

3. the tactical implications. Project Activities:

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The expected outputs from the student are:

1. A comprehensive literature review of published research relevant to the proposed area of

study;

2. A detailed research proposal describing the theoretical grounding and methodological

approach that meets the requirement for human research ethics review and approval;

3. Collection and analysis of data from a laboratory based study; and

4. A report summarising the key outcomes from the study that meets the requirements for a

university minor thesis.

Relevant Research Areas and Desirable Skills: Applicants will be expected to have an undergraduate or Honours degree in Psychology, Behavioural Science, Social Science, Cognitive Science, or similar. The applicant must be an Australian citizen and successfully undergo a security clearance. In addition, applicants must be willing to travel to, and work at, the Defence Science and Technology Group Edinburgh site (north of Adelaide, South Australia) and be willing to undertake some interstate travel to military bases or other locations if required. Essential skills • Highly motivated and the ability to work unsupervised; • Good communication and interpersonal skills; and • Willing to work in teams with civilian and military personnel.

Desirable skills • Good quantitative and qualitative research skills; and • Prior experience conducting research with human subjects.

Interest in, or experience with, simulation technologies is highly desirable. (Note that programming knowledge or computer engineering skills are not required).

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GIP MD 01: Do Submarine Command Team Operators Need to Face Forward

Location: Stirling, Western Australia Project Description: This project deals with a vexing question in submarine control room design: which way should an operator face? The gaining and maintaining of situation awareness in a submarine control room requires operators to consolidate and reconcile a wide range of spatial information. This information is most often presented on computer displays relative to one of two frames of reference: “North-up” or the external global frame of reference; or “ship’s-head-up”, relative to the internal frame of reference of the submarine. The situation is further complicated by the fact that the console in which the information displays are mounted will have its own orientation within the control room layout. An operator seated at this console will then be forced to adopt a personal, “egocentric” frame of reference that aligns with the console. Thus operators often work with displays where they have to reconcile different frames of reference in order to compose an integrated mental picture of the current tactical situation. The spatial cognition literature suggests that such an arrangement is problematic. There is evidence that any misalignment between a spatial representation, such as a map, plan or spatial display, and the real world that cannot be physically resolved by rotating the representation and/or the viewer, will require the viewer to undertake some internal level of realignment to bring the two into congruence before he or she can make full use of the displayed information. This “mental rotation” will come at some cost of cognitive effort; it will take time that is proportional to the angular mismatch; and it will result in higher error rates. This phenomenon was first reported in the visualisation of three dimensional objects (Shepard and Metzler, 1971), and has been demonstrated across a wide field of applications: two-dimensional map and terrain feature correspondence (Aretz and Wickens, 1992, Iachini and Logie, 2003, Warren et al., 1990); aircraft navigation displays both in the air and around airport terminal complexes (Wickens et al., 1996, Wickens and Prevett, 1995); and even in relation to the orientation that basketball coaches should use when presenting tactical playing pattern diagrams to their teams during time-outs (Schul et al., 2014). There is evidence that men outperform women in mental rotation tasks, particularly under time pressure (Maeda and Yoon, 2013), and that this imbalance remains even after performance improvements gained from training (Patkin and Dayan, 2012). Technology development has eased many of the constraints that previously governed submarine control room design, to the extent that it is now possible to envisage layouts in which most, if not all, of the operator consoles face forward and the information on their displays is aligned accordingly. Thus aligning both the operator and the information that he or she uses with ownship’s head, and potentially removing at least some of the cognitive workload associated with reconciling the various frames of reference in use. Research is required that examines the mental rotation problem within the context of a submarine control room. The work will focus on sensor and combat-system operators and should result in recommendations for both operator and interface display orientations that minimise adverse cognitive effects of frame-of-reference misalignment and subsequent reconciliation. These recommendations will be tested within a simplified command team simulation to conclusively demonstrate the existence, or otherwise, of any benefits obtained in terms of workload, and individual and global situation awareness. Project Objectives: 1. Carry out a critical review of the relevant literature in the fields of operator and interface frames of reference and the mental rotations required to reconcile the information presented in them;

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2. Compare the findings of the literature review with provided examples of operator interfaces to determine specific recommendations as to console and interface content orientation that might improve the cognitive performance of the operators that use them; 3. Design and conduct an experiment to assess the impact of spatial reference frame misalignment for typical submarine operator tasks upon situation awareness, response time and subjective work load; and 4. Assess the relevance of these findings for example user interfaces and for subsequent operator orientation in the control room. Project Activities: A formal report comprising the following: 1. An interpreted literature review in the field of operator, interface and information frames of reference, and the reconciliation of the various findings into a concise statement of issues and solutions; 2. A description of the examination of a small number of provided interface examples in the light of the findings of the literature review, and the subsequent identification of shortcomings and appropriate interventions to improve operator performance; 3. The results of experimental assessment of spatial reference frame misalignment; and 4. Recommendations for the orientation of key operator stations in respect to future submarine control room design. Relevant Research Areas and Desirable Skills:

1. Interests and experience in human cognition, the analysis of cognitive work, Human Systems Integration and Human Machine Interface design; and

2. Other areas include cognitive and industrial ergonomics and organisational psychology.

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GIP MD 02: Adaptive Robotics for Undersea Exploration

Location: Eveleigh, New South Wales Project Description: Design, develop and test sensors, electronics and software to support adaptive behaviours for autonomous (self-driving) underwater vehicles operating in marine environments. The purpose is to demonstrate and field-test robust machine intelligence for underwater survey and navigation of dangerous, cluttered or rapidly changing maritime conditions. Behaviours under consideration include obstacle avoidance, target recognition and exploitation of currents or tides exploitation for energy-efficient propulsion. Project Objectives: 1. Develop a concept of operation for the application of adaptive robotic behaviour to undersea exploration where communications with operators at the sea surface is absent or intermittent; 2. Develop software and/or hardware to support autonomous behaviour for a commercial underwater robot in use with various navies around the world; 3. Test and evaluate autonomous behaviour under relevant operational conditions and demonstrate to target user groups. Project Activities: 1. Design hardware and/or algorithm for autonomous underwater behaviour and test with desktop simulation (e.g., MATLAB or similar); 2. Integrate hardware with underwater robot, and/or transfer autonomous algorithm to robotic middleware (e.g., MOOS) and simulate with robotic ‘back-seat driver’ on-board computer. If necessary, develop other control software for seamless integration; 3. Bench-test hardware and autonomous behaviour under various simulated conditions; 4. Field-test hardware and autonomous behaviour under various environmental conditions; 5. Workshop robotic autonomyrobot with target user groups, demonstrate and evaluate its applications to user requirements; 6. Generate a technical report and/or user manual on implementation of the algorithm/behaviour to practical undersea exploration; 7. Final placement presentation. Relevant Research Areas and Desirable Skills:

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1. Electrical or electronics engineer;

2. Mechatronics engineer;

3. Communications engineer; and

4. Computer engineer.

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GIP NSID 01: The Psychology of Cyber Security

Location: Edinburgh, South Australia Project Description: The student will work as part of the Human Aspects of Cyber Security (HACS) research team, which aims to understand and reduce human-based information security threats, risks and vulnerabilities. Although there is scope for the student to develop their own project (with guidance) according to their practical interests, the project should involve the application of psychological principles to human-based issues in the area of cyber security. Potential areas for investigation include: • Examining the role of social influence principles in phishing emails; • Examining the role of information security training on employees’ knowledge, attitude and behaviour when using a computer for work; • Examining the effect of cognitive style or personality on social media self-disclosure; and • Investigating previous victims of cybercrime. This could include interviews to determine what happened, why they became a victim, and whether there are any consistent narratives. This project may involve analysing existing data in new ways, or undertaking data collection. Data collection could involve administering surveys, conducting interviews or completing an experiment. In addition, in line with the requirement of the Master of Psychology program, the student will have the opportunity to complete a student placement, supervised by an endorsed organisational psychologist. Project Objectives: 1. Literature Review: A comprehensive and critical review of the relevant psychological and academic literature in the area of cyber security (approximately two months); 2. Research Proposal: The research proposal should include theoretical grounding, methodological approach and a consideration of ethical issues. The document is designed to focus and define the research (approximately one month); 3. Ethics approval: Ethics approval should be sought from the DST Group Human Research Ethics Review Panel or the university’s human research ethics committee (approximately one month); 4. Study Preparation: (approximately one month); 5. Data Collection: This project may involve the student undertaking their own data collection. Data collection could involve administering (and potentially designing) questionnaires and / or conducting interviews (approximately two months); 6. Data Analysis: This project will involve the student examining and analysing the data they have collected and it may also involve the student examining pre-existing data in new ways (approximately two months); 7. Thesis: The thesis needs to meet the university requirements (approximately two months); and

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8. Final Placement Presentation. Project Activities: 1. Literature Review: A comprehensive and critical review of the relevant psychological and academic literature in the area of cyber security (approximately two months); 2. Research Proposal: The research proposal should include theoretical grounding, methodological approach and a consideration of ethical issues. The document is designed to focus and define the research (approximately one month); 3. Ethics Approval: Ethics approval should be sought from DST Group Human Research Ethics Review Panel or the universities human research ethics committee (approximately one month); 4. Study Preparation: (approximately one month); 5. Data Collection: This project may involve the student undertaking their own data collection. Data collection could involve administering (and potentially designing) questionnaires and / or conducting interviews (approximately two months; 6. Data Analysis: This project will involve the student examining and analysing the data they have collected and it may also involve the student examining pre-existing data in new ways (approximately two months); 7. Thesis: The thesis needs to meet the university requirements (approximately two months); and 8. Final Placement Presentation. Relevant Research Areas and Desirable Skills: Qualifications

1. An Honours degree in psychology and currently undertaking a Master’s degree in Organisational Psychology or equivalent.

Desirable Characteristics

1. Sound knowledge of research tools and techniques (e.g. qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis approaches and software);

2. Excellent written and verbal communication skills;

3. Demonstrated problem solving ability;

4. Demonstrated initiative and motivation;

5. Demonstrated time management skills and the ability to meet project timelines;

6. The ability to undertake literature reviews;

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7. The ability to be adaptable and flexible; and

8. The ability to work independently and as part of a multi-disciplinary team. The student must be an Australian citizen and must be prepared to under-go a police check and meet any security requirements.

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GIP WCSD 01: Development of a Millimetre-Wave Radar Sensor

Location: Edinburgh, South Australia Project Description: Radio Frequency Sensors and Processing Group in Weapons Guidance Technology has an interest in millimetre-wave (MMW) radar sensors for studies relevant to in-service and threat weapons systems. Such a system would enable trials of radar sensor concepts such as waveforms, signal processing algorithms and receiver architectures. The system would be developed to fit in a pod for airborne trials and allow the collection of data for research into clutter distributions and target signatures at MMW frequencies. The ability to collect data to validate modelling and analysis work is a key component of the S&T process and this system will provide that capability. Project Objectives: 1. Contribute to the design and build of a MMW testbed system; and 2. Integrate transmitter, antenna and receiver sub-systems. Project Activities: 1. Integrate and characterize system performance; and 2. Contribute to producing a MMW radar testbed for S&T applications. Relevant Research Areas and Desirable Skills:

1. Radar;

2. RF;

3. Antennas;

4. Signal processing;

5. Real-time systems;

6. Digital electronics;

7. Software engineering; and

8. Systems engineering.

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GIP WCSD 02: Human Factors of Uninhabited Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for Surface Ships

Location: Edinburgh, South Australia Project Description: The use of UAVs (more popularly known as drones) is becoming increasingly common; however the design of these systems to support a range of tasks is still being investigated. Building on previous research by a GIP student, this project will study the tasks that need to be conduct by the Royal Australian Navy when using UAVs, and how the design of user interfaces and automation can better support those tasks. The project will require a review of the UAV literature, and the design and conduct of an experiment to investigate the human factors of UAV usage by Navy ships. Project Objectives: 1. Provide recommendations on UAV system design and integration, based on the literature and experimental findings. Project Activities: 1. A literature review of UAV research for employment in surface ships; 2. Development of detailed experiment plan; 3. Work with technical experts in the development of the simulation software to support the experiment; 4. Pilot testing of the experiment and preliminary analysis; 5. Conduct of the experiment; 6. Analyse the data, and write up the findings and recommendations in a report; and 7. Final project presentation. Relevant Research Areas and Desirable Skills:

1. Undergraduate degree in Psychology, with Honours;

2. Human experiment design skills and experience; and

3. Statistical analysis skills.