Analysis of the Heatsink Influence on Conducted and Radiated EMI in Power Electronics Converters
CONDUCTED RF EQUIPMENT POWER AMPLIFIERS - · PDF fileEMI interferences radiated ... 5...
Transcript of CONDUCTED RF EQUIPMENT POWER AMPLIFIERS - · PDF fileEMI interferences radiated ... 5...
www.emtest.com 1 Alain Burger / Liu Xiaohua 11.2013
Test Procedures for Airborne Equipment such as requested by
RTCA DO-160G and MIL-Std 704
CONDUCTED RF EQUIPMENT POWER AMPLIFIERS
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EMC
ESD Burst Surge
Ind. conducted
Ind. radiated
Surge Power
DC 3ph
unbalance
NBRE Harmonic Flicker
conducted
EMI
interferences
radiated
CISPR11
CISPR 13
CISPR22
CISPR14
CISPR15
CISPR 11
CISPR 13
CISPR22
CISPR14
CISPR15
IEC61000
-3-2
IEC61000
3-12
IEC61000
-4-2
IEC61000
-4-4
IEC61000
-4-5
-4-12
IEC61000
-4-6
IEC61000
-4-3
IEC61000
-4-9
IEC61000
-4-8
Asym CM
IEC61000
-4-16
DOW
IEC61000
-4-10
Freq. variation
DC
Harmonic V fluct
IEC61000
-4-13
IEC61000
-4-14
IEC61000
-4-17
IEC61000
-4-27
IEC61000
-4-28
IEC61000
-4-29
AC
IEC61000
-4-11
-4-34
IEC61000
-3-3
IEC61000
3-11
conducted
transient radiated
LF disturbanced
RF
conducted
power phenomena
EMC structure
BBRE
EMS
susceptibility
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Aircraft EMC Standards
D6-16050-4
ABD100.1
Electromagnetic Interference
Control Requirements
Environmental Conditions and Tests
Requirements Procedures
for Airborne Equipment
Mil-Std 704 Aircraft Electric Power Characteristics
Mil-Std 461 Mil-Std 464
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Aircraft Electrical Power System
Ram air turbine
Transformer
Rectifier Unit
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Module Boeing787 Boeing777 Boeing737 Airbus380 Airbus330 Airbus320
Electric Power 235Vac,115Vac,
270Vdc,28Vdc
250Vac,115Vac,
28Vdc
115Vac,26Vac,28
Vdc
235Vac,115Vac,2
70Vdc,28Vdc
200Vac,115Vac
(3phase),28Vdc
Engine 2 2 2 4 2 2
IDG Generators Integrated drive generator
4x250kVA VF 2x120kVA
CF 400Hz
2x90 kVA
CF 400Hz
4 ×150 kVA
VF(370-770Hz)
2 ×115 kVA
CF 400Hz
2 ×90kVA
CF 400Hz
APU Auxiliary power unit
2x225kVA 1x120kVA
CF400Hz
90 kVA 2 ×120 kVA
CF 400Hz
115 kVA 90kVA
Ground source 3 x 90 kVA 4 connections 2 connections
90 kVA
RAT Ram Air Turbine
1 ×7.5kVA 1 ×70kVA
TRU Transformer rectifier unit
4×120A 3x50A 5×300A
1x300A APU
3x100A
1x200A
Aircraft Electrical Power System
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RTCA DO-160G
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Test Procedures for Airborne Equipment
such as requested by RTCA DO-160G
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Environmental Conditions and Test Procedures for Airborne Equipment
Section Title Section Title
1 Purpose and Applicability 14 Salt Spray
2 Definitions of Terms
15 Magnetic Effect
3 Conditions of Test 16 Power Input
4 Temperature and Altitude 17 Voltage Spike Conducted
5 Temperature Variation 18 Audio frequency Conducted Susceptibility
6 Humidity 19 Induced Signal Susceptibility
7 Shock 20 RF Susceptibility (Radiated and Conducted)
8 Vibration 21 Emission of Radio Frequency Energy
9 Explosive Atmosphere 22 Lightning Induced Transient Susceptibility
10 Waterproofness 23 Lightning Direct Effects
11 Fluids Susceptibility 24 Icing
12 Sand and Dust 25 Electro Static Discharge
13 Fungus Resistance 26 Fire, Flammability
EMC
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RTCA is the Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics
– Publishes DO 160
• Latest publication is DO 160G, issued in 8 December 2010
– Section 16 “ Power Input”
– Section 18 “ Audio Frequency Conducted Susceptibility ”
DO-160G is recognized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) as de facto
international standard ISO-7137.
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Table of Contents Section 16
16.1 Purpose of the Test 16.2 Equipment Categories 16.3 Emergency Electrical System Operation 16.4 Standard Electrical Power Input Parameters 16.5 AC Power supply 16.5.1 Normal Operating Conditions (ac) 16.5.1.1 Voltage and Frequency 16.5.1.2 Voltage Modulation 16.5.1.3 Frequency Modulation 16.5.1.4 Momentary Power Interruption 16.5.1.5 Normal Transients 16.5.1.6 Normal Frequency Variation 16.5.2 Abnormal Operating (ac) 16.5.2.1 Abnormal Voltage and Frequency 16.5.2.2 Momentary Undervoltage Operation 16.5.1.3 Abnormal Transients 16.5.1.4 Loss of Phase Input ( 3-phase only)
16.6 DC Power supply 16.6.1 Normal Operating Conditions (dc) 16.6.1.1 Voltage (Average Value dc) 16.6.1.2 Ripple Voltage 16.6.1.3 Momentary Power Interruption 16.6.1.4 Normal Surge Voltage dc 16.6.1.6 Normal Frequency Variation
16.6.2 Abnormal Operating (dc) 16.6.2.1 Abnormal Voltage and Frequency 16.6.2.2 Momentary Undervoltage Operation 16.6.1.3 Abnormal Transients 16.6.1.4 Loss of Phase Input ( 3-phase only)
16.7 Load Equipment Influence on Aircraft Electrical
Power System (ac and dc) Designation
16.7.1 Current harmonic Emissions from Loads (ac)
16.7.2 Allowable Phase Unbalance (3-phase ac Input Only) 16.7.3 DC Current Content in Steady State Operation
(All ac Equipment) 16.7.4 Regenerated Energy
(dc, Category D Equipment Only) 16.7.5 Inrush Current Requirements (ac and dc) Designation I 16.7.6 Current Modulation in Steady-State Operation (ac),
Designation L 16.7.7 DC Current Ripple tests (dc), Designation R 16.7.8 Power Factor (All ac Equipment), Designation P
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Section 16
Power Input (Section 16.5 )
DC
Electrical Power Input Parameter Limits
AC
Electrical Power Input Parameter Limits
Normal Operate Condition Abnormal Operate Condition
Section 16.5.1 Section 16.5.2
Voltage & Frequency
Section
16.5.1.1
Voltage Modulation
Section
16.5.1. 2
Frequency Modulation
Section
16.5.1. 3
Momentary Power
Interruption
Section
16.5.1. 4
Normal Transients
Section
16.5.1. 5
N.Frequency Variations
Section
16.5.1. 6
Voltage DC content
Section
16.5.1. 7
Voltage & Distortion
Section
16.5.1. 8
Surge Voltage
Section
16.5.1.5.1
N. Frequency Transients
Section
16.5.1.5.2
Total Harmonic Distortion
Section
16.5.1. 8.1.1
Individual Harmonic
Content
Section
16.5.1. 8.1.2
Voltage & Frequency
Section
16.5.2.1
Momentary Under
Operation
Section
16.5.2. 2
Abnormal Transients
Section
16.5.2. 3
Loss of Phase Input
Section
16.5.2. 4*
A.Surge Voltage
Section
16.5.2. 3.1
A. Frequency Transients
Section
16.5.2.3.2
A. Frequency Transients
A (NF) A(WF)
Section
16.5.2.3.3
Normal Operate Condition Abnormal Operate Condition
Section 16.6.1
Voltage
Section
16.6.1.1
Ripple Voltage
Section
16.6.1. 2
Momentary Power
Interruption
Section
16.6.1. 3
Normal Surge
Voltage
Section
16.6.1. 4
Engine Starting
Section
16.6.1. 5
Exposed Voltage
Decay time
Section
16.6.1. 6
Voltage Steady State
Section
16.6.2.1
Low Voltage
Condition
Section
16.6.2. 2
Momentary Under
Operation
Section
16.6.2. 3
Normal Surge
Voltage
Section
16.6.2. 4
Section 16.6.2
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16.1. Purpose of the test
This section defines test conditions and procedures for ac and dc electrical power applied to the terminals of the equipment under test. It covers the following electrical power supplies:
• 14 V dc, 28 V dc and 270 V dc
• 115 Vrms ac and 230 Vrms ac with nominal frequency 400 Hz or a variable range 400 Hz. Equipment categories and frequency classes, test conditions and procedures for equipment using other electrical power supplies must be defined in applicable equipment performance sandards. = Function check = Determine compliance with applicable equipment performance standards
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Voltage range Up to 230 Vrms
Frequency range Up to 900 Hz + 5 Hz
Equipment Categories A(CF) Operating at 400Hz
A(NF) Operating at 360 to 650Hz
A(WF) Operating at 360 to 800Hz
16.2. Equipment Categories
AC Power supply
Voltage range Up to 400 V + 4 V
Rise & Fall time < 1 ms
Equipment Categories A 28V dc (may have battery floating on dc bus)
B 14V or 28V dc (battery of significant capacity)
D 270V dc
Z 28V dc Equipment for use in lieu of Cat A / B (no battery)
DC Power Supply
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DO-160 Tests in NetWave.control
Cat R(WF) 172 files
AC
Same library for DC application (24 V, 28 V, 270 V)
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Table of Contents Section 16
16.1 Purpose of the Test 16.2 Equipment Categories 16.3 Emergency Electrical System Operation 16.4 Standard Electrical Power Input Parameters 16.5 AC Power supply
16.5.1 Normal Operating Conditions (ac)
16.5.1.1 Voltage and Frequency 16.5.1.2 Voltage Modulation 16.5.1.3 Frequency Modulation 16.5.1.4 Momentary Power Interruption 16.5.1.5 Normal Transients 16.5.1.6 Normal Frequency Variation 16.5.1.7 Voltage DC constant (ac) 16.5.1.8 Voltage distortion (ac)
16.5.2 Abnormal Operating (ac) 16.5.2.1 Abnormal Voltage and Frequency 16.5.2.2 Momentary Undervoltage Operation 16.5.2.3 Abnormal Transients 16.5.1.4 Loss of Phase Input ( 3-phase only)
16.6 DC Power supply 16.7 Load Equipment Influence on Aircraft Electrical Power System (ac and dc)
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16.5 Electrical Power Input Parameter Limits (ac) The following defines quantitatively those parameters of electrical power input that are variable and the related test conditions where applicable. The tests are divided into those associated with
NORMAL system operation and ABNORMAL system operation.
Testing of equipment allows to use of input power A(CF) 400Hz A(NF) 360Hz to 650Hz A(WF) 360Hz to 650Hz
A(WF) yes yes yes A(NF) yes yes no A(CF) yes no no
16.5.1 Normal Operating Conditions (ac) Test are applicable to Category A(CF), A(NF), A(WF) Equipment.
CAUTION: All mentioned voltage values are for 115 Vrms ac equipment.
For 230V equipment all voltage values are multiply by 2
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16.5.1.1 Voltage and Frequency (ac)
Definition
Frequency : Normal
Emergency
3-phase system
Voltage (AVG) : Min = 101.5
Max = 120.5
AC Network:
Unom = 115V
f nom = 400Hz
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16.5.1.1 Voltage and Frequency (ac)
Requirement for single phase equipment
Operate equipment at maximum duty cycle for at least 30 minutes for each test. Determine compliance with applicable performance standards during each 30 minute test period
Test b1
Test b2 emergency A (CF) only
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16.5.1.1 Voltage and Frequency (ac) Requirement for Three Phase Equipment
Operate equipment at maximum duty cycle for at least 30 minutes for each test with the primary power adjusted first for a phase balance, then for a phase unbalance. Determine compliance with applicable performance standards during each 30 minute test period.
Test c1 (1) normal
Test c1(2) emergency
Balanced Unbalanced
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16.5.1.1 Voltage and Frequency (ac) Requirement for Three Phase Equipment
Operate equipment at maximum duty cycle for at least 30 minutes for each test with the primary power adjusted first for a phase balance, then for a phase unbalance. Determine compliance with applicable performance standards during each 30 minute test period.
Test c2 (2) A (WF) emergency Test c2 (1) A(WF) normal
Balanced Unbalanced
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16.5.1.2 Voltage Modulation (ac)
Definition
The voltage modulation, cyclic or random variation will be 5Vp-p (115Vac system) maximum peak-valley on the modulation envelope. For 230V system modulation 10Vp-p
Requirement
Dwell time 120s for each Frequency. The frequency step size shall be a minimum 4 log spaces steps/decade.
Fn+1 = fn * 10^ (1/4)
A(CF) 400Hz
A(NF) 360Hz and 650Hz
A(WF) 360Hz and 800Hz
Caution: All voltages for 115V rms. Multiple by 2 for 230V equipment.
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16.5.1.3 Frequency Modulation (ac)
Definition The frequency modulation is normally within narrow
frequency limits and occurs as a result of speed variations in a generator coupling and/or drive speed regulation.
Requirement
The equipment shall be operated with a mean frequency of:
A(CF) 400Hz
A(NF) 360Hz and 650Hz
A(WF) 360Hz and 800Hz
Test: At each repetition rate test point. Dwell the longer of 5 repetition rate cycles, 30 seconds or for a time as per equipment specs.
Frequency Deviation Sweep duration ±4.9Hz 1/0.014= 71.43s
±0.2Hz 1/100 = 0.01s
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16.5.1.3 Frequency Modulation (ac) Example : Test with 400Hz. At each repetition rate test point. Dwell the longer of 5 repetition rate
cycles, 30 seconds or for a time as per equipment specs.
- 5s for a sweep 396Hz to 404Hz = 5s -10s for a sweep from 396Hz to 404Hz and back to 396Hz - For max. 30s test time = 30s/ (10s) =3 cycles => 5 Cycles for test =50s test duration
- 0.05s for a sweep from 399.25Hz to 400.75Hz - 0.1s Duration for a 399.25Hz to 400.75Hz and back to 399.25
- For max. 30s test time = 30s/ (0.1s) =300 cycles for test
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16.5.1.4 Momentary Power Interruption (ac)
a. Definition
Transfer of power sources can result in power interruption for periods up to 200ms.
b. Requirement for all Equipment
Equipment is sensitive to momentary power interruptions that can cause aberration in performance. The interruption can be from 0 to 200ms. This test procedure selects discrete values that considered effective for determining equipment performance.
Test Procedures
The equipment shall be operated with a mean frequency of:
A(CF) 400Hz
A(NF) 360Hz and 650Hz
A(WF) 360Hz and 800Hz
Apply test conditions of Table 16-1 at least twice.
Furthermore, If the difference of maximum and minimum steady state EUT current is > 25% then both EUT conditions are to be tested.
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16.5.1.4 Momentary Power Interruption (ac)
b. Requirement for all Equipment
Definitions for voltage wave shape during interruptions:
Ti Power interrupt time
Tf Time it would take for the applied voltage decay from Vnom to Vmin.
Tr Time it would take for the applied voltage rise from Vmin to Vnom.
V min The minimum level ( in % of Vnom ) to which the applied voltage is permitted to decay.
Tolerance to Ti, Tf, Tr = ±10%
Table 16-1 for testing Equipment
Test cond. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Tf [ms] <1 10 17 18 19 20 20 10 25 50 43 48 50 18 20 13 5 <1 <1
Ti [ms] 2 0 8 32 56 80 180 0 0 0 33 53 150 13 15 27 20 50 200
Tr [ms] <1 3 4 5 5 5 5 4 10 20 17 19 20 7 2 13 5 <1 <1
% Vnom (Vmin) 0 50 15 10 5 0 0 80 50 0 15 5 0 65 60 35 0 0 0
Apply test conditions of Table 16-1 at least twice.
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16.5.1.4 Momentary Power Interruption (ac)
c. Additional Requirement (A(NF) and A(WF) Category Only)
Apply each of the test conditions of Table 16-2 at least twice.
Test Procedures
Determine compliance with applicable performance standards. Manual reset is not permitted unless otherwise specified by the individual equipment specification.
Tolerance to Ti, Tf, Tr = ±10%
A(NF) Fmax= 650Hz
A(WF) Fmax= 800Hz
F1 = frequency of equipment voltage
supply when t < ta
F2 = frequency of equipment voltage
supply when t > tb
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16.5.1.5 Normal Transients (ac)
16.5.1.5.1 Normal Surge Voltage (ac)
Definition
A normal surge is a variation from the controlled steady-state level. It results from the inherent regulation of the electrical power supply system in response to disturbances that are imposed by normal system operation, such as load switching and remedial action by the regular.
Requirement
Operate as follow: The require surge voltages as measured at the input
terminals of the EUT shall be achieved regardless of the required surge current.
The supply frequency shall be as follows:
A(CF) 400Hz ±5Hz
A(NF) first 360Hz +5/-0Hz 2nd 650Hz +0/-5Hz
A(WF) first 360Hz +5/-0Hz 2nd 800Hz +0/-5Hz
During the normal electric system surges, determine compliance with applicable performance standards
Voltage Surge should be monitored
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16.5.1.5.2 Normal Frequency Transients ( All Equipment)
Definition
A normal transients is a momentary variation from the controlled steady-state level. It results from the inherent regulation of the electrical power supply system in response to disturbances that are imposed by normal system operation, such as engine speed changes and remedial action by the regulator. This test is performed on variable frequency equipment to insure compatibility with constant frequency equipment.
Requirement
Operate the equipment for 5 minutes with a voltage of 115V at equipment terminals and a frequency of 400Hz. The cycle the frequency 3 times as indicated shown in the figure.
Transition between frequency test points shall occur <1ms.
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16.5.1.6 Normal Frequency Variations ( A(NF) and A(WF) Category Only)
Definition
Frequency variations up to 200Hz/s, unless otherwise specified, can occur in abnormal operating conditions as a result of quick engine speed changes more particularly during engine runaway or failure mode scenarios.
Requirement
Operate the equipment for 5 minutes with a voltage of 115V at equipment terminals and a frequency of 360Hz +5/-0Hz.
The cycle the frequency 3 times as indicated below
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16.5.1.7 Voltage DC Content (ac)
Definition
A voltage dc content up to ± 0.20volt may be encountered during normal steady-state electrical system operation The dc voltage is the same for both 115V and 230V ac systems.
Requirement
Operate the equipment at max. duty cycle with a voltage of 115V / 230V and the specified frequency. After initial power up of EUT, apply to the primary input during at least 30 minutes a dc offset of:
These test shall be performed with a mean frequency of:
A(CF) 400Hz
A(NF) 360Hz and 650Hz
A(WF) 360Hz and 800Hz
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16.5.1.8 Voltage Distortion (ac)
Definition
Total Harmonic Distortion
Individual Harmonic Content
X1 = Fundamental value of current or voltage
Xn = nth Harmonic value of current or voltage
Requirement
Operate at maximum duty cycle with minimum voltage = 100V for at least 30 minutes with a voltage distortion as follows:
A(CF) 400Hz 8% +2/-0%
A(NF) 360Hz and 650Hz 8% +2/-0%
A(WF) 360Hz and 800Hz 10% +2/-0%
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16.5.2. Abnormal Operating Conditions (ac) Applicable for 115Vrms ac and 230Vrms ac equipment.
16.5.2.1 Abnormal Voltage and Frequency Limits Steady State (ac)
a. Definition
b. Requirement for single phase equipment
Operate the equipment at maximum
duty cycle for at least 5 minutes.
These test shall be performed with a mean frequency of:
A(CF) 400Hz
A(NF) 360Hz and 650Hz
A(WF) 360Hz and 800Hz
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16.5.2.1 Abnormal Voltage and Frequency Limits Steady State (ac)
c. Requirement for three phase equipment Operate the equipment at maximum duty cycle for at least 5 minutes .
d. Requirement for single phase equipment A(CF) Category only
Operate the equipment at maximum duty cycle for at least 5 minutes .
Test1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4
3-phases
during each 5 min period
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16.5.2.1 Abnormal Voltage and Frequency Limits Steady State (ac)
e. Requirement for three phase equipment (A(CF) Category Equipment only)
Operate the equipment at maximum duty cycle for at least 5 minutes for each test with the primary power adjusted first - for a phase balance, then - for a phase unbalance.
during each 5 min period
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16.5.2.2 Momentary Undervoltage Operations (ac)
Definition
Momentary voltages in the range from zero to 97Vrms may occur for any duration up to 7seconds.
Requirement
Decrease the input ac voltage to 60Vrms for 7 seconds. Adjust the input ac voltage to 115Vrms and , determine compliance with applicable performance standards.
Repeat with 10Vrms instead of 60Vrms
These test shall be performed with a mean frequency of:
A(CF) 400Hz
A(NF) 360Hz and 650Hz
A(WF) 360Hz and 800Hz
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16.5.2.3 Abnormal transients (ac)
16.5.2.3.1 Abnormal Surge Voltage (ac) Definition
A normal surge is a variation from the controlled steady-state level. It results from the inherent regulation of the electrical power supply system in response to disturbances that are imposed by normal system operation, such as load switching and remedial action by the regular.
Requirement
Operate as follow for single phase equipment:
The required surge voltages as measured at the input
terminals of the EUT shall be achieved regardless of the required surge current.
The supply frequency shall be as follows:
A(CF) 400Hz ±5Hz
A(NF) first 360Hz +5/-0Hz 2nd 650Hz +0/-5Hz
A(WF) first 360Hz +5/-0Hz 2nd 800Hz +0/-5Hz
During the normal electric system surges, determine compliance with applicable performance standards
Voltage Surge should be monitored
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16.5.2.3 Abnormal transients (ac)
16.5.2.3.1 Abnormal Surge Voltage (ac)
Requirement
Operate as follow for 3-phase equipment:
For 3-phase equipment apply each surge one time at 10 seconds intervals between tests per figure below.
The supply frequency shall be as follows:
A(CF) 400Hz ±5Hz
A(NF) first 360Hz +5/-0Hz 2nd 650Hz +0/-5Hz
A(WF) first 360Hz +5/-0Hz 2nd 800Hz +0/-5Hz
During the normal electric system surges, determine compliance with applicable performance standards
Voltage Surge should be monitored
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16.5.2.3.2 Abnormal Frequency Transients (ac)
Definition
A normal transients is a momentary variation from the controlled steady-state level. It results from the inherent regulation of the electrical power supply system in response to disturbances that are imposed by normal system operation, such as engine speed changes and remedial action by the regulator. This test is performed on variable frequency equipment to insure compatibility with constant frequency equipment.
Requirement
Test 1 All ac Equipment
Operate the equipment for 5 minutes with a voltage of 115V at equipment terminals and a frequency of 400Hz.
The following sequence shall be repeated 3 times allow the equipment to fully stabilized between each sequence.
tr & tf < 1 ms
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16.5.2.3.2 Abnormal Frequency Transients (ac)
Test 2 All ac equipment
Operate the equipment for 5 minutes with a voltage of 115V at equipment terminals and a frequency of 400Hz.
The following sequence shall be repeated 3 times allow the equipment to fully stabilized between each sequence.
Test 3 A(NF) and A(WF) ac equipment only
Operate the equipment for 5 minutes with a voltage of 115V at equipment terminals and a frequency of 400Hz.
The following sequence shall be repeated 3 times allow the equipment to fully stabilized between each sequence.
tr & tf < 1 ms
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16.5.2.3.3 Abnormal Frequency Transients (A(NF) and A(WF) Equipment Only
Definition
Frequency variations up to 400Hz/s ( decreasing), and 120Hz/s (increasing), unless otherwise specified, can occur in abnormal operating conditions as a result of quick engine speed changes more particularly during engine runaway or failure mode scenarios.
Requirement
Operate the equipment for 5 minutes with a voltage of 115V at equipment terminals and a frequency of 360Hz +5/-0Hz. The cycle the frequency 3 times as indicated below
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16.5.2.4 Loss of Phase Input (Three Phase ac Input only)
Definition
All three phase ac loads are to be designed such that no damage or unsafe condition will occur during following removal of one or more input phase connections.
Requirement (400Hz for (CF), 360 Hz & 650 Hz for (NF) and 360 Hz & 800 Hz for (WF)
a) 5 minutes with all three phases supplied followed by a minimum of 30 minutes testing period with removed phase (most susceptible phase X).
b) Starting with power disconnected (phase X) and continue operating for a period of 30 minutes with powered two phases.
c) Operate 5 minutes with all three phases supplied followed by a minimum of 30 minutes testing period with removed both phase Y & Z.
d) Staring with power disconnected at phase Y & Z and run the normal operating with the remaining phase for a period of 30 minutes.
After exposure Manual reset is permitted unless not allowed by the individual specs.
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Table of Contents Section 16
16.1 Purpose of the Test
16.2 Equipment Categories
16.3 Emergency Electrical System Operation
16.4 Standard Electrical Power Input Parameters 16.5 AC Power supply
16.6 DC Power supply 16.6.1 Normal Operating Conditions (dc)
16.6.1.1 Voltage (Average Value dc) 16.6.1.2 Ripple Voltage 16.6.1.3 Momentary Power Interruption 16.6.1.4 Normal Surge Voltage dc 16.6.1.5 Engine Starting Under Voltage Operation (dc) 16.6.1.6 Exposed Voltage Decay Time (dc, Category D Equipment Only)
16.6.2 Abnormal Operating (dc) 16.6.2.1 Voltage Steady State (dc) 16.6.2.2 Low Voltage Conditions (dc Category B Equipment Only) 16.6.2.3 Momentary Undervoltage Operation 16.6.2.4 Abnormal Surge Voltage (dc)
16.7 Load Equipment Influence on Aircraft Electrical Power System (ac and dc)
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16.6 Electrical Power Input Parameter Limits (dc) – DC tests are associated with NORMAL and ABNORMAL electrical system operation.
16.6.1 Operation condition for Power supply connection If not otherwise specified, the power is connected as follows: Chassis shall be the same dc potential as earth ground. The return lead ( negative lead) for all 14V and 28V dc equipment
shall be the same dc potential as the earth ground during all tests. 270V dc equipment may be used either as: - positive ground - negative ground (preferred) - floating ground
Except as noted, all 270V dc tests are to be performed with negative
lead at the same potential as earth ground during all equipment tests.
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16.6.1.1 Voltage ( Average Value dc)
Definition
Voltage at Equipment Terminals 14V dc 28V dc 270V dc
Maximum 15.15V 30.3V 285V
Minimum 11.00V 22.0V 235V
Emergency Operation 9.00V 18.0V 235V
Determine compliance with applicable equipment performance standards.
Category A : 14V Category B : 28V or 14V Category Z : 28V
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16.6.1.1 Voltage ( Average Value dc)
Definition
Voltage at Equipment Terminals 14V dc 28V dc 270V dc
Maximum 15.15V 30.3V 285V
Minimum 11.00V 22.0V 235V
Emergency Operation 9.00V 18.0V 235V
Requirement 4 Category D : 270V only
With the power source‘s positive lead referenced to PE, operate at max. duty cycle for at least 30 min with voltage at maximum voltage. After determining compliance, turn the 270V power off, verify the voltage has dropped to a safe level and then return the 270V power source to have its negative lead referenced to PE.
Category A : 14V Category B : 28V or 14V Category Z : 28V Category D : 270V
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16.6.1.2 Ripple Voltage (dc)
Definition
Ripple in the cyclic variation about the mean level of the voltage during steady state dc electrical system operation. In 28V dc network, the cyclic peak to peak ripple voltage will be:
Vnom Voltage ≥ 22V : Ripple ≤ 4 V
Vnom Voltage < 22V : Ripple ≤ 2 V
In 270V dc network, the cyclic peak to peak ripple voltage will be less than 16V
Requirements
Test according paragraph 18.3.1 of subsection 18.3
Corresponding Categories : Section 16 A, B, D and Z correspond to
Section 18 R, B, Z and Z
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16.6.1.2 Ripple Voltage (dc) according paragraph 18.3.1
Setup for 14V and 28VDC Power Lines diff. Mode application
14/28 Vdc
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16.6.1.2 Ripple Voltage (dc) according paragraph 18.3.1
Setup for 270V DC Power Lines Common Mode application
Setup for 270V DC Power Lines diff. Mode application
Test B
Test C
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16.6.1.3 Momentary Power Interruptions (dc)
a. Definition
Transfer of power sources can result in power interruptions for any period up to:
- Category A 200ms
- Category B equipment 50ms
- Category D and Z equipment 1.0s.
Requirements:
-Requirements for Equipment with digital circuits
-Requirements for All Equipment
-Double Interrupt Requirements for Equipment with Digital or Memory devices
Determine compliance with applicable performance standards. Manual reset is not permitted unless otherwise specified by the individual equipment specification.
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16.6.1.3 Momentary Power Interruptions (dc)
b. Requirements for Equipment with digital circuits
Transfer of power sources can result in power interruptions for any period up to:
Ti : Power interrupt time Tf : Time it would take for applied voltage to decay from V(nom) to zero Volts. Tr : Time it would take for applied voltage to rise from zero to Vnom Volts. Tolerance to Ti, Tf, Tr = ±10%
Determine compliance with applicable performance standards. Manual reset is not permitted unless otherwise specified by the individual equipment specification.
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16.6.1.3 Momentary Power Interruptions (dc)
c. Requirements for All Equipment
With the test equipment operating at its design voltage, interrupt the power for a minimum of 5 times:
All Category : 50ms
A, D Category : 200ms
Z Category : 1s
Determine compliance with applicable performance standards. Manual reset is not permitted unless otherwise specified by the individual equipment specification.
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16.6.1.3 Momentary Power Interruptions (dc)
d. Double Interrupt Requirements for Equipment with Digital or Memory devices
This test is applicable only to dc equipment that incorporates digital circuits and/or memory devices, including equipment with electrical or mechanical delay devices.
Determine compliance with applicable performance standards. Manual reset is not permitted unless otherwise specified by the individual equipment specification.
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16.6.1.4 Normal Surge Voltage (dc)
a. Definition
A normal surge is a variation from the controlled steady-state level. It results from the inherent regulation of the electrical power supply system in response to disturbances that are imposed by normal system operation, such as load switching and remedial action by the regular.
b. Requirement 1 for Category A, B, Z only
Operate as follow:
Category A and B:
Category Z
The required surge voltage as measured at the input terminals of the EUT shall be achieved regardless of the surge current.
Voltage Surge should be monitored
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16.6.1.4 Normal Surge Voltage (dc)
c. Requirement 270V dc equipment for Category D
Operate as follow:
Category D:
The required surge voltage as measured at the input terminals of the EUT shall be achieved regardless of the surge current.
Voltage Surge should be monitored
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16.6.1.5 Engine Starting Under Voltage Operation (dc)
Definition
This requirement applies to Category Z and 28V Category B equipment.
During engine starting, momentary voltages in the ranges from 10.0V to 20.5V dc may occur for any duration up to 35 seconds or as indicated in the equipment specifications.
Requirement
With equipment energized at nominal voltage, decrease input voltage to 10.0V dc and increase 0.3V/s for 35s, then return to rated voltage or as indicated in the equipments specs.
During this period the equipment performance can fall to a level stipulated in the equipment specification. Return to nominal voltage and determine compliance with applicable performance standards.
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16.6.1.6 Exposed Voltage Decay Time (dc, Category D Equipment Only)
Definition
Voltage at exposed external surfaces of the EUT are to be maintained at a safe level during normal operation. Voltages on all external surfaces of the EUT must decay to a safe level in a reasonable amount of time after power removed from EUT.
Requirements
1. Operate the equipment at least 1 minute with nominal voltage. Excluding female connector pins, all exposed voltages in this condition shall < 50V peak in magnitude with respect to the chassis or to other.
2. Monitor all 270V hot and return connection points ( male & female) on EUT with 10M Ohm <30pF probes with respect to chassis ground. Operate one minute with nominal voltage and then abruptly disconnect all 270V lines to EUT.
The voltages shall decay to <50V as listed below: For test with NetWave switch power OFF
a)270V connection points exposed by removing a connector from EUT while the EUT is still mounted in the airframe are to be tested 1s (+0 -0.1s) after removal of power.
b)270V connections points on EUT that are exposed by removing the EUT from the airframe are to be tested 10s (+0-1.0 s) after removal of power.
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16.6.2 Abnormal Conditions (dc) The following conditions and test are applicable for Categories A, B, D and Z
Caution : All mentioned 28V voltage values are to be divided by 2 for 14V equipment.
16.6.2.1 Voltage Steady State (dc)
Abnormal voltage limits
16.6.2.2 Low Voltage Conditions ( Category B Equipment Only)
Voltage in the range from zero to the appropriate minimum voltage may occur for any duration up to 10 minutes.
16.6.2.3 Momentary Undervoltage Operation
Voltage may momentarily vary below nominal for any duration up to 7 seconds.
16.6.2.4 Abnormal Surge Voltage An Abnormal Surge is an variation from the steady state level, resulting from a inherent regulation, such as during fault clearance.
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16.6.2 Abnormal Conditions (dc) The following conditions and test are applicable for Categories A, B, D and Z Caution : All mentioned 28V voltage values are to be divided by 2 for 14V equipment.
16.6.2.1 Voltage Steady State (dc)
Definition Abnormal voltage limits are:
Requirements
1.Operate the equipment for at least 5 minutes with maximum voltage, then return to nominal voltage and determine compliance with applicable performance standards.
2.Operate the equipment for at least 1 minute with nominal voltage, then adjust the minimal voltage for 5 minutes. then return to nominal voltage and determine compliance with applicable performance standards.
+0 -1%
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16.6.2.2 Low Voltage Conditions (dc Category B Equipment Only)
Definition
Voltage in the range from zero to the appropriate minimum voltage may occur for any duration up to 10 minutes.
Requirements
Operate the equipment for at least 1 minute with nominal voltage, then adjust the minimal voltage for 1 minute. With the equipment energized reduce linearly to 0V over a min. period of 10 min. Adjust power to nominal voltage and determine compliance with applicable performance standards.
NOTE: If using discrete steps, the step size shall be smaller than 0.25V and the min. dwelltime at each step shall be 600s/ number of steps.
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16.6.2.3 Momentary Undervoltage Operation (dc)
Definition
Voltage may momentarily vary below nominal for any duration up to 7 seconds.
Category A, B, Z Category D
The Equipment energized at nominal
voltage, decrease the input voltage to
12.0V for 7 seconds.
Return to nominal rated voltage and
determine compliance with applicable
performance standards.
The Equipment energized at nominal voltage,
decrease the input voltage to 140.0V for 7 seconds.
Return to nominal rated voltage and determine
compliance with applicable performance standards.
Repeat test with 20.0V instead of 140V.
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16.6.2.4 Abnormal Surge Voltage (dc)
Definition
An Abnormal Surge is an variation from the steady state level, resulting from a inherent regulation, such as during fault clearance.
Apply the voltage surge 3 times at 10s interval
V2
V1
Typical transient surge voltage characteristics
Voltage Surge should be monitored
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Table of Contents Section 16
16.1 Purpose of the Test
16.2 Equipment Categories
16.3 Emergency Electrical System Operation
16.4 Standard Electrical Power Input Parameters 16.5 AC Power supply 16.6 DC Power supply
16.7 Load Equipment Influence on Aircraft Electrical Power System (ac and dc) Designation 16.7.1 Current harmonic Emissions from Loads (ac)
16.7.2 Allowable Phase Unbalance (3-phase ac Input Only) 16.7.3 DC Current Content in Steady State Operation (All ac Equipment) 16.7.4 Regenerated Energy (dc, Category D Equipment Only) 16.7.5 Inrush Current Requirements (ac and dc) Designation I 16.7.6 Current Modulation in Steady-State Operation (ac), Designation L 16.7.7 DC Current Ripple tests (dc), Designation R 16.7.8 Power Factor (All ac Equipment), Designation P
18.0 Section 18 Audio frequency Conducted Suspectibility
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16.7 Load Equipment Influence on Aircraft Electrical Power System
Test designation
AC Distortion Tests: Designation H This test designation relates to ac equipment with an maximum power consumption - > 35 VA for individual equipment -> 150VA for installations of multiple units (same equipment type) For such equipment, the current distortion tests of section 16.7.1 have to be performed if required by the equipment performance standards.
AC Current Modulation Control Tests: Designation L This test designation relates to ac equipment where the current ripple (or current modulation) drawn from the EUT is controlled. Equipment that meets the requirements of this test designation is to be marked with test designation L. Equipment that does not meet is to still be tested (report levels) and is marked with test designation Z .
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Test designation
AC Power Factor Tests: Designation P This test designation relates to ac equipment where the power factor of the ac power drawn by the EUT is controlled. Equipment that meets the requirements of this test designation is to be marked with test designation P. Equipment that does not meet is to still be tested (report levels) and is marked with test designation Z .
DC current ripple tests: Designation R This test designation relates to dc equipment with an maximum power consumption - >400 W for 28V or >35 W for 270V for individual equipment - >400 W for 28V or >150 W for 270V for installations of multiple units (same equipment type) .
For such equipment, the DC current ripple tests of section 16.7.7 have to be performed if required by the equipment performance standards.
AC or DC Inrush Current tests: Designation I This test designation is assigned to ac or dc equipment that meets the inrush current requirements specified for designation I. For such equipment, the inrush current tests of section 16.7.5 have to be performed if required by the equipment performance standards.
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16.7.1 Current Harmonic Emission from Loads (ac), Designation H
16.7.1.1 Definitions This chapter refer to the definition in chapter 16.5.1.8.1
Total Harmonic Distortion The total harmonic distortion of the ac waveform is the ratio of the rms value of the harmonics to the rms value of the fundamental. The formula defining total harmonic distortion (THD) is provided below.
Individual Harmonic Content
Is the voltage or current, as applicable, at a given harmonic frequency, expressed as a percentage of the fundamental. The formula defining individual harmonic content (IHCn) is provided below. The fraction expresses the amount of distortion at the nth harmonic.
Remarks: The variable ‘X’ may represent voltage or current, and may be expressed as an rms value or a peak value.
X1 = Fundamental value of current or voltage; Xn = nth harmonic value of current or voltage.
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16.7.1.2 Current Distortion
Equipment with “Designation H” shall be tested if - Pmax. > 35 VA of the individual equipment - Pcombination > 150 VA installations or multiple units (same equipment type). - if required by the equipment performance standards.
The equipment shall be tested under two conditions of input voltage distortion.
For each cases the equipment shall be supplied by a source having a voltage of 115V (230V) + 2% and the following frequencies:
Test Condition 1
Test Condition 2
AC source limits: THDv < 1.25% @ ≤ 2 kVA < 4 % @ > 2 kVA
AC source limits: THDv (CF) & (NF) category : 8% +2/-0%
(WF) category : 10% +2/-0%
• (CF) cat. : 400 Hz + 1% • (NF) cat. : 360, 400, 500, 600 & 650 + 1 Hz • (WF) cat. : 360, 400, 500, 600, 650, 700 & 800 + 1 Hz
The voltage distortion can be produced with a full
wave bridge controlled by a varying load on the
rectifiers or by clipping the supply voltage
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16.7.1.2 Current Harmonics limits for Single – Phase Equipment
I1= Maximum fundamental equipment current during max. steady state power demand at a single test frequency (360Hz, 400Hz, 650Hz, 800Hz) . This maximum shall be used for calculate the harmonic limits.
h = order of harmonic
Ih= Maximum harmonic current of order h obtained for all normal steady states modes of operation.
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16.7.1.2 Current Harmonics limits for Three – Phase Equipment
I1= Maximum fundamental equipment current during max. steady state power demand at a single test frequency (360Hz, 400Hz, 650Hz, 800Hz) . I1 is used for calculate the limits.
h = order of harmonic Ih= Maximum harmonic current of order h obtained
for all normal steady states modes of operation.
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16.7. 1.3 Current Distortion Verification Requirements
The report shall include the following information.
1. A description of the operating mode of equipment when the measurement was taken; 2. - Description of the test setup,
- Copy of the test procedure, and - Description of test equipment used and their settings;
3. Plot of current and voltage waveforms, with scaling information, for each phase of the equipment; 4. For A(CF), 5. A(NF) and 6. A(WF) category equipment:
For each rated frequency the table with harmonic current and voltage between the fundamental frequency and 40th harmonics for each phase of the equipment (magnitude and optional phase). Spectrum analysis plot of the input current magnitude for each phase with a resolution ≤ 20Hz.
7. True RMS of input current for each phase of the equipment; 8. Total harmonic distortion of input current and voltage for each phase of the equipment.
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16.7. 1.3 Current Distortion Verification Requirements
Operating Mode for perform the test.
DO-160 -G At maximum and minimum only max if different <25% 10mA or less than 0.25% of I fund
DO-160-E -F maximum and minimum 5mA or less than 0.25% of I fund
RTCA DO-160 Steady state current for the test . Disregarded current of fundamental:
Analizer requirement The resulting error in harmonic current measurement: <5% of the permissible limit Frequency spectrum resolution ≤ 20Hz Sampling rate 100kHz or higher Time window 0.05 seconds or longer Anti aliasing filter with corner frequencies within 25kHz and 50kHz should be used Windowing for analyse Rectangular, Hanning, Hamming or Blackman-Haris
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Example of a result with test designation H with Test Condition 2 compliance table
Column A Harmonic order of applied frequency (2 x 400Hz). The table includes data up to the 40th harmonic.
Column B List the harmonic current limit in % of the fundamental as stated in table 16-4
Column C Voltage harmonic component. As specified under test condition 2. In practice the column contain the actual harmonic components of the applied voltage
Column D Represent the allowed harmonic current for the EUT. The min. 10mA harmonic limit is applied
Column E Measured harmonic current of the EUT under the distorted voltage condition.
Column F Result Fail or Pass relationship between column D and E
AC source limits: THDv (CF) & (NF) category : 8% +2/-0%
(WF) category : 10% +2/-0%
Table 16-6
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16.7.2 Allowable Phase Unbalance (Three Phase ac Input Only)
• (CF) cat. : 400 Hz + 1% • (NF) cat. : 400, 360 & 650 Hz + 1% • (WF) cat. : 400, 360 & 800 Hz + 1 %
The supply voltage and frequency shall remain constant within these limits while measurements are made. Measure the load real power (W), apparent power (VA), and reactive power (VAR) for each of the three input phases at both a minimum and maximum power demand modes of operation. If the difference between Pmax and Pmin <15% only a test at maximum power is required.
Unbalance for loads power demand: -≤ 1kVA, less than 200VA, W, or VAR
-Between 1kVA and 20kVA according figure 16-11
- 20kVA, not differ by more than 800VA, W, or VAR
Figure 16-11 RTCS DO-160
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16.7.3 DC Current Content in Stead-State Operation (all ac equipment) (Equipment with power consumption > 10 VA)
Test voltage parameter: - 115 Vrms with a - dc component 0.00 + 0.10 Vdc - (CF) cat. : 400 Hz + 1% - (NF) cat. : 360 & 650 Hz + 1% - (WF) cat. : 360 & 800 Hz + 1 %
Test 1: Maximum steady-state current
Test 2: Minimum steady-state current (only if Imin < 75% Imax)
Limit: Current DC content <= 5 mA or 2% of the maximum RMS current nominal value
If the difference between maximum & minimum steady state current is < 25%, only the maximum steady state current operating mode needs to be tested.
Test 1 Test 2
Measure the DC content of the equipment line current
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16.7.4 Regenerated Energy (dc category D equipment only)
Measurement Setup
Regenerated energy is energy that flows from the load back to the power source. This energy typically comes from motor braking and from abrupt changes in load demand.
Measurement: While operating (maximum or minimum steady state current), the equipment shall induce less than 8.0V zero to positive peak across the 10 F capacitor. Monitor both sides of the diode in series with the 270 V source during the test.
Conditions: The 270 V is to have < 1 V zero to positive peak ripple as measured at the anode of the series diodes during the test. D1 shall have < 1 s reverse recovery time.
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16.7.5 Inrush Current Requirements (ac & dc), Designation I
Limits:
9 x maximum steady state load for the first 3ms
4 x maximum steady state load up to 500ms
2 x maximum steady state load up to 2s
Measure the voltage drop between the power source and EUT
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16.7.5 Inrush Current Requirements (ac & dc), Designation I
Test Condition 1: Unpowered period of 5 minutes prior to apply the inrush current event
Test Condition 2: Followed the stabilized operating mode reduce Voltage to < 5 % for 200 +20/-0 ms period prior to apply the inrush current event
• (CF) cat.: 400 Hz + 1% • (NF) cat.: 360 & 650 Hz + 1% • (WF) cat.:360 & 800 Hz + 1 % • dc
Conditions:
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16.7.6 Current Modulation in Steady-State Operation (ac) Designation L
Definition
Current modulation is the cyclic or random variation around the mean level of the ac peak current that may occur during steady-state equipment operation. Any equipment which load current may modulate is potential contributing to ac voltage modulation and is therefore to be limited.
Measurement: After the equipment has stabilized, at anytime of the equipment line current modulation shall not exceed factor peak to valley times the RMS value of the equipment maximum steady-state current for equipment:
0.28 for equipment with < 1 kVA 0.14 for equipment with >= 1 kVA
Conditions: • (CF) cat.: 400 + 5 Hz • (NF) cat.: 360 (+5/-0) & 650 (+0/-5) Hz • (WF) cat.:360 (+5/-0) & 800 (+0/-5) Hz
• The load current is to be tested over at least three (3) 500 ms long sweeps •The current probe shall be dc coupled ( Shunt or Hallprobe )
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16.7.7 DC Current Ripple Test (dc), Designation R
Definition
Current ripple is the cyclic or random variation around the mean level of the dc current that may occur during steady-state equipment operation. Any equipment which load current modulation is potential contributing to dc voltage ripple and has therefore to be limited.
Measurement After the equipment has stabilized (minimum or maximum steady-state current), the load current is to be tested over three (3) 500 ms long sweeps.
Requirement Limits for current ripple
28 Vdc: <= 0.14 x Imax for equipment with between 400 W and 1kW
<= 0.07 x Imax for equipment with > 1 kW total nominal power
270 Vdc: <= 0.28 x Imax for equipment < 1 kW <= 0.14 x Imax for equipment between 1 kW and 10 kW <= 0.07 x Imax for equipment > 10 kW
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16.7.7 DC Current Ripple Test (dc), Designation R
Notes to the test
1.Requirements for the DC source: Voltage ripple <= 0.1 V for 28 V networks or Voltage ripple <= 1.0 V for 270 V networks, whatever the voltage ripple frequency is between 1 Hz and 200 Hz.
2.The following load demand variations are exempt from this requirement - Initial start up - Transition between operating modes - Responses to changes in input voltages - Final shut down
3.This test is not intent to monitor current changes above 150kHz ( -3dB point).
4.The current probe is to be dc coupled.
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16.7.8 Power Factor (all ac equipment), Designation P
Definition
Conditions
Limits for Motor loads Power Factor:
- Leading PF > 0.98 (capacitive)
- Lagging PF ( > 500 Hz) > 0.70 (inductive)
- Lagging PF (360 - 500 Hz) = 2.871E-3*Hz-0.72857
- Lagging PF (<= 360 Hz) > 0.30
• (CF) cat. : 400 Hz + 1% • (NF) cat. : 360, 400, 500, 600 & 650 + 1 Hz • (WF) cat.: 360, 400, 500, 600, 650, 700 & 800 + 1 Hz
Diagram Lagging PF versus frequency
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16.7.8 Power Factor (all ac equipment), Designation P
Limits for all other loads:
For loads with maximum total power consumption of all similar equipment on the airplane
> 150 VA, the steady-state full load power factor for each load shall be between 0.80 lagging
and 0.968 leading.
Leading Power Factor (capacitive load) between 20VA and 150VA : PF= 0.87765 * log(kVA) + 1.6911 Lagging Power Factor (inductive load) between 20VA and 150VA : PF= 0.68567 * log(kVA) + 1.36493
Voltage Surge should be monitored
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TITEL DER PRÄSENTATION 18 PT
18.0 Audio Frequency Conducted Susceptibility – Power Inputs
Section 18
User’s Guide Appendix 18
DC Input Power
AC Input Power Leads Test Procedures General Remarks
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18.0 Frequency Conducted Susceptibility – Power Inputs
18.1 Purpose of the test This test determines whether the equipment will accept superposed frequency components normally expected when the equipment is installed in the aircraft. This section provides test procedures and test levels for testing audio frequency conducted susceptibility of power input lines.
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18.3 Test procedures
General Test setup for AC and DC Power lines
DC input leads for categories
a) R, B and Z
b) 270V categorie Z
AC input Power leads for categories
a) R (CF) and K
b) R (NF) and K
c) R (WF) and K
- The optional current monitor is to measure the AC part of the audio frequency current , and not the EUT current. The current monitor should be a frequency selective measuring instrument.
- Optional DC blocking network shall not affect the achieved test levels
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18.3 Frequency Characteristics of Ripple in 14V, 28V and 270V (dc) Limit
Figure 18-3 RTCA/DO-160G
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18.3.2 Test procedure AC Power Leads
a) Categories R(CF) and K Equipments
While EUT is operating , apply a sine wave audio frequency signal successively in series with each ungrounded ac input power lead. The audio frequency is varying between 700Hz and 16kHz.
Setup: Schematics and example of hardware wiring
C 8uF
R(CF) Category Sweep: 700Hz to 16kHz Level: min. 6% of ac input K Category Sweep: 700Hz to 7.6kHz Level: min. 8% of ac input Sweep: 7.6kHz to 16kHz Level: min. 6% of ac input
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Test Procedures, Guidance and Methods to
demonstrate compatibility with: MIL-Std 704,
Aircraft electric power Characteristics
MIL HDBK 704 Guidance for test procedures for demonstration of utilization
equipment compliance to aircraft electrical power characteristics (Part 1…8)
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MIL Standards Information
- Power Groups and operating condition
- Test numbering nomenclature
- MIL-Std 704F compliance test Table
MIL-Std 704
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MIL-Std 704
Power Groups: Acronym
Single Phase, 400Hz, 115V (AC) SAC
Three Phase, 400Hz, 115V (AC) TAC
Single Phase, Variable Frequency , 115V (AC) SVF
Three Phase, Variable Frequency , 115V (AC) TVF
Single Phase, 60Hz, 115V (AC) SXF
Direct Current, 28 V (DC) LDC
Direct Current, 270 V (DC) HDC
Power Groups
Operating Conditions
The MIL-Std-704 compliance tests are organized into power groups based on input electrical power type to utilization equipment:
MIL-Std-704 defines six distinct aircraft electrical system operating conditions. For these operating conditions dedicated test procedures and methods are been specified:
Normal Electrical Power 1
Power Transfers 2
Abnormal Electrical Power 3
Emergency Electrical Power 4
Engine Starting 5
Power Failure 6
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Guidance on test procedure SAC 303 1. Purpose: 2. Validation criteria: 3. Apparatus: List of applied equipment 4. Test setup information: Drawings including specific configurations 5. Compliance test method: Including the record of test conditions, settings, time duration and the performance of the EUT for each test condition.
Test numbering nomenclature example SAC303A.
Example for single phase, 400 Hz, 115 V utilization equipment compliance tests
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MIL-Std 704F compliance test (structure)
MIL-Std 704
DC
VF Variable frequency
CF 400 Hz continuous frequency
SP 1-phase
Normal Operate
Abnormal Operate
Emergency Operate
Transfer Power Fail
Starting Normal Operate
Abnormal Operate
Emergency Operate
Transfer Power Fail
Starting
AC
115V
Normal Operate
Abnormal Operate
Emergency Operate
Transfer Power Fail
Starting
Normal Operate
Abnormal Operate
Emergency Operate
Transfer Power Fail
Starting
28V 270V
Normal Operate
Abnormal Operate
Emergency Operate
Transfer Power Fail
Starting
Normal Operate
Abnormal Operate
Emergency Operate
Transfer Power Fail
Starting Normal Operate
Abnormal Operate
Emergency Operate
Transfer Power Fail
Starting Normal Operate
Abnormal Operate
Emergency Operate
Transfer Power Fail
Starting
TP 3-phase
SP 1-phase
TP 3-phase
SP 1-phase
TP 3-phase
CF 60 Hz continuous frequency
Structure MIL-Std 704F
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TAC1
Normal
TAC101
TAC102
TAC103
TAC104
TAC105
TAC106
TAC107
TAC108
TAC109
TAC110
TAC2
Transfer
TAC201
TAC3
Abnormal
TAC301
TAC302
TAC303
TAC4
Emergency
TAC401
TAC5
Starting
NA
TAC6
Power Fail
TAC601
TAC602
TAC603
SAC1
Normal
SAC101
SAC102
NA
SAC104
SAC105
SAC106
SAC107
SAC108
SAC109
SAC110
SAC2
Transfer
SAC201
SAC3
Abnormal
SAC301
SAC302
SAC303
SAC4
Emergency
SAC401
SAC5
Starting
NA
SAC6
Power Fail
SAC601
NA
SAC603
AC 115V CF400Hz
SP
TP
MIL-Std 704 F AC 115 V, 400 Hz utilization equipment compliance Test
No. Description
101 Load and current Harmonic Measurements
102 Steady State Limits for Voltage and Freq.
103 Voltage Phase Difference
104 Voltage Modulation
105 Frequency Modulation
106* Voltage Distortion Spectrum
107* Total Voltage Distortion
108 DC Voltage Component
109 Normal Voltage Transients
110 Normal Frequency Transients
201 Power Interrupt
301 Abnormal Steady State Limits for Voltage and Frequency
302 Abnormal Voltage Transients
303 Abnormal Frequency Transients
401 Emergency Steady State Limits for Voltage and Frequency
501 Starting Voltage Transients
601 Power Failure
602 One and Two Phase Power Failure
603 Phase Reversal
Structure MIL-Std 704F
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MIL-Std 704F AC requirements
No. Description Table SAC Table TAC Table SVF Table TVF Table SXF
101 Load and current Harmonic Measurements
102 Steady State Limits for Voltage and Freq.
103 Voltage Phase Difference N/A N/A N/A
104 Voltage Modulation
105 Frequency Modulation
106* Voltage Distortion Spectrum
107* Total Voltage Distortion
108 DC Voltage Component
109 Normal Voltage Transients
110 Normal Frequency Transients
AMP200N1 + CN200N1 required
emtest system fulfill
Structure MIL-Std 704F
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No. Description Table SAC Table TAC Table SVF Table TVF Table SXF
201 Power Interrupt
301 Abnormal Steady State Limits for Voltage and Frequency
302 Abnormal Voltage Transients
303 Abnormal Frequency Transients
401 Emergency Steady State Limits for Voltage and Frequency
501 Starting Voltage Transients N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
601 Power Failure
602 One and Two Phase Power Failure N/A N/A N/A
603 Phase Reversal
MIL-Std 704F AC requirements
emtest system fulfill AMP200N1 + CN200N1 required
Structure MIL-Std 704F
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LDC1
Normal
LDC101
LDC102
LDC103
LDC104
LDC105
LDC2
Transfer
LDC201
LDC3
Abnormal
LDC201
LDC202
LDC4
Emergency
LDC401
LDC5
Starting
LDC501
LDC6
Power Fail
LDC601
LDC602
DC
28V
270V
MIL-Std 704
MIL-Std 704 F DC 28 V utilization equipment compliance Test
No. Description
101 Load Measurements
102 Steady State Limits for Voltage
103 Voltage Distortion Spectrum
104 Total Ripple
105 Normal Voltage Transients
201 Power Interrupt
301 Abnormal Steady State Limits for Voltage
302 Abnormal Voltage Transients
401 Emergency Limits for Voltage
501 Starting Voltage Transients
601 Power Failure
602 Polarity Reversal
Structure MIL-Std 704F
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HDC1
Normal
HDC101
HDC102
HDC103
HDC104
HDC105
HDC2
Transfer
HDC201
HDC3
Abnormal
HDC201
HDC202
HDC4
Emergency
HDC401
HDC5
Starting
HDC501
HDC6
Power Fail
HDC601
HDC602
DC
28V
270V
MIL-Std 704 F DC 270 V utilization equipment compliance Test
No. Description
101 Load Measurements
102 Steady State Limits for Voltage
103 Voltage Distortion Spectrum
104 Total Ripple
105 Normal Voltage Transients
201 Power Interrupt
301 Abnormal Steady State Limits for Voltage
302 Abnormal Voltage Transients
401 Emergency Limits for Voltage
501 Starting Voltage Transients
601 Power Failure
602 Polarity Reversal
Structure MIL-Std 704F
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No. Description Table LDC Table HDC
101 Load Measurements
102 Steady State Limits for Voltage
103 Voltage Distortion Spectrum
104 Total Ripple
105 Normal Voltage Transients
201 Power Interrupt
301 Abnormal Steady State Limits for Voltage
302 Abnormal Voltage Transients
401 Emergency Limits for Voltage
501 Starting Voltage Transients
601 Power Failure
602 Polarity Reversal
MIL-Std 704F DC requirements
emtest system fulfill AMP200N1 + CN200N1 required
Structure MIL-Std 704F
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MIL-Std 704 SAC107 requirement (Total Voltage Distortion)
This test procedure is used to verify that single phase, 115 Volt, 400 Hz power utilization equipment operates and maintains specified performance when subjected to a voltage waveform having a distortion factor as specified by the applicable edition(s) of MIL-Std-704
TAC/SVF/SXF107 have same requirement
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MIL-Std 704 SVF107 requirement (Total Voltage Distortion)
This is an error in the standard, because all other 107 test have a different setup
✗ ✓
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EMTEST solution for MIL-Std 704 SAC107 application (Total Voltage Distortion)
SAC107 test
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No. Description Table LDC Table HDC
101 Load Measurements
102 Steady State Limits for Voltage
103 Voltage Distortion Spectrum
104 Total Ripple
105 Normal Voltage Transients
201 Power Interrupt
301 Abnormal Steady State Limits for Voltage
302 Abnormal Voltage Transients
401 Emergency Limits for Voltage
501 Starting Voltage Transients
601 Power Failure
602 Polarity Reversal
MIL-Std 704F DC requirements
emtest system fulfill AMP200N1 + CN200N1 required
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MIL-Std 704 LDC103-1 requirement (Voltage Distortion Spectrum)
Test Condition A & B ( 10 Hz & 25 Hz)
This test procedure is used to verify that 28 volt DC power utilization equipment operates and maintains specified performance when subjected to voltage distortion of frequencies and amplitudes
Test condition A (10 Hz) and B (25 Hz) needs for filter the small distortion signal (< 0.5 V rms) the additional filter box. (Models for 32A, to 100 A)
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EMTEST Setup for MIL-Std 704 LDC103-1 application (Voltage Distortion Spectrum)
LDC103-1 test
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EMTEST Setup for MIL-Std 704 LDC103-2 application (Voltage Distortion Spectrum)
Test Condition C to K ( 50 Hz to 10 kHz)
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EMTEST Setup for MIL-Std 704 LDC103-2 calibration (Voltage Distortion Spectrum)
LDC103-2 test
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MIL-Std 704 LDC104 requirements (Total Ripple)
This test procedure is used to verify that 28 volt DC power utilization equipment operates and maintains specified performance when subjected to voltage having a ripple
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EMTEST Setup for MIL-Std 704 LDC104 application (Total Ripple)
LDC104 test
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MIL-Std 704 HDC103-1 requirements (Voltage Distortion Spectrum)
This test procedure is used to verify that 270 volt DC power utilization equipment operates and maintains specified performance when subjected to voltage distortion of frequencies and amplitudes
Test condition A (10 Hz) and B (25 Hz) needs for filter the small distortion signal (< 0.5 V rms) the additional filter box. (Models for 32A, to 100 A)
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EMTEST solution for MIL-Std 704 HDC103-1 application (Voltage Distortion Spectrum)
HDC103-1 test 10Hz, 25 Hz
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MIL-Std 704 HDC103-2 requirements (Voltage Distortion Spectrum)
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EMTEST Setup for MIL-Std 704 HDC103-2 calibration (Voltage Distortion Spectrum)
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EMTEST Setup for MIL-Std 704 HDC103-2 testing (Voltage Distortion Spectrum)
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Thank you for your attention!