Tersia //Gowases: Can low vision users benefit from eye tracking?

Computer interactions of low vision users

Tersia //Gowases: Can low vision users benefit from eye tracking?

Contents

• Low vision

• Studies– Observing low vision users– Visual impairment & HCI - work in progress– Questions

Tersia //Gowases: Can low vision users benefit from eye tracking?

Low Vision

Tersia //Gowases: Can low vision users benefit from eye tracking?

Low vision

“A person with low vision is one who has impairment of visual functioning even after treatment, and/or standard refractive correction, and has a visual acuity of less than 6/18 to light perception or a visual field of less than 10 degrees from the point of fixation, but who uses, or is potentially able to use, vision for the planning and/or execution of a task”.

World Health Organization working definition [1]

Tersia //Gowases: Can low vision users benefit from eye tracking?

Low vision [1]

• 285 million visually impaired worldwide– 246 million: low vision (63% over 50 years )– 39 million: blind (82% over 50 years)

• Elderly are the most affected– females are more at risk

• 87% live in developing countries

• 85% of visual impairment is avoidable

Tersia //Gowases: Can low vision users benefit from eye tracking?

Causes of low vision [1]

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cataract (47.9%) glaucoma (12.3%) age-related macular degeneration (AMD) (8.7%)

Tersia //Gowases: Can low vision users benefit from eye tracking?

Observing low vision users

Study 1

Tersia //Gowases: Can low vision users benefit from eye tracking?

Observing LV users

• Aim– How do user with LV use computers?

• hardware and software

– What other tools did they use and for what?– Value of computers– Identify non verbal communication

Tersia //Gowases: Can low vision users benefit from eye tracking?

Observing LV users

• 3 users (mean age 66 years)• Visual aids

– Windows XP (2 users)• Zoomtext: screen magnifier /

reader

– Linux Suse• self configured fonts and settings

– Magnifiers, audio & closed-circuit televisions (CCTVs)

• letters, magazines, audio books

reading magazine using CCTV

Tersia //Gowases: Can low vision users benefit from eye tracking?

Observing LV users

• Main usage: – Read email

– Solitaire

– www

• Average time: – 10-30 min/day

– Extended use tires eyes

• Memorize keyboard shortcuts

• Shaky hands

Solitaire with full screen magnifier

Tersia //Gowases: Can low vision users benefit from eye tracking?

Observing LV users

• Main problems– Typing

– Visiting new websites• panning to build mental model

of website

– Reading text from webpage

– Loss of context• unaware of notifications

outside the viewport

– Portability

Google search for “pörssikurssit”, user clicks on ad instead of first

result, which is correct

Tersia //Gowases: Can low vision users benefit from eye tracking?

Visual Impairment & HCI

Work in progress

Study 2

Tersia //Gowases: Can low vision users benefit from eye tracking?

Visual Impairment & HCI

• Aim– What is the current state-of-art of research

in low-vision computer users and their interaction with computers

– What interactive interventions and technologies have been investigated in this domain in terms of design and evaluation

– Based on the findings, what are the promising directions in this research area

Tersia //Gowases: Can low vision users benefit from eye tracking?

Visual Impairment & HCI

• Paper inclusion criteria:1. Papers that deal with the nature of the

diseases2. Papers that deal with design and use

(usability) of computerized technologies and accessibility software that low vision users use to improve their quality of life.

3. Empirical studies of low vision computerized technologies in the domain of HCI

4. Papers published between 1990 - 2010

Tersia //Gowases: Can low vision users benefit from eye tracking?

Visual Impairment & HCI

5. Keywords in tile or abstract• Age related macular degeneration / macular degeneration AMD / AMRD• Blind• Cataracts• Central scotoma • Corneal Opacity• Diabetic retinopathy• Glaucoma• Legal blindness / Legally blind • Low vision• Partial vision / Partial sight / Partially sighted• Vision deficiency / Vision impairment / Vision loss• Visually disabled / Visual disabilities / Visual impairment / visually impaired

Tersia //Gowases: Can low vision users benefit from eye tracking?

Visual Impairment & HCI

• Initially: 10 HCI Journals– Human Computer Interaction (6.190)– IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics: B (3.007)– International Journal of Human-Computer Studies (2.380)– User Modeling and User Adapted Interaction (2.345)– IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics: A (2.033)– IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics: C (2.016)– Interacting with Computers (1.698)– ACM Transactions on Computer Human Interaction (1.194)– Behavior & Information Technology (0.767)– International Journal of Human Computer Interaction (0.587)

Tersia //Gowases: Can low vision users benefit from eye tracking?

Visual Impairment & HCI

• Total results: 504– 51 papers matched criteria (10.1% of results)

• blind: 51%• cataract: 2% • glaucoma: 0%• macular degeneration: 6%• general: 41%

Tersia //Gowases: Can low vision users benefit from eye tracking?

Visual Impairment & HCI

• Extend and include– HCI conferences– Accessibility– Ophthalmology– vision impairment and QoL

Tersia //Gowases: Can low vision users benefit from eye tracking?

Questions

• Include conferences?

• Review papers?

• Data extraction– results only or review details?

• Data synthesis techniques?

• Any other advice?

Tersia //Gowases: Can low vision users benefit from eye tracking?

References

1. http://www.who.int/blindness/en/