Conditions Required to Implement Open Educational Resource (OER) Practices in Latin American Higher Education

Cristobal Cobo, research fellowOxford Internet Institute – University of Oxford

[1.] diffusion of innovations

[radical – incremental]

3

Rogers, Everett M. (2003). Diffusion of Innovations.

Dealing with different levels of uncertainty and social recognition

Radical innovation (i.e. exploration). It often leads to prominent improvements in performance that break with the past. RI creates a dramatic change in products, processes that transforms an existing sector, market or creates new ones.

Incremental innovation (i.e. exploitation). This occurs when an organization becomes better at what it is doing well. It requires formalised roles and mechanisms (high planned procedures). Improvements in existing services to reinforce the position.

Schumpeter, Joseph Alois. 1939. Business cycles: a theoretical, historical, and statistical analysis of the capitalist process. Philadelphia: Porcupine Press.

[ocw]

[2.] the hype

The announcement on the front page of the New York Times noted that major universities such as Stanford and the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) were being more restrained: “everybody else besides MIT is in the position of being more cautious and watching to see what Internet strategy works best” (Goldberg 2001).

The Guardian remarked that only “two virtual universities in the world - Athabasca in Canada and another in Finland” had adopted such a radical strategy of openness.

2001/04/04

http://www.slideshare.net/mrgarin/o-a-w-e-e-k2009

Radical innovation

Incremental innovation

[3.] from oer to oep

beyond traditional repositories

Peer-to-Peer University * University of the People* MITx * Massive Open Online Course * OER University * Udacity

What is open access?(that does not mean openly licensed)

Public Domain

All Rights Reserved

Least restrictive Most restrictive

http://www.slideshare.net/openmichigan/find-use-remix-and-create-open-learning-materials

http://www.slideshare.net/mrgarin/o-a-w-e-e-k2009

Accessible is not the same than Open

OER is not equal to OEP

The distributed revolution (in English)

Peer-to-Peer University * University of the People* MITxMassive Open Online Course * OER University * Udacity

OEP Implications• Informal teaching does not confer degrees but relevant learning.

It makes little sense to talk about OER independently of Open Educational Practices (OEP) {Farrow, 2011}

Are the universities ready to play this new game?

[4.] latinamerican context

Latin America: More than 590 million people. Over 20 countries. Over 2,500 universities and more than 7,000 other

(non-university) higher education institutions.

1.Brunner, J.J. 2007. Universidad y sociedad en América Latina. Instituto de Investigaciones en Educación. Universidad Veracruzana.2.Cruz González, D.E., D.J.L. García Cuevas, and D.E. González Suárez. (2010). “Las universidades de América Latina y El Caribe y el avance de las sociedades a través de la innovación y la gestión tecnológica.” Universidad y Sociedad 2(1).

Lack of research about OER in Latin America

1st 100 results (2009-2012)Web of Knowledge (3 papers)

Google Books (5) Google Scholar (22)

a. Universia (http://ocw.universia.net). Network of more than 1000 universities and HE institutions (10 million students). Earlier promoted MIT OCW materials translated. Now over 70 Latin American universities (10 countries) are now registered in OCW Universia (196 OCW offered). High concentration (48%) in a small number of (4) universities.

b. Temoa (http://www.temoa.info ) public catalogue that indexes OER. It offers a public and multilingual catalogue built to simplify the finding of OER by providing specialized and collaborative search tools. It registers more than 30,000 educational resources.

c. LA DOAJ: SciELO (http://www.scielo.org) and REDALYC (http://redalyc.uaemex.mx). Each one includes more than 600 journal titles (200,000 articles) and 4 million granted citation.

Big - visibilityVisible reuse & production of licensed (institutional) OER.

Institutional repositories.Governments

Little - visibilityStaff & students reuse of digital resources in /around the curriculum.Folksonomies (co-creation) {UGC in flickr, scribd, slideshare, youtube}

“White, D. Manton, M. JISC-funded OER Impact Study, University of Oxford, 2011” http://www.jisc.ac.uk/media/documents/programmes/elearning/oer/OERTheValueOfReuseInHigherEducation.pdf

“preferential attachment”(Barabási, 2000)

Invi

sibi

lity

[5.] change resistance

Hattaka (2009): educational rules and restrictions, language, relevance, access, technical resources, quality, intellectual property, awareness, computer literacy, teaching capacity, and traditions.

Barriers that affect a broader adoption of open content

[6.] challenges“It is a global development, although most resources are currently produced in developed countries” (OECD, 2007).

a. Access: from archipelago to spaghettiFrom the ‘long tail’ towards the semantic [Metadata]

b. Platforms: from mono- to multi- Interoperability (technic- & institutional )

c. Licenses: awarenesscreate-remix-preserve-propagate

AttributionShare-AlikeNon-commercialNo-modifyEducational

d. Literacies (awareness): prosumer - filter & (re)use [economy of attention]Bulger, Meyer, De la Flor, Terras, Wyatt, Jirotka, Eccles, Madsen (2011) Reinventing Research in the Humanities: Information Practices

The distribution of all the Wikipedia articles

Graham, M., Hale, S. A. and Stephens, M. (2011) Geographies of the Worlds Knowledge. Ed. Flick, C. M., London, Convoco! Edition.

e. Incentives: produce & use quality –New teaching/researching and business models

Ochoa, X.; Sprock, A.S.; Silveira, I.F.; , "Collaborative open textbooks for Latin America - The LATIn project," Information Society (i-Society), 2011 International Conference on , vol., no., pp.398-403, 27-29 June 2011URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5978479&isnumber=5978433

OER are culture objects (context, language,

background)

Its modification (customization) can be more time consuming than a creation of new ones

(Hattaka, 2009)

Open ≠ Sustainable Access ≠ UseUse ≠ LearningAvailability ≠ QualityFormal Learning ≠ Informal LearningInstitutional Creation ≠ Institutional Adoption

The Openness is not exclusively technological but cultural

Cristobal Cobo, Oxford Internet Institute, UKhttp://blogs.oii.ox.ac.uk/cobo@cristobalcobo

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License.

How?Tuesday 17 April at 15.45 hrs. (258 OportUnidad)www.oportunidadproject.eu