Computers on 19th Century.pptx

8/14/2019 Computers on 19th Century.pptx

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Palawan State University

College of Community Resources DevelopmentBrookes Point, Palawan

Subject: Ed. 7Educational Technology

Topic: Educational Movements in the 19thCentury

Reporters: Rosalina Ibrahim, Myrna Saguiran, Melhasan Indanan,

Marianne Mariposa, Sweet Grace Dalabajan and Abbylenne Malong


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Educational Technology


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Educational Movements and Technologies

in the 19thCentury


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Famous are the works of John Dewey and

Edward Lee Thorndike.

Dewey, an American Pragmatist, formulated thescientific theory of learning.

Thorndike, a Connectionist , advanced the threeprimary laws of learning.


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John Dewey,an Americanphilosopher and educator who

was a founder of the

philosophical movement known

as pragmatism, a pioneer

in functional psychology, and aleader of the progressive

movement in education in the

United States.

Source: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/160445/John-Dewey

SCIENTIFIC THEORY OF LEARNING
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/160445/John-Deweyhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/160445/John-Deweyhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/160445/John-Deweyhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/160445/John-Dewey


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Edward Lee "Ted"Thorndikewas an American

psychologist who spent nearly his

entire career at Teachers College,

Columbia University. His work on

animal behavior and the learning

process led to the theory of

connectionism and helped lay the

scientific foundation for

modern educational psychology.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Thorndike

THREE PRIMARY LAWS OF LEARNING
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Thorndikehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Thorndike


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The Primary Laws of Learning

are the following:

1. Law of Readiness

2. Law of Exercise

3. Law of Effect


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19thcentury paved the way to the

development of effective

educational technology, including:

Production of booksUse of blackboards

Improvement of writing implements

like pen and ink.


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Production of books.

In the 19th century a whole newera in publishing began. A series oftechnical developments, in thebook trade as in other industries,dramatically raised output andlowered costs. The iron press, anda lot more these inventions,developed through the centuryand often resisted by the printer,amounted to a revolution in bookproduction.

Sources: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19th-

century-to-the-presenthttp://www.gutenberg-museum.de/37.0.html?&L=1

Iron press
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19th-century-to-the-presenthttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19th-century-to-the-presenthttp://www.gutenberg-museum.de/37.0.html?&L=1http://www.gutenberg-museum.de/37.0.html?&L=1http://www.gutenberg-museum.de/37.0.html?&L=1http://www.gutenberg-museum.de/37.0.html?&L=1http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19th-century-to-the-presenthttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19th-century-to-the-presenthttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19th-century-to-the-presenthttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19th-century-to-the-presenthttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19th-century-to-the-presenthttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19th-century-to-the-presenthttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19th-century-to-the-presenthttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19th-century-to-the-presenthttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19th-century-to-the-presenthttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19th-century-to-the-presenthttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19th-century-to-the-presenthttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19th-century-to-the-presenthttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19th-century-to-the-presenthttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19th-century-to-the-presenthttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19th-century-to-the-presenthttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19th-century-to-the-presenthttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19th-century-to-the-presenthttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19th-century-to-the-presenthttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19th-century-to-the-presenthttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19th-century-to-the-presenthttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19th-century-to-the-present


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Use of blackboards.

Teachers no longer had to spend so

much time writing individual

problems and lessons on a single

students slate, but could speak to

an entire class where everyone hadthe benefit of seeing the board.

Source: http://schooltwinning.wordpress.com/2008/08/21/bye-bye-blackboard/newspaper2/

School

Slate andSlate

Pencil
http://schooltwinning.wordpress.com/2008/08/21/bye-bye-blackboard/newspaper2/http://schooltwinning.wordpress.com/2008/08/21/bye-bye-blackboard/newspaper2/http://schooltwinning.wordpress.com/2008/08/21/bye-bye-blackboard/newspaper2/http://schooltwinning.wordpress.com/2008/08/21/bye-bye-blackboard/newspaper2/http://schooltwinning.wordpress.com/2008/08/21/bye-bye-blackboard/newspaper2/http://schooltwinning.wordpress.com/2008/08/21/bye-bye-blackboard/newspaper2/


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Improvement of

writing implements

like pen and ink.

Starting in the early 19th

century, steel point pensbegan to replace the use ofquills as writinginstruments. Now, thosepens have become highlycollectible pieces that are

admired for their eleganceas well as their historicalfunction.

Sources: http://www.ehow.com/how_7373689_value-inkwell-pens.html
http://www.ehow.com/how_7373689_value-inkwell-pens.htmlhttp://www.ehow.com/how_7373689_value-inkwell-pens.htmlhttp://www.ehow.com/how_7373689_value-inkwell-pens.htmlhttp://www.ehow.com/how_7373689_value-inkwell-pens.htmlhttp://www.ehow.com/how_7373689_value-inkwell-pens.htmlhttp://www.ehow.com/how_7373689_value-inkwell-pens.html


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PhotographyPhotography was

invented giving way

to a movement call

visual instruction.

By 1920, visual

media became

widely accepted.

Then came the

publication ofaudio-visual media

texts.

Source: http://www.smashinglists.com/top-25-most-ancient-historical-photographs/

Footprint on the Moon [Lunar, 1969]
http://www.smashinglists.com/top-25-most-ancient-historical-photographs/http://www.smashinglists.com/top-25-most-ancient-historical-photographs/http://www.smashinglists.com/top-25-most-ancient-historical-photographs/http://www.smashinglists.com/top-25-most-ancient-historical-photographs/http://www.smashinglists.com/top-25-most-ancient-historical-photographs/http://www.smashinglists.com/top-25-most-ancient-historical-photographs/http://www.smashinglists.com/top-25-most-ancient-historical-photographs/http://www.smashinglists.com/top-25-most-ancient-historical-photographs/http://www.smashinglists.com/top-25-most-ancient-historical-photographs/http://www.smashinglists.com/top-25-most-ancient-historical-photographs/http://www.smashinglists.com/top-25-most-ancient-historical-photographs/http://www.smashinglists.com/top-25-most-ancient-historical-photographs/


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Sample Visual Instructions


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Kodak Brownie Camera

during 19th

Century.Brownieis the name of along-running popular seriesof simple andinexpensive cameras madeby Eastman Kodak. TheBrownie popularized low-costphotography and introducedthe concept of the snapshot.

The first Brownie, introducedin February, 1900.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownie_(camera)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownie_(camera)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownie_(camera)


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Educational Films

In 1926, educationalfilms were used asinstructional media.

In 1932, the firstinstructionaltelevision program

was aired at the StateUniversity of Iowa.


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In 1969, the childrens program Sesame Street debuts on the

National Educational Television network (later public

broadcasting service) and soon becomes an international hit.

Source: http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334#btnNext
http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334


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About the same time, the 16mm sound motion

picture was developed.

16 mm filmis apopular,economical gaugeof film used formotion picturesand non-theatrical(for instance,industrial oreducational) filmmaking. 16 mm isthe width of thefilm.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_mm_film
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_mm_filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_mm_film


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16 mm

cameras

and

projectors.


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Second World WarThe experiences of the American soldiers showed

the importance of educational devices such as:

MoviesFilmstrips

Radio

Other Pictorial Devices


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MoviesMost of the

films in the

19th century

was about thesoldiers and

wars because

it serves as a

tribute in

World War 2.

Source: http://www.imdb.com/list/dtKsVaonRBI/
http://www.imdb.com/list/dtKsVaonRBI/http://www.imdb.com/list/dtKsVaonRBI/


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FilmstripsFrom the 1940s to 1980s,filmstrips provided an easyand inexpensivealternative to 16mmprojector educational

films, requiring very littlestorage space and beingvery quick to rewind forthe next use. Filmstripswere large and durable,and rarely needed splicing.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmstrip

Muhammad Ali filmstrips
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmstriphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmstrip


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RadioThe word "radio" also appears in a 1907 article by Lee De Forest. It was

adopted by the United States Navy in 1912, to distinguish radio from

several other wireless communication technologies, such as

the photophone.

Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio


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Pictorial DevicesPictorial device: a technique in which a

visual strategy or an aspect of design is

used for a particular picture-making

purpose (for example, using linear

perspective and tonal devices to give

the illusion of space in a drawing).

Source: http://en.mimi.hu/finearts/pictorial.html
http://en.mimi.hu/finearts/pictorial.htmlhttp://en.mimi.hu/finearts/pictorial.html


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Other Pictorial

Devices

Pictorial device for metal and gold detecting.Self Portrait with Brush and Pictorial

Device (Oil Canvas)


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After the war more developments in

educational technology were seen

like:

The use programmed instruction by Skinner.The Taxonomy of educational objectives by

Bloom.

The use of modularized instruction.


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Burrhus Frederic "B. F." Skinnerwas

anAmerican psychologist, behaviorist,

author, inventor, and social

philosopher.He was the Edgar Pierce

Professor of Psychology at Harvard

University from 1958 until his

retirement in 1974.Skinner invented the operant

conditioning chamber, innovated his

own philosophy of science

called radical behaviorism, and

founded his own school of

experimental research psychologythe experimental analysis behavior.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._F._Skinner
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._F._Skinnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._F._Skinner


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The use programmed instructionby Skinner.

Programmed instruction is an instructional method in which thematerial to be learned is presented to the student in smallchunks of information. In order to progress through the material,the student needs to demonstrate understanding of the previousinformation, thereby receiving instant reinforcement for correctresponses.

Source: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-programmed-instruction.htm
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-programmed-instruction.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-programmed-instruction.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-programmed-instruction.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-programmed-instruction.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-programmed-instruction.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-programmed-instruction.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-programmed-instruction.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-programmed-instruction.htm


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Benjamin SamuelBloomwas

an American

educational

psychologist who

made contributions

to the classification

of educational

objectives and to the

theory of masterylearning.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Bloom
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Bloomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Bloom


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The Taxonomy of educational

objectives by Bloom.

Cognitive: mental skills (Knowledge)Affective: growth in feelings or emotional

areas (Attitude)

Psychomotor: manual or physical skills

(Skills)

Source: http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/bloom.html
http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/bloom.htmlhttp://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/bloom.html


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The use of modularizedinstruction.

This is how-to book how to

design, select, use, and evaluate

instructional modules.

Source: http://www.joe.org/joe/1975july/1975-4-brv1.pdf
http://www.joe.org/joe/1975july/1975-4-brv1.pdfhttp://www.joe.org/joe/1975july/1975-4-brv1.pdfhttp://www.joe.org/joe/1975july/1975-4-brv1.pdfhttp://www.joe.org/joe/1975july/1975-4-brv1.pdfhttp://www.joe.org/joe/1975july/1975-4-brv1.pdfhttp://www.joe.org/joe/1975july/1975-4-brv1.pdf


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Other Educational Technologies during19thCentury


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In 1946, the first fully electronic computer, the Electronic

Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), is unveiled at the

University of Pennsylvania.

Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC


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The Osborne 1was the first commercially

successful portable microcomputer, released on April 3, 1981

by Osborne Computer Corporation. The first laptop that was

commercialized, with a small 5 CRT monitor and a keyboardthat sits inside of the lid when closed.

Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osborne_1http://www.historyofcomputer.org/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osborne_1http://www.historyofcomputer.org/http://www.historyofcomputer.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osborne_1


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In 1977, Japan Victor Company (JVC) introduces the

VHS format video cassette recorder.

Source: http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334#btnNext
http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334


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A floppy disk, or diskette, is a disk storage medium composed of

a disk of thin and flexible magnetic storage medium, sealed in a

rectangular plastic carrier lined with fabric that removes dustparticles.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_disk
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_diskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_disk


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In 1983, Compact disc (CD-ROM was invented by James T.

Russell) technology is introduced in the United States.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Disc
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Dischttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Disc


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1990s Connecting the World

Tim Berners-Lee

Developed HTML(Hypertext

Markup Language) and the

WWW(World Wide Web) wasborn.

Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web


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Thank you!God bless!

Computers on 19th Century.pptx

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