Computer Ergonomics Guide

8/11/2019 Computer Ergonomics Guide

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COMPUTER WORKSTATION

ERGONOMICS

A Guide for

UMDNJ

Computer Users

Environmental & Occupational

Health & Safety Services

December 2008


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EOHSS Computer Workstation Ergonomics: A Guide for UMNDJ Computer Users December 2008 Page 1

IINNTTRROODDUUCCTTIIOONN

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, work related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD) are among

the most prevalent lost time injuries in almost every industry. The National Institute of Occupational

Safety and Health, NIOSH, found through their investigations that workers who perform sustained

computer tasks at nonadjustable computer workstations have shown evidence of WMSD.

New Jerseys Public Employees Occupational Safety and Health Administration (PEOSHA), in their

Video Display Terminal (VDT) guidelines state that attention to well-designed workstations, training, and

conditions of work can actually improve productivity. This web page was created to assist staff in

identifying and correcting WMSD so they can become informed computer operators. It is a practical

guide that allows the operator to make changes directly to their work stations or through a workstation

evaluation.

Information on the types of symptoms, musculoskeletal disorders associated with computer use, the

various causes of the disorders and ways to correct or reduce them are provided. Also included are

sections on work practices, recommended design and lay out of computer workstations, and computer

workstation equipment and accessories. A Table of Contents is listed to the side so that you can click on

each topic in order, or select those topics of interest to you. In order to save time identifying andresearching ergonomically designed furniture, The Department of Environmental and Occupational

Health and Safety Services (EOHSS) has compiled a list of furniture and accessories that meet the

Universitys criteria for computer workstation use, which is included. Since 1999 it has been the policy

of the University that furniture and accessories purchased must meet the criteria established by EOHSS

and theDepartment of Purchasing.

After reading the web site you will be equipped to perform your own workstation evaluation. This can be

done by completing the checklist provided at the end of the web page.

To request an evaluation from EOHSS, complete the EOHSS Ergonomic Questionnaire. Submit the

completed form electronically or mail or fax it toyour campus EOHSS office. You will be contacted by

an EOHSS representative to make an appointment for a workstation evaluation.
http://www2.umdnj.edu/eohssweb/publications/ergo_furniture.pdfhttp://www2.umdnj.edu/eohssweb/publications/ergo_furniture.pdfhttp://www2.umdnj.edu/eohssweb/publications/ergo_furniture.pdfhttp://www.umdnj.edu/purchweb/http://www.umdnj.edu/purchweb/http://www.umdnj.edu/purchweb/http://www2.umdnj.edu/eohssweb/publications/ergo_questionnaire.pdfhttp://www2.umdnj.edu/eohssweb/publications/ergo_questionnaire.pdfhttp://www.umdnj.edu/purchweb/http://www2.umdnj.edu/eohssweb/publications/ergo_furniture.pdf


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Ergonomicsis the science of fitting jobs to workers by taking into account the requirements of the job

and peoples physical and mental capacities. It is the science of ergonomics that is used to design an

appropriate computer workstation. (See Workstation Design). When workstations are not designed

appropriately, when non-ergonomically designed computer equipment is used and when jobs and tasks

are not well organized, a number of computer related health problems can arise.

Eye and vision problems Eye and vision problems have been reported; in fact, eye and vision complaints are the most common

complaints of computer users. Vision problems can contribute to the physical disorderslisted below. Wetend to position ourselves so that we can see the images on the monitor, keyboards and documents.

However, if our vision is blurry, we may lean forward and crane our necks to get a closer look at the

monitor. Such awkward positions increase the risk for physical disorders. It is therefore important to have

regular eye check ups. In addition, computer work tends to exacerbate other vision problems. Special

computer glasses exist that may help with computer work. Adequate lighting and the prevention of glare

also play a role in how our vision is affected during computer use.

StressStressis also reported by computer users. The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health

(NIOSH) found that operators of computers experience more job stress than any other occupational group

it has studied.

Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSDs)

Work related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs), also known as Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTD)

or Repetitive Strain Injuries (RSI), are a group of health problems caused by over-use or misuse of

muscles, tendons and nerves. WMSDs are caused by any combination of the following factors:

Repetitive Tasks- performing the same movement over and over;

Awkward or Fixed Posture - working in an awkward position or holding the same position for along time;

Fast Pace - having to work quickly; and/ or

Duration of Task with Insufficient Recovery Time - inadequate rest breaks.

Early symptoms of WMSDs include pain and swelling, numbness and tingling (hands falling asleep), loss

of strength and reduced range of motion. These symptoms may appear in any order, and at any stage of

the development of the injury. Symptoms may not occur immediately after working and they may occur

away from the job. A serious WMSD can develop months after symptoms first appear or it may take

years. Some of the more common WMSDs include the following: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome,

DeQuervainss Disease, Trigger Finger, Tennis Elbow, Rotator Cuff, Tendonitis, Tenosynovitis, and

Ganglion Cysts. Click here for more information on types of musculoskeletal injuries.

There are many different kinds of musculoskeletal disorders and injuries - muscle and tendon disorders,

peripheral nerve disorders, and circulation and nervous system disorders. It is possible to have several

different injuries at once. Below are some of the more common disorders and injuries.*


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Muscle and Tendon Disorder

Hand and Forearm Region

Disorder Description/Cause Symptoms

Extensor Tendinitis* Affects muscles that straighten thefinger. Caused by holding hands in the"stop traffic" position, as when using

the mouse or keying

Pain on top of the hand near the

wrist.

Flexor Tendinitis* Affects muscles used to bend fingers.Caused by excessive finger motion orgripping of mouse.

Pain in fingers.

Ganglion Cysts:A tendon sheath disorder. Ruptured

sheath swells with synovial fluid,

causing a bump.

Bumps beneath the skin surface on

top of the hand, above and inside the

wrist, and around the nails, and

knuckles. From excessive bendingand/or deviating the wrist or other

joint.

Achiness and weakness.

Stenosing Tenosynovitis@Types: DeQuervains Disease,

Trigger Finger

Tendon moves with great difficulty

through swollen sheath.

DeQuervains Disease: affectstendons on side of wrist at base of

thumb. From holding thumbs while

typing or hard-hitting of space bar.

Trigger Finger:tendon gets locked in

swollen tendon sheath.

DeQuervains Disease: acute pain

where wrist and thumb meet when

moving thumb or doing "wringingout" tasks. Trigger Finger:

locking of finger in bent positions

* Tendinitis is an inflamed tendon. It occurs when a muscle/tendon is repeatedly tensed - for example, holding thehands rigid or resting the wrists on a desk for long periods of time. If you look at the anatomy of the wrist, it is

curved away from any contact surface. You can easily see this by resting your hand/arm on a flat surface. You will

see light under the wrist and can probably even pass a thin pen under it. The forearm is shaped this way for thewrists to remain free of surface pressure contact.

In some areas of the body, like wrists, and fingers, tendons pass through sheaths which secrete a lubricant called

synovial fluid. If the tendon and sheath rub together, the sheath may swell, resulting in Tenosynovisits.


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Muscle and Tendon Disorder

Elbow Region

Disorder Description/Causes Symptoms

Lateral Epicondylitis Tendons become irritated. Pain is feltfrom the elbow down the forearm,

and on the outside of the elbow.Known as tennis, bowlers, or

pitchers elbow. Associated with

desks that are too high.

Pain when straightening arms orcontracting them against resistance.

Medial Epicondylitis Known as golfers elbow. Fromrotation of forearm and bending of

wrist at the same time.

Pain on inside of elbow.

Muscle and Tendon DisorderShoulder Region

Bicipital Tendinitis Where biceps muscle goes intoshoulder joint. From slumped posture

or moving arm across desk that is toohigh or too far away (while using the

mouse).

Pain when raising arms to front or

moving mouse over a high or faraway

desk.

Rotator Cuff Tendinitis:The most common shoulder tendondisorder.

Affects muscles and tendons near

shoulder joint. Often from keyboardsthat are too high.

Pain when reaching behind you with

arms in "winged" position.

Muscle and Tendon DisorderNeck and Scapular Region

Trapezius Myositis/Spasm Inflammation of muscle fromrepetitive trauma and/or overexertion

injury.

Muscle guarding; pain between neckand shoulder; limited neck range of

motion; pain in another area.

Paraspinals/Rhomboid/Spasm Inflammation of muscle fromrepetitive trauma and/or overexertion

injury, may be caused by disk bulgeor degenerative joint disease.

Muscle guarding; limited neck range

of motion; pain in another area.


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Muscle and Tendon DisorderPeripheral Nerve Disorders

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome:

Median nerve in wrist. Thecarpal tunnel is the bracelet of

bone and ligament below the

wrist. All the fingers tendons,tissues, arteries, veins and nerves

pass through it.

The lining of the carpal tunnel becomes

irritated and swells. Because the carpaltunnel cannot expand in response to the

swelling, there is pressure on the median

nerve. Caused by excessive wrist andfinger movement, like striking computer

keys.

Pressure on the nerve causes numbness

and tingling in thumb and fingers;sleep interruption

Guyanas Canal Syndrome:

Ulnar nerve in wrist.Compression of the ulnar nerve in another

wrist tunnel near the carpal tunnel. From

keyboarding with hands in the "stop"traffic position or angled to the left.

Loss of sensation, numbness, tingling

and muscle atrophy.

Cubital Tunnel Syndrome:

Ulnar nerve in elbow.Entrapment in the underarm of the ulnar

nerve. From holding elbows bent at right

angles for prolong periods, as computer

users do.

Loss of sensation, numbness and

muscle atrophy.

Radial Tunnel Syndrome:Radial nerve in forearm.

Compression of the radial nerve. Pain on both sides of the forearm,difficulty in making a fist. Sometimes

mistaken for tennis elbow.

Cervical Radiculopathy(from either acute disk bulge or

osteoarthritis)

Nerve roots become irritated by pressure

from a bulging disk or by narrowing

between vertebrae.

Bulging Disk: muscle spasm in the

neck in the morning, difficulty

swallowing, limited neck movement.

Osteoarthritis: neck pain, should pain,radiating pain in the arm, numbness in

an extremity, muscle weakness.

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Compression of blood vessels and arteriesbetween neck and shoulder. Involves

shoulders and arms. From carrying heavyloads; working with arms elevated;

reaching above shoulder level.

Pain in arms; numbness, coldness,

weakness in fingers, hand and forearm.

Any computer related health symptoms should be reported immediately to the supervisor and an Incident

Report should be completed and forwarded to Risk and Claims and EOHSS. Staff will be referred for

medical evaluation by Risk and Claims, and EOHSS can evaluate the workstation for proper design,

posture and furniture.

Risk Factors: There are three major categories of risk factors that can contribute to WMSDs:

Workstation Design and Equipment, Job-Task Design and Organization, andWork Practices.

EOHSS wishes to thank the Labor Institute for the Communications Workers of America,District 1, for allowing the use of information from its computer training manual for portions ofthis web page.


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Maintaining good body alignment while working on the computer is essential to avoid injury. However,

the proper equipment and layout must be in place in order to maintain this alignment. The furniture and

equipment must be adjusted to fit the users body type for alignment in a comfortable, neutral position.

Even if the chair and computer accessories come with instructions on how to adjust and use, considerasking for a demonstration to understand how all the features work and to be able to set the item to fit the

users needs. Usually the distributor will gladly provide training on their furniture and equipment, or call

EOHSS.

Body Do's and Don'ts

TorsoDO keep your body up straight.Dont slouch. If your monitor is too low you might slouch or lounge.

This not only compresses your spine but it also throws your head forward leading to possible neck and

shoulder problems. Also a slouching position encourages very risky wrist posture - wrists on the edge of

the desk with hands bent backward at the wrist.

ForearmsDO type with your forearms parallelto the floor or lightly tilted downwards, your wrists straight and

your fingers relaxed. This is known as a "neutral" position, which puts minimum strain on your muscles,

nerves and tendons.

WristsDONT rest your wrists on anything while you type. Resting your wrist on the desk or

wrist pad forces you to bend your wrists and stretch your fingers, a major cause of

WMSDs. When the wrists are floating it takes 15oof pressure, to rest them on a wrist rest

30oand 45oon the desk.

DO rest your wrists and hands when you are not typing. It is best to place your hands

in your lap when you are not typing, - when you are reviewing your work for example.

DONT bend your wrists up or down, or twist them to the right or left.

Hands and FingersDO let your hands float over the keyboard.Use your whole arm to move your hands.

If you rest your arms or forearms on the desk or wrist pad, you force the small muscles

and tendons to do the work. Let the strong muscles in your back, shoulders, arms and

forearms "naturally" position your hands.

"BUT I LIKE IT THIS WAY"

People become used to improperly set up workstations. They

adjust their bodies to the limitations of their chairs, deskheights, monitors and keyboards. These unnatural and strained

postures come to seem normal. It may take a while to become

comfortable in a properly aligned position.
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DONT stretch your fingers to reach the keys. Move your arm over the key and then

strike the key. This is especially important when using the keys at the outer edges of the

keyboard, such as Escape, End, Insert, Delete, and the number pad.

DONT type with your pinkie or thumb up,keep your fingers curved in a relaxed

position.

DONT pound the keys, use a light touch. It takes between 0.6 to 1 Newtons of force tostrike a key, most keyers hit the keys 3 to 8 times harder than needed.

DONT hold the mouse tightly. The mouse should be on the same level as the keyboard.Although you should not rest your arms while keying, you should put your forearm on a

pad when using the mouse. This will keep your hand in a neutral position with your

forearm able to float. Alternate use of the mouse with the use of keys when possible.

ShouldersDO relax your shoulders.Many cases of WMSDs begin with neck or shoulder strain. Lowering the

keyboard can sometimes help relieve such strain.

Head and NeckDO keep in neutral position.Keep your head over your shoulders facing straight ahead.

Keep your neck straight.

DONT tilt head. The top of the monitor should be slightly below eye level. If it is too

high you will tilt your head back throwing your neck out of alignment, possibly causing

headaches.


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Seek Early Treatment

If you are experiencing the clinical symptoms described in the section entitled "types of musculoskeletal

disorders and injuries, "(i.e.: neck, shoulder, back, or wrist discomfort), it is important to seek prompt

medical attention to prevent permanent damage.

There are many causes for musculoskeletal disorders including, but not limited to, conditions that are

hereditary or developmental in nature, arthritic changes, changes linked to diseases or other medical

conditions as well as conditions related to sporting activities or to an individual's hobbies.

Certain conditions may be work-related. The standard for a MSD to be deemed causally related to the

work-environment is that the work environment would have to contribute to the development of the MSD

to a material and significant degree and, in addition, the work-site characteristics that may contribute to

an MSD must be peculiar to the occupation or place of employment.

If an employee believes that their condition may be related to their work-environment, they should

contact the University's Risk and Claims Management Department (Risk Management). If appropriate,the employee may be referred for an independent medical examination (IME) to determine if the

symptoms meet the afore-mentioned standard for a work-related injury.

To Obtain Medical Treatment

On all campuses, the employee and supervisor complete an incident report if the employee thinks that

he/she may have sustained a work-related injury or illness. The incident report is provided to RiskManagement, in order that the circumstances can be investigated and, if appropriate, Risk Management

will arrange for the employee to be seen for an authorized IME (medical evaluation) for the purpose of

determining if the symptoms are causally related to the work environment. If the injury/illness is

determined to be causally related to the work environment, Risk Management will authorize appropriate

medical follow-up under Workers' Compensation. Copies of incident reports should be forwarded toEOHSS.

Newark Campus: EOHSS, SSB Room 443, Ext. 2-4812

Piscataway/New Brunswick: EOHSS, Liberty Plaza Suite 2250, New Brunswick, Ext. 5-4058

Stratford/Camden Campus: EOHSS, UEC 1097, Stratford, Ext. 6-6189

Scotch Plains: EOHSS, SHRP Building, Room 323, 908-889-2486

The Risk and Claims Management Departmentprovides for University-wide services relating to the

University's Workers' Compensation Self-Insurance Program and can be contacted at:

UMDNJ-Risk and Claims ManagementAdministration Complex 1313

30 Bergen Street

University Heights

Newark, New Jersey 07107-3000

Phone: 973-972-6277

Fax: 973-972-2382


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Workstation Layout

A good computer workstation layout can reduce the risk of experiencing computer related health

problems. A good workstation layout as shown in Figure 1 should allow the computer user flexibility to

reach, use and read the computer monitor, keyboard, mouse, source document, document holder, phone

and other office accessories. Therefore, how we arrange the workstation to fit our individual needs isprobably the most important consideration to work comfortably. Below are some tips that can be followed

to arrange your workspace:

Ensure there is sufficient desk space to allow you to put your keyboard, mouse, computermonitor, document holder, telephone and other accessories within a comfortable reach. A good

rule of thumb is to have everything you need within a arms reach.

Avoid clutter and crowding by adding shelves or file cabinets.

Position the work materials and the office equipment used regularly in front of you so that you donot have to constantly reach out and put yourself in an awkward posture.

If you spend a lot of time on the phone and computer at the same time, use a headset to prevent

you from reaching or cradling the phone in your neck.

If you need to move around while on the phone to get access to files, use a cordless headset or a longer

cord to prevent over reaching and awkward posture.


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Space and Positioning

Space

In a multi task office environment where a computer is a necessity, it is important that the workstation

provide maximum flexibility to accommodate not just the equipment, but also the space required for the

task.Figure 1shows an L-shape desk, which is ideal for working at the computer on one side of the desk,

and provides space to do non-computer tasks on the other side. In addition, this set-up places the

computer screen, keyboard, mouse, phone, task light and document holder in a centralized location andwithin arms reach, which prevents reaching out when using the equipment.

Positioning

In designing a workstation, the type of task performed at the computer may determine the workstation

layout. The placement of the computer monitor, input devices and computer accessories should be

matched to the task. For example, proper keyboard location depends on how often the keyboard is used,

whether the keying activity is a one- or two-handed task and how often visual guidance is required to

locate specific keys during the task.

The following pages have suggested computer arrangement for different tasks:

Data Entry

In a data entry job, the computer user concentrates more on looking at the source document, with onlybrief glances at the monitor. Frequently the data input is numerical in nature. The keyboard placement and

the use of document holder are important. For data entry, it is best to place the keyboard directly in front

of the keying hand and leave a large area free for the activity of the other hand. There should be sufficient

work surface space to perform these tasks.

Data RetrievalIn data retrieval, the computer user brings up information from the computer and reads it on the monitor,

or scans for specific information, often writing it down. The user mainly looks at the monitor; therefore,

the placement of the monitor is more crucial than the keyboard and document holder. Adequate space for

writing is also important.

Word ProcessingWord processing tasks require both data entry and data retrieval. The user spends about half of the time

viewing the monitor and the other half at the source document. Therefore, the placement of the monitor,

keyboard and the document holder are all equally important. Text entry requires equal use of both hands

for keying, so the keyboard should be directly in front of the user and at a comfortable height.

Graphic DesignIn designing graphics and drawings, the user relies on the mouse and bit pen to enter the information in

the computer. The user constantly looks at the monitor. Therefore, the monitor should be placed directly

in front of the user, with easy access to the mouse


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Lighting and Glare

Computer operators commonly report eye

fatigue, eye strain and irritation after

working long hours in front of the computer

monitor. These visual symptoms can result

from improper lighting, glare from the

monitor, poor position of the monitor ordocuments that are difficult to read. These

problems can be corrected by adjusting the

furniture layout and environmental setting

of the work area.

Light requirements may vary depending on

the task performed. For example, less light

is needed for the operator to view the

computer monitor only, and more light is

needed when viewing a document that is difficult to read. Computer work areas require less lighting than

other office work areas because of the illuminated computer monitor. Room lighting should be only as

bright as necessary for all tasks done in the room. There are four basic lighting factors that can be

controlled to achieve proper office lighting: quantity, contrast, and direct and reflected glare.

Quantity

The Public Employees Occupational Safety and Health (PEOSH) Video Display Terminal (VDT)

Guidelines state that lighting in the room should be between 200 to 700 lux measured on horizontal

surfaces of any computer workstation. More than 500 lux may be needed to read poor quality documents;

and if no hard copy is used, less than 500 lux is usually desirable. Bright light can wash out images on the

monitor.

ContrastContrast is the difference in brightness at the computer monitor and the surrounding area. To prevent eye

fatigue and soreness, the difference in illumination between the monitor and the work area should be

minimized. Ways to improve the contrast include:

Adjusting the brightness and contrast levels on the computer to reduce the contrast between thecomputer and the surrounding area.

The brightness and contrast buttons can be found in front of the computer monitor panel.

Moving the monitor away from the windows or other sources of bright light. Do not place themonitor with the screen directed toward the windows.

Adjusting the window coverings to control the amount of light entering the room.

Preferable position of light sources relative to computer workstation


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The Public Employees Occupational Safety and Health (PEOSH) Program of New Jersey has developed

specifications for computer workstation equipment in their Video Display Terminal (VDT) Guidelines.

The purpose of the specifications is to provide computer users with comfortable furniture to minimize

work related musculoskeletal disorders. The PEOSH specifications were adapted from the American

National Standard for Human Factor Engineering of Visual Display Terminal Workstations (ANSI/HFS

100-1988).

The ANSI standard was developed using measurements on people from North American population,

including people ranging in size from the 5th percentile female to the 95th percentile male in that

population. As a result, these measurements are largely but not perfectly applicable to North Americans.

When computer users include people larger or smaller than the range of the reference population,

employers should consider purchasing equipment with larger ranges of adjustability than specified or

purchasing more than one size of chairs and tables. These specifications can be use as a guideline for

purchasing new furniture in the future and retrofitting or replacing existing furniture.

Below is specific information on:

Desks

Chairs

Keyboard & Mouse Support Surfaces (Keyboard Tray)

Monitors

Keyboards

Pointing Devices

Desks

As people come in different heights and perform different tasks, the computer desk should provide

adjustability in order to minimize stressful posture and reaching. The workstation should be adjustable toaccommodate individual workers for all applications. The dimensions of the computer desk should be

such that:

1. An ideal computer desk should have two levels with each level adjustable for height. One level isfor the monitor and one for the keyboard and mouse. The level for the monitor should be at least

20" wide (24" preferred) to provide adequate work space for the monitor, document holder, and

other equipment needed for all tasks performed at that workstation

Most people do not have a computer desk and use their computers on a regular work desk. As

work desks are not adjustable it then becomes important that an adjustable chair and keyboard

tray be available.

2. Adequate clearance under the desk should be provided for the computer users legs and feet.According to PEOSH VDT guidelines, one way to ensure the clearance requirement is to image

an object shaped like a "clearance envelopes", and to provide that amount of space.


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Clearance Envelopes

Minimum clearance envelopes under the desk

3. The height of the top surface of the keyboard tray from the floor should be adjustable to a rangeof 23"- 28". The keyboard tray should also allow the user to adjust the angle of the surface so that

the users wrists and elbows can be in neutral or slightly downward position during keying

Bending the wrists upward

during keying should be avoided.

Wrists should be straight

or at a slightly downward position when keying.

4. The computer desk should be height adjustable so that the topmost line of the computer monitoris eye level for the user. The height of the monitor surface should permit the location of center

view of the screen to be between 5 to 30 degrees below the horizontal plane through the eyes.

Appropriate display height can be accomplished by adjusting the display surface or installing a

monitor stand that is height adjustable. If the monitor is too low, the monitor height can be raised

by stacking monitor risers/books or installing a computer support arm. If the monitor is too high,

take the monitor off the computer processing unit, or lower the desk, or raise the chair and obtain

a foot rest.


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The preferred viewing distance for the monitor ranges between 18 and 24 inches.

Chairs

The chair is the most frequently used piece of equipment in a computer workstation. Since the majority ofoffice workers spend most of their time sitting, it is critical to select a properly designed and adjustable

chair to enable the user to sit comfortably, to work efficiently, to provide proper support and to minimize

fatigue. All adjustments should be easy to make from a seated position. Specific chair criteria are

discussed below. The specific dimensions recommended in this section are from NJ Public Employees

Occupational Safety & Health (PEOSH) Guidelines, which were adapted from the ANSI standard for

VDT workstations (ANSI/HFS 100-1988).

EOHSS has tried to balance furniture adjustability against price. The more adjustable features a chair has

the more expensive it becomes. In consideration of this fact at a minimum selected chairs must have five

basic adjustable features: seat height, back rest (lumbar support), back tilt, ability to swivel and arm rests.

For a description on types of chair and prices, go to Computer Furniture with Adjustable Features"

The seat, backrest and armrests of the chair should be upholstered with non-slip, moisture-absorbing

material.

Chairs should have five legs and the ability to swivel.

A chair with height adjustable armrests should be purchased. Armrests should only be used to rest your

hand when you are not typing. Resting your arm or forearm on the armrest, desk or wrist rests while

typing forces the small muscles and tendons to do work which is a major cause of musculoskeletal

disorders.

Adjust and experiment with the chair at different positions to find the most comfortable settings. Also

choose a chair that fits your size; avoid sitting in a chair that is either too big or small. Lastly, vary your

sitting posture and perform minor chair adjustments during the day to relieve muscle stress and stiffness.

The following pages have more information to assist you in selecting and adjusting a chair:

Chair Height

Backrest

Seat Pan
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Chair Height

The chair heightshould:

allow the user to rest the entire sole of his or her foot on the floor or footrest.

in combination with the work surface heights, allow the user to achieve a suitable keyboard toforearm relationship and adequate leg clearance. The forearm should be parallel to the floor and

the wrists in the same plane as the forearm.

be adjustable from seated position without tools. The minimum range of adjustment should be 16-20.5 inches.

Backrest

A proper backrestshould:

support the entire back including the lower region and provide a comfortable posture that permits

frequent variation in a sitting position.

have the backrest angle and height easily adjustable. The backrest should be able to tilt at least 85

degrees to 100 degrees while still able to maintain at least a 90 degree sitting angle.

have range height of 16-20 inches from the seat pan and at least 13 inches wide.


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have sufficient tension to provide adequate support for the lumbar area as well as the middle andupper back.

have a lumbar support that protrudes 1-2 inches and runs across the backrest. The width of thelumbar support should be at least 12 inches and the height of the lumbar support (measure at the

center of the lumbar support) from the seat should be adjustable to a range of 6-10 inches. Arange of adjustability of more than 3 inches is desirable if the lumbar support height is adjustable

Seat Pan

The seat panshould:

have enough depth to allow contact between the users lumbar region and the seat back. Thedepth of the seat should be between 15 to 18 inches and 18 inches wide.

have a "waterfall" design at the front of the seat, i.e. slightly concave with a softly padded roundedge. The purpose of the "waterfall" design is to avoid pressure on the back of the leg above and

below the knee.

allow the user to adjust its angle and should ensure the angle between the upper and lower leg isat least 60 degrees and no more than 100 degrees when the lower leg is perpendicular to the floor.

The adjustment range should allow backward tilt to at least 8 degrees (10 degrees preferred) and

forward tilt to a maximum 5 degrees from horizontal. Because some tasks require leaning

forward, such as reading poor quality documents, leaning forward should be accomplished by

tilting the seat, not the torso, as sitting at less than 90 degrees from the thighs puts pressure on

internal organs.


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Keyboard and Mouse Support Surface (Keyboard Tray)

The keyboard and mouse support surface (also known as keyboard tray/platform) plays an important role

as it allows you to position yourself in a proper body posture which will reduce the risk of developing

computer related injury. There are several advantages of having a adjustable keyboard tray; it:

allows you to adjust it to the proper height so that you can have knee clearance.

allows you to adjust it so that you are not too far nor too close when looking at the monitor. Thepreferred viewing distance for the computer monitor ranges between 18 and 24 inches.

allows you to position yourself in a neutral position while keying. The preferred body posture iselbows and hands parallel to the floor and wrists straight or slightly in a downward position.

allows you to avoid unnecessary arm extension when keying or mousing.

allows you to free up more work space on your desk for other tasks, and

allows you to easily store away the keyboard when it is not being used.

There are many types of keyboard platforms that are available in the market ranging from manual knob

adjustment to a modern pneumatic lifting platform. Price range base on these keyboard platforms

depending on adjustment capability, durability, and others added features. Here are some basic guidelines

that you should follow to get the right keyboard tray for your workstation:

Ensure that the surface the tray is going to be attached to is sufficiently high enough. The deskheight should be at least 31 inches in order to provide sufficient knee clearance.

Choose a keyboard platform with a height adjustable feature. According to PEOSH VDTGuidelines, the height from the floor to the top surface of the keyboard support surface should be

adjustable from a range of 23 to 28 inches.

Choose a keyboard tray with an adjustable surface angle. The keyboard tray should be in aslightly negative tilt or flat position when performing computer keying. Avoid getting a keyboard

tray with a positive tilt/slope surface.

getting a keyboard tray with a positive tilt/slope surface.


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Choose a keyboard tray that has a length adjustable arm, and is able to retract the keyboard fullyunder the work surface.

Assess and determine how to set up or organize your work desk before buying or installing thekeyboard tray. For example, putting the tray at the 90 degrees corner desk may need a different size

and shape of tray and arm extension than putting it at the center of the desk.

Choose a keyboard tray that has a mouse platform attached. For computer workstations that are usedby many people, it is recommended to get a keyboard tray with a mouse platform that can slide in and

out on either side of the tray to accommodate left and right handed people.

Avoid getting a keyboard tray that has an adjustment knob below it. The knob can interfere with kneeclearance and getting close to the computer.

Finally, after installing the keyboard tray, it is essential to learn the adjustable features and how toperform the adjustments. Because people have different body sizes, the keyboard tray adjustment for

each person will be different and unique. For more detail on how to perform the adjustments, go to

the Keyboard section.

Remember to adjust the keyboard tray so that your arms and hands are in line with your wrists. Your

shoulders should be in a relaxed position and wrists are straight or in a slightly negative tilt when keying.

Vary your sitting posture during the day to reduce the risk of developing computer related injury. See theComputer Equipment with Adjustable Features information on where to purchase adjustable keyboard

trays.

Monitors

Most new computers have separate, adjustable keyboards and monitors that allow the keyboard and

monitor to be positioned appropriately for the user. This is important because depending on the tasks, the

computer user may spend a considerable amount of time viewing the monitor. There are some basic

features to be considered when choosing a monitor:

The monitor should be adjustable for tilt. By tilting the monitor, bright spots or washout caused by

the overhead light on the monitor screen, can be reduced. In addition, it is also recommended to tiltback the monitor so that the top is slightly farther away from the eyes than the bottom. As we lookaround our surroundings, objects in the upper part of our peripheral vision are generally farther away

than the point we are looking at, and objects in the lower part of our peripheral vision are usually

closer. As a result, our visual system has developed to perform best when the visual plane tilts away

from us at the top.


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Depending on the tasks, the user should be able to adjust the monitor for an optimum viewing angle.SeeWorkstation Layout for monitor arrangement for specific task.

The monitor should be adjusted for brightness and contrast. The brightness and contrast adjustmentpanel is usually located in front of the computer monitor. The brightness of the monitor should match

the brightness of the surroundings to avoid eyes strain. It is easier to read the monitor if the contrast

of the monitor is adjusted correctly. Contrast is the difference in brightness between the imageproduced by the monitor and the image reflected off the monitor. In addition, it is also preferable to

view a monitor that has white or light color than a dark color background. Working on a computer

program that has black letters and white background can reduce the difference in contrast between

the screen and what is reflected off it.

All exposed surfaces of the monitor should be finished in aneutral color with a non-reflective matte finish to minimize

bright color and glare from these surfaces.

Keyboards

Keying on a computer keyboard has been associated with causing musculoskeletal disorders because of

the improper placement of the keyboard in the workstation. When a keyboard is placed on a desk or other

surface which is not at the correct height, or on a keyboard tray which is not ergonomically designed, this

causes the wrist to bend outward (A) and upward (B) which increase the risk of injuries while keying onthe keyboard. EOHSS recommends using height adjustable keyboard trays with a mouse platform rather

than investing in the alternative keyboards. Go to the Keyboard and Mouse Support Surface for more

information.

(A) Wrists bent outward (B) Wrists bent upward


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Al ternat iveKeyboardsThe intent of these "ergonomically designed" (alternative) keyboards is to promote neutral wrist postures.

The alternative keyboards use different designs to attempt to change the users posture. Many different

types of keyboards have become available on the market to choose from. Below are some of the common

alternative keyboard designs.

Fixed split keyboards are the most popular among all the alternative keyboards.

They are designed to straighten the wrist by increasing the distance between the

right and left sides of the keyboard so that each half is aligned with the forearm.

Tented keyboards/adjustable split keyboards are designed so that the angles of

two keyboard halves can be horizontally and vertically adjusted in order to

straighten the wrists and reduce the forearms rotation.

Sculpted keyboards separate the left and right hand at a fixed distance and avoid

bending of the wrists. The keys are arranged in dish-out depressions. This key

design has attempted to "fit" the different lengths of the fingers by placing the keys

in concave wells. This is believed to allow the fingers to work in a more relaxed

posture.

Alternative keyboards have been shown to promote neutral wrist posture. However, available research

does not provide conclusive evidence that alternative keyboards reduce the risk of discomfort, fatigue,

and injury. Also, NIOSH cautions that a computer keyboard is only one element of the workplace that can

influence comfort and health. Therefore, all features of the work environment, not just the keyboard,

should be examined when evaluating ways to enhance user comfort and avoid potential musculoskeletal

problems.

If alternative keyboards are to be used in the workplace, the following suggestions may be helpful in

making purchasing decisions:

Determine if the keyboard is compatible with existing hardware and software, and whether it canaccommodate other input devices such as the mouse and trackballs.

Assess how the keyboard will fit with the workstation. Some alternative keyboards, particularly thosewith a tented design, must be placed on surfaces that are lower than those required for standard

keyboards to achieve proper working posture.

Choose the appropriate keyboard for the users or tasks. It may take a few days for a user to becomeaccustomed to an alternative keyboard, and frustration may occur if productivity is affected during

this learning phase. Allow the users to try different kinds before deciding which to buy, and allow

them to retain a conventional keyboard if they wish. Let the user try out the keyboards for at least

one to two weeks, since studies show that amount of time is necessary to adapt to them.

Integrate a new alternative keyboard carefully into the work process, ensuring that users are trained

in correct use.

Keyboarding TipsA keyboard is only one part of the computer workstation setup that may cause discomfort or injury. Other

factors such as chair adjustability, placement of the equipment and other factors discussed on this web

page should be examined thoroughly to determine all the possible causes of discomfort or injury.

Therefore it is unlikely that changing of the keyboard will eliminate all discomfort and disorders.

Below are some of the tips that can be used when keying:

Use minimum force on the keys.


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Adjust keyboard tray and chair height so shoulders are in a relaxed position and the arms and handsare in line with the wrists. The wrists should be straight or in a slightly negative tilt when keying.

Arms are in line with wrists and wrists are straight or in a slightlynegative tilt when keying.

Adjust the tilt or angle of the keyboard to keep wrists straight as you alternate between postures. Theback of the wrist should be kept flat (in a neutral position).

Wrists are straight and

in a neutral position.

Allow ample clearance for leg movement beneath the keyboard support.

Position the keyboard directly in front and close to the user to avoid excessive extended reaching.

Place mouse and other input devices next to the keyboard.

Do not rest your wrists or hands on a palm or wrist rest when you are keying.

Break up long sessions of keyboard work with rest breaks or with other tasks that require movementsdifferent from those used to type.

Pointing Devices

With more and more of the computer programs designed in window environment and an increasing

popularity in the internet, the use of the mouse over keying has also increased. Unfortunately, there has

also been an increase in mouse-related injury.

The following cause the most mouse-related injuries:

Mouse position

People often place their mouse away from their bodies, especially when their desks have a small

keyboard tray that cannot accommodate a mouse. Then the mouse is likely to be up on the desktop,causing them to reach and extend their arm which requires greater shoulder action. When this

situation occurs the shoulder is required to act frequently, resulting in fatigue and potentially a

repetitive strain of some shoulder muscles.

Grip

Many people have developed musculoskeletal disorders from holding the mouse with too great aforce. By squeezing the mouse tight it can cause the hands and arms to tire easily and may lead to

possible muscle strain.


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Mousing postures

As to the keyboard, many people tend to hold and move their mouse in awkward postures as shown inFigure 1. These postures impose abnormal forces on the tendinous structures of the wrist which can

lead to fatigue, pain and injury.

Figure 1 Incorrect Mouse Postures

Force and awkward wris t movement

Many people use tremendous force to drag and move the mouse up and down and from side to side tomove the cursor to the desired point. The unresponsiveness of the mouse is due to losing contact with

the mouse pad or clogging of the ball mechanism. In addition, some people bend their wrist inward or

outward when mousing which increases the risk of injury.

Pointing Devices - Tips for Better Mousing:

Use a keyboard tray with sufficient space for both your keyboard and mouse. Avoid placing the mousehigher than the keyboard surface and far from reach. The mouse should be placed as close to and at the

same level as the keyboard.

Lightly rest your hand and fingers on the mouse. The weight of your hand is more than enough tomaneuver a mechanical mouse.

Do not just move the mouse with the wrist, but rather allow your forearm, wrist, and hand to movetogether. Your fingers, wrist and hand should feel loose and fluid.

Adjust the height of the mouse platform and the chair so that the wrist is not bending upward ordownward. Make sure you are sitting high enough for the workstation to be slightly below elbow

height so that your hand rests naturally on the mouse.

Use key commands to eliminate the need to click and drag on the mouse.


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Occasionally open up the trackball compartment to clean any dirt that has accumulated.Periodically replace the old mousepad for better traction of the mouse.

Al ternat ive Point ing DevicesIn addition to the conventional mouse, there are variety of other pointing devices available on the market.

However, there is no evidence that these alternatives are healthier or unhealthier than the conventional

ones. Below are some of the commonly found alternative mice:

Atrackballhas an exposed ball that is manipulated with the fingers. You

do not need to move the device to move the cursor which is ideal for

workstations with limited space. It requires the use of different muscle and

tendon groups than a mouse does, and therefore can add variety to your

manipulation of computer information.

Touch pads allow you to move the cursor on the computer screen by

simply gliding your finger across a small pad. Unlike the mouse, trackballs

and other pointing devices, touch pads have no moving parts to clog or

break, so they never require disassembly for cleaning. Touch screens allow

you to point directly at an object. They require little or no training, are

faster than other pointing devices, and require no extra work surface.

Joysticks encourage a natural vertical hand position with the thumb

pointing upwards. This prevents the forearm from twisting and putting the

palm of the hand in a horizontal position over the mouse. The twisting of

the hand and the repetitive use of the index finger for clicking is believed to

cause injury.

EOHSS recommends the use of thewhale mousebecause it is designed to

provide neutral wrist, hand and finger positions. It prevents bending the

wrist when mousing and it promotes the use of the hand and arm to move

the cursor.

Like the keyboard, the mouse is only one part of the computer workstation setup that may cause

discomfort or injury. Other factors such as chair adjustability, placement of the equipment and other

factors discussed on this web page should be examined thoroughly to determine all the possible causes ofdiscomfort or injury. Therefore it is unlikely that changing the mouse will eliminate all discomfort and

disorders. If alternative point devices are used, let the user try them out before buying them, and ensure

that users are trained in correct use. Click theFurniture with Adjustable Features section for information

on where to purchase the computer accessories.

Laptop Ergonomics

It is EOHSS recommendation that laptops are not used as staffs main computer, i.e., for prolonged

use, but for short and quick use only. Laptops were originally designed as a short-term replacement for a

computer while traveling. As laptops improved rapidly in design and became smaller and lighter with


27/43


good performance, more and more people choose a laptop as their primary computer. However, not much

attention has been paid to the ergonomics of mobile computing which is designed for portability rather

than user safety. One poor ergonomic design is the keyboard and monitor are in one piece. With the

desktop computer, the optimal position is to have the monitor at eye level, and the keyboard placed at

elbow height. However, in the case of the laptop because the keyboard and monitor are connected, if the

monitor is in the optimal position, then the keyboard is not and vice versa. Using a laptop is a tradeoff

between poor neck/head posture and poor hand/wrist posture.

Depending on the amount of time spent on a laptop you are either an occasional or full-time user.

Attention needs to be paid on how the laptop is used because poor posture can cause musculoskeletal

disorders (MSD). Below are tips and fixes for using a laptop:

Occasional users have less risk of developing musculoskeletal disorders. Use of the neck/head is

determined by the actions of large muscles, whereas the wrist uses smaller muscles that are less strong.

Therefore it is better to sacrifice neck posture rather than wrist posture.

For occasional use:

First find a surface low enough or a chair high enough so that your elbows are level or slightly lowerthan the keyboard/laptop

If you cannot find a low surface or high chair, then place the laptop on the lap

Find a chair that is comfortable and that you can sit back in

Position the laptop in the lap for the most neutral wrist posture that can be achieved. Be careful not tohave the laptop on the lap for too long as the base will get hot

Angle the laptop screen so it can be seen with the least amount of neck bending

Full-time users who use a laptop as the main computer should:

Get a docking station that has the connections for standard-size peripherals like mouse, monitor andkeyboard. When at the desk, fit the laptop into the docking station. The laptop then serves as the hard

drive and the docking station the interface between the monitor, keyboard and mouse; essentially

creating a desktop computer.

If there is no docking station, do not use the keyboard and mouse on the laptop. Instead get anexternal keyboard and mouse and connect them directly to the laptop. Then elevate the monitor off

the desk surface using a laptop stand to a height where the screen can be seen without having to bend

the neck.

Use an adjustable keyboard tray to place the keyboard and mouse. Then treat the laptop setup as aregular desktop setup. For information on a regular desktop setup, follow the guidelines in the

Computer Workstation Design section.


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CCOOMMPPUUTTEERRWWOORRKKSSTTAATTIIOONNAACCCCEESSSSOORRIIEESS

Document Holder

Use of document holders can help to prevent neck strain and reduce eye fatigue from looking up and

down or turning your neck between the documents and computer monitor. Below are some tips to set-up

your document holder:

Choose a document holder that is able to hold both the weight and size of the documents that youwill be working on.

Place the holder as close and at about the same distance from your eyes as the monitor. Avoidplacing the holder too high to prevent tilting back of your head.

Place the holder straight in front of your eyes to prevent any excessive twisting and turning.However, there is no best location to place the holder, it depends on the task that you are performing.

See "Workstation Layout" for placement of the holder.

For people who wear bifocal glasses, it is best to place the holder at the same distance and directlybelow your monitor and above your keyboard.

Task Light

Task light helps to reduce the need for bright ambient light that can cause glare on the screen and

enhances the contrast between the screen and the surroundings. The task light should be used to

illuminate the documents and not the monitor or surrounding area. Below are some of the steps to select

and set-up the task lights:

Task lights should have a dimmer to allow you to adjust the light to your comfort level.

Task lights should emit a low glare, soft and uniform light to avoid glare on the documents or the

screen.

Task lights should be portable or have a movable arm to provide flexibility in location.

Place the task light to avoid the light shining directly into your eyes.

Monitor Glare Screens

Glare is a common cause of eyestrain among computer users. Glare screens or monitor filters can be used

to reduce the glare or the wash out but they do not eliminate the glare problems entirely. Therefore,

placing monitor or obtaining window blinds to prevent the glare on the screen should be the first

consideration. If a monitor filter is used,

make sure the filter is cleaned regularly.

increase the brightness of the monitor to compensate for any darkening caused by the filter.


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Foot Rests

The combination of adjusting the chair, keyboard tray or the monitor surface may lead to hanging of the

feet while sitting. Sitting with feet hanging and not resting flat on the floor can reduce leg circulation and

cause discomfort on the back. Footrests can be used to provide proper foot support. However, the

footrests will limit the leg movement of the user. When selecting the footrest, it should:

be adjustable for height and surface angles.

have a wide surface to give more choice of leg position.

have an anti-slip material on the base to keep it firmly in place.

have an non-slip surface so that the feet can be firmly placed on it.

Wrist Rest

There is a lot of debate regarding the use of wrist rests for computer users who perform intensive keyingfor extended periods. Contact between the wrists and wrist rests of any design if too frequent or heavy can

cause problems due to excessive pressure on the delicate tendons on the underside of the wrist, and has

been known to result in Carpel Tunnel Syndrome and tenosynovitis (inflammation of the sheath

surrounding tendons). This may be what has led people to believe that wrist rests should not be used. Ingeneral, wrist rest should be used only for resting the wrist when not keying. If wrist rest is used on theworkstation , then it should:

allow the wrists to be in a neutral position and not bending up or down.

have a thickness about the same as the front of the keyboard or the mouse.

have a sufficient surface area ( 2 or more inches width) to spread the load out over a large area.

not have sharp edges and be padded and provide stable support.

Eyewear

Eye and vision problems are frequently received complaints among computer users. Currently there is no

evidence that prolonged computer use can cause permanent eye damage. However, because computer

work is visually demanding, people with no previous eye problems may experience eyestrain and developa need for glasses. It also can make the symptoms more noticeable for people with existing eye

problems. The common eye problems associated with computer use are irritation, eye fatigue, blurriness

and headaches. According to the PEOSH VDT guidelines, the computer user who spends 10 hours or

more per week on a regular basis should have initial vision examinations before or soon after beginning

work as a VDT operator.

Below are some of the special computer glasses for use while working on computers:


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Single vision lens

This type of lens is adjusted for the distance from eye to the monitor screen and documents. It is

preferable for those who use the computer for extended periods of time and rarely do distance work.

Bifocal Lens

This lens has a near focus on the bottom and intermediate viewing on the top specifically for computer

work. They can be used for those whose near range vision is narrow and need little distance viewing.

Trifocal lens

It has a near focus on the bottom and an intermediate focus in the middle for monitoring view anddistance focusing on the upper portion. These lens are good for people who perform tasks that require

near and distance viewing.

Task-specific progressive addition lenses

Unlike the lenses described above, additional lens power is added gradually for near, intermediate and

distance viewing. It is claimed that this lens minimizes blurring that can occur in the single, special

bifocal and trifocal computer lenses.

If you wear corrective lens, the easiest way to avoid the change of visual fields is adjust the computer

monitor until your correction works comfortably. For people who wear bifocal lenses, it is preferable to

place the computer at a low position to avoid the need of tilting the head backward to see the monitor.


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December 2008

CCOOMMPPUUTTEERRFFUURRNNIITTUURREEAANNDDEEQQUUIIPPMMEENNTTWWIITTHHAADDJJUUSSTTAABBLLEEFFEEAATTUURREESS

Contact Dennis Fountain (5-9036 [email protected])in the Purchasing Department for vendor contact information

and prices on the items below.

Chairs

LOWER PRICED CHAIRSManufacturer Model

Global Alero

http://www.globaltotaloffice.com/global_industries/feature_alero.html

GlobalScale 1

(size small)

http://www.globaltotaloffice.com/cgi-bin/gi_2007/gi_products.pl?fid=1126128891.36397&query=pagenum%3D1%26cgifunction%3DSearch&cgifunction=form

GlobalScale 2

(size average)


GlobalScale 3

(size large)

mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.globaltotaloffice.com/global_industries/feature_alero.htmlhttp://www.globaltotaloffice.com/global_industries/feature_alero.htmlhttp://www.globaltotaloffice.com/cgi-bin/gi_2007/gi_products.pl?fid=1126128891.36397&query=pagenum%3D1%26cgifunction%3DSearch&cgifunction=formhttp://www.globaltotaloffice.com/cgi-bin/gi_2007/gi_products.pl?fid=1126128891.36397&query=pagenum%3D1%26cgifunction%3DSearch&cgifunction=formhttp://www.globaltotaloffice.com/cgi-bin/gi_2007/gi_products.pl?fid=1126128891.36397&query=pagenum%3D1%26cgifunction%3DSearch&cgifunction=formhttp://www.globaltotaloffice.com/cgi-bin/gi_2007/gi_products.pl?fid=1126128891.36397&query=pagenum%3D1%26cgifunction%3DSearch&cgifunction=formhttp://www.globaltotaloffice.com/cgi-bin/gi_2007/gi_products.pl?fid=1126128891.36397&query=pagenum%3D1%26cgifunction%3DSearch&cgifunction=formhttp://www.globaltotaloffice.com/cgi-bin/gi_2007/gi_products.pl?fid=1126128891.36397&query=pagenum%3D1%26cgifunction%3DSearch&cgifunction=formhttp://www.globaltotaloffice.com/cgi-bin/gi_2007/gi_products.pl?fid=1126128891.36397&query=pagenum%3D1%26cgifunction%3DSearch&cgifunction=formhttp://www.globaltotaloffice.com/cgi-bin/gi_2007/gi_products.pl?fid=1126128891.36397&query=pagenum%3D1%26cgifunction%3DSearch&cgifunction=formhttp://www.globaltotaloffice.com/cgi-bin/gi_2007/gi_products.pl?fid=1126128891.36397&query=pagenum%3D1%26cgifunction%3DSearch&cgifunction=formhttp://www.globaltotaloffice.com/global_industries/feature_alero.htmlmailto:[email protected]


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Global Yorkdale

http://www.globaltotaloffice.com/cgi-bin/gi_2007/gi_products.pl?cgifunction=Search&Category=ergonomic/task%20seating&Product%20Group=YORKDALE

Knoll RPM

http://www.knoll.com/products/product.jsp?prod_id=168

MODERATELY PRICED CHAIRS

Dauphin Contour

http://www.dauphin.com/basis_swivel.htm

GlobalAspen

http://www.globaltotaloffice.com/cgi-bin/gi_2007/gi_products.pl?cgifunction=Search&Category=ergonomic/task%20seating&Product%20Group=ASPEN

Global Obusforme

http://www.globaltotaloffice.com/cgi-bin/gi_2007/gi_products.pl?cgifunction=Search&Category=ergonomic/task%20seating&Special%20Reserved=OBUSFORME

HarterAnth ro Accord

(mid back)

http://www.harter.com/productdetail.asp?PD=1&Model_Number=G98A73&category=action
http://www.globaltotaloffice.com/cgi-bin/gi_2007/gi_products.pl?fid=1126128891.36397&query=pagenum%3D1%26cgifunction%3DSearch&cgifunction=formhttp://www.globaltotaloffice.com/cgi-bin/gi_2007/gi_products.pl?fid=1126128891.36397&query=pagenum%3D1%26cgifunction%3DSearch&cgifunction=formhttp://www.knoll.com/products/product.jsp?prod_id=168http://www.knoll.com/products/product.jsp?prod_id=168http://www.dauphin.com/basis_swivel.htmhttp://www.globaltotaloffice.com/cgi-bin/gi_2007/gi_products.pl?cgifunction=Search&Category=ergonomic/task%20seating&Product%20Group=ASPENhttp://www.globaltotaloffice.com/cgi-bin/gi_2007/gi_products.pl?cgifunction=Search&Category=ergonomic/task%20seating&Product%20Group=ASPENhttp://www.globaltotaloffice.com/cgi-bin/gi_2007/gi_products.pl?cgifunction=Search&Category=ergonomic/task%20seating&Special%20Reserved=OBUSFORMEhttp://www.globaltotaloffice.com/cgi-bin/gi_2007/gi_products.pl?cgifunction=Search&Category=ergonomic/task%20seating&Special%20Reserved=OBUSFORMEhttp://www.harter.com/productdetail.asp?PD=1&Model_Number=G98A73&category=actionhttp://www.harter.com/productdetail.asp?PD=1&Model_Number=G98A73&category=actionhttp://www.harter.com/productdetail.asp?PD=1&Model_Number=G98A73&category=actionhttp://www.globaltotaloffice.com/cgi-bin/gi_2007/gi_products.pl?cgifunction=Search&Category=ergonomic/task%20seating&Special%20Reserved=OBUSFORMEhttp://www.globaltotaloffice.com/cgi-bin/gi_2007/gi_products.pl?cgifunction=Search&Category=ergonomic/task%20seating&Product%20Group=ASPENhttp://www.dauphin.com/basis_swivel.htmhttp://www.knoll.com/products/product.jsp?prod_id=168http://www.globaltotaloffice.com/cgi-bin/gi_2007/gi_products.pl?fid=1126128891.36397&query=pagenum%3D1%26cgifunction%3DSearch&cgifunction=form


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Steelcase Drive

http://steelcase.com/na/drive_products.aspx?f=11841&k=13adcaec9ed4113c621d8e37328d6ed3

Dauphin - Valo Viper

http://www.valofurniture.com/brochures/viper_brochure.pdf

Harter-Zoom Champion

http://zoomseating.com/zoom-championmesh.php

Harter-Zoom Charger

http://zoomseating.com/zoom-charger.php

Steelcase Amia

http://steelcase.com/na/amia_products.aspx?f=24934
http://steelcase.com/na/drive_products.aspx?f=11841&k=13adcaec9ed4113c621d8e37328d6ed3http://steelcase.com/na/drive_products.aspx?f=11841&k=13adcaec9ed4113c621d8e37328d6ed3http://www.valofurniture.com/brochures/viper_brochure.pdfhttp://www.valofurniture.com/brochures/viper_brochure.pdfhttp://zoomseating.com/zoom-championmesh.phphttp://zoomseating.com/zoom-championmesh.phphttp://zoomseating.com/zoom-charger.phphttp://zoomseating.com/zoom-charger.phphttp://steelcase.com/na/amia_products.aspx?f=24934http://steelcase.com/na/amia_products.aspx?f=24934http://steelcase.com/na/amia_products.aspx?f=24934http://zoomseating.com/zoom-charger.phphttp://zoomseating.com/zoom-championmesh.phphttp://www.valofurniture.com/brochures/viper_brochure.pdfhttp://steelcase.com/na/drive_products.aspx?f=11841&k=13adcaec9ed4113c621d8e37328d6ed3


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HIGHER PRICED CHAIRS

Herman MillerAeron

http://www.hermanmiller.com/CDA/SSA/Product/0,1592,a10-c440-p8,00.html

Steelcase Leap

http://steelcase.com/na/leap_products.aspx?f=11852

Price ranges on the following chairs are currently not available on this website.For current prices, please contact DENNIS FOUNTAIN in thePurchasing Department at 5-9036 or [email protected].

Allsteel#19

http://www.allsteeloffice.com/allsteel/Templates/Products/ProductOverview.aspx?NRMODE=Published&NRNODEGUID={B973382E-ABFD-4ACF-B81E-56EF77A3D815}&NRORIGINALURL=/allsteeloffice/products/seating/No.%252019/&NRCACHEHINT=Guest&print=true

Haworth X99

http://www.haworth.com/Brix?pageID=148&product_sakey=66
http://www.hermanmiller.com/CDA/SSA/Product/0,1592,a10-c440-p8,00.htmlhttp://www.hermanmiller.com/CDA/SSA/Product/0,1592,a10-c440-p8,00.htmlhttp://steelcase.com/na/leap_products.aspx?f=11852http://steelcase.com/na/leap_products.aspx?f=11852http://www.allsteeloffice.com/allsteel/Templates/Products/ProductOverview.aspx?NRMODE=Published&NRNODEGUID={B973382E-ABFD-4ACF-B81E-56EF77A3D815}&NRORIGINALURL=/allsteeloffice/products/seating/No.%252019/&NRCACHEHINT=Guest&print=truehttp://www.allsteeloffice.com/allsteel/Templates/Products/ProductOverview.aspx?NRMODE=Published&NRNODEGUID={B973382E-ABFD-4ACF-B81E-56EF77A3D815}&NRORIGINALURL=/allsteeloffice/products/seating/No.%252019/&NRCACHEHINT=Guest&print=truehttp://www.allsteeloffice.com/allsteel/Templates/Products/ProductOverview.aspx?NRMODE=Published&NRNODEGUID={B973382E-ABFD-4ACF-B81E-56EF77A3D815}&NRORIGINALURL=/allsteeloffice/products/seating/No.%252019/&NRCACHEHINT=Guest&print=truehttp://www.haworth.com/Brix?pageID=148&product_sakey=66http://www.haworth.com/Brix?pageID=148&product_sakey=66http://www.haworth.com/Brix?pageID=148&product_sakey=66http://www.allsteeloffice.com/allsteel/Templates/Products/ProductOverview.aspx?NRMODE=Published&NRNODEGUID={B973382E-ABFD-4ACF-B81E-56EF77A3D815}&NRORIGINALURL=/allsteeloffice/products/seating/No.%252019/&NRCACHEHINT=Guest&print=truehttp://steelcase.com/na/leap_products.aspx?f=11852http://www.hermanmiller.com/CDA/SSA/Product/0,1592,a10-c440-p8,00.html


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Haworth Zody

http://www.haworth.com/Brix?pageID=148&product_sakey=98

KnollEWC Pro(mid-back)


Knoll

EWC Pro(high-back)


Herman MillerAmbi Work Chai r AM121A

http://www.hermanmiller.com/CDA/SSA/Product/0,,a10-c440-p10,00.html

Stool

Dauphin Syncro

http://www.dauphin.com/basis_stools.htm
http://www.haworth.com/Brix?pageID=148&product_sakey=98http://www.haworth.com/Brix?pageID=148&product_sakey=98http://www.knoll.com/products/product.jsp?prod_id=730http://www.knoll.com/products/product.jsp?prod_id=730http://www.knoll.com/products/product.jsp?prod_id=731http://www.knoll.com/products/product.jsp?prod_id=731http://www.hermanmiller.com/CDA/SSA/Product/0,,a10-c440-p10,00.htmlhttp://www.hermanmiller.com/CDA/SSA/Product/0,,a10-c440-p10,00.htmlhttp://www.dauphin.com/basis_stools.htmhttp://www.dauphin.com/basis_stools.htmhttp://www.dauphin.com/basis_stools.htmhttp://www.hermanmiller.com/CDA/SSA/Product/0,,a10-c440-p10,00.htmlhttp://www.knoll.com/products/product.jsp?prod_id=731http://www.knoll.com/products/product.jsp?prod_id=730http://www.haworth.com/Brix?pageID=148&product_sakey=98


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Keyboard Trays

Manufacturer Link

Humanscale http://humanscale.com/products/keyboard_systems.cfm

Details: A SteelcaseCompany

http://www.details-worktools.com/products/computer_support.php?id=1

Workrite http://www.workriteergo.com/products/productcat.asp?catID=2
http://humanscale.com/products/keyboard_systems.cfmhttp://humanscale.com/products/keyboard_systems.cfmhttp://www.details-worktools.com/products/computer_support.php?id=1http://www.details-worktools.com/products/computer_support.php?id=1http://www.details-worktools.com/products/computer_support.php?id=1http://www.workriteergo.com/products/productcat.asp?catID=2http://www.workriteergo.com/products/productcat.asp?catID=2http://www.workriteergo.com/products/productcat.asp?catID=2http://www.details-worktools.com/products/computer_support.php?id=1http://humanscale.com/products/keyboard_systems.cfm


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Contact Dennis Fountain (5-9036 [email protected]) in the Purchasing Department for

vendor contact information and prices on the items below.

Examples of Computer AccessoriesFootrest

Balt Rolax ISE RockingFootrest

SteelcaseFoot Rest

Glare Screen/Filter Desk RiserContour Deluxe Humanscale

Flat Panel FilterDesk-a-lators/Raise Its

Document HolderErgoCopy

Humanscale Steelcase Vu-Ryte

Mouse AlternativesErgonetics EasyCat Touchpad

HumanscaleWhale Mouse

Head SetPlantronicsCordless

Plantronics

Monitors/Monitor RiserDell Height-Adjustable Stand

VuRyte

MiscellaneousHumanscale Foot machinew/ massagerollers

Humanscale FlatPanel Arm

Humanscale DesktopLaptop Holder

HumanscaleKeyboardHolder

Steelcase VerticalProcessor Sling

Steelcase CPUStand on Casters

Ergoflexor Hand Rehab Dell LaptopDocking Station

Dell Laptop Docking Station (Slidelaptop in to use with a PC monitor andkeyboard)

Rev 12/08


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CCOOMMPPUUTTEERRWWOORRKKSSTTAATTIIOONNEERRGGOONNOOMMIICCSSEELLFF--AASSSSEESSSSMMEENNTT

Item Y N If No,

Action Required

Chair

Do you havean ergonomically designed chair?

An ergonomically designed chair has the following

features:

Obtain a new ergonomically

designed chair that is suitable for theuser's body type. See EOHSS

Computer Workstation Equipment

and Furniture

Five (5) legs

Non slip and moisture absorbent upholstery

Ability to swivel

Easily adjustable for seat height (16- 20.5") andangle (+/- 5 degrees)?

Height allows you to comfortably place yourfeet flat on the floor or a footrest

Backrest that provides adjustable lumbarsupport (6-10" from the seat pan; 1-2"

protrusion that is adjustable)?

Seat pan lengths (15 to 17") so that the front ofthe seat does not press against the back of leg

behind knee?

Seat has a waterfall (rounded) edge

Arm rests, if present (not required), allow youto assume a comfortable position

Keyboard/Keyboard Tray

Does your keyboard rest on an ergonomically designedkeyboard tray?

An ergonomically designed keyboard tray has the

following features:

Obtain new keyboard tray. SeeEOHSSComputer Workstation

Equipment and Furniture

Keyboard tray is height adjustable (23-28)

Keyboard tray is angle adjustable to a negative

10angle

Keyboard tray is positioned directly in front of you? Move keyboard tray so that it is

directly in front of the user.

Is the keyboard at a height so that your elbows are at

your side, and the forearms, wrists and hands are in astraight line approximately parallel to the floor?

Adjust height of keyboard tray

Is the keyboard tray high enough underneath so that it

does not contact the top of your legs whenever you are

sitting at the computer with your feet flat on the floor or

on a footrest?

Adjust height of keyboard tray

Is the keyboard positioned (i.e., angled) so that key-

stroking can be performed with the wrist, hands,

knuckles and fingers in a relaxed, natural (neutral)

position?

Adjust angle of keyboard tray
http://www2.umdnj.edu/eohssweb/publications/ergo_furniture.pdfhttp://www2.umdnj.edu/eohssweb/publications/ergo_furniture.pdfhttp://www2.umdnj.edu/eohssweb/publications/ergo_furniture.pdfhttp://www2.umdnj.edu/eohssweb/publications/ergo_furniture.pdfhttp://www2.umdnj.edu/eohssweb/publications/ergo_furniture.pdfhttp://www2.umdnj.edu/eohssweb/publications/ergo_furniture.pdfhttp://www2.umdnj.edu/eohssweb/publications/ergo_furniture.pdfhttp://www2.umdnj.edu/eohssweb/publications/ergo_furniture.pdfhttp://www2.umdnj.edu/eohssweb/publications/ergo_furniture.pdfhttp://www2.umdnj.edu/eohssweb/publications/ergo_furniture.pdf


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Item Y N If No,

Action Required

Mouse or Trackball

Is the mouse on the work surface or keyboard tray at the

same height as your keyboard and at a distance that it

can be operated without reaching?

Move mouse or trackball so that it is

right next to the keyboard. If there is

no space, obtain new keyboard traywith mouse holder

Do your wrists and hands not rest on sharp or hardedges?

Obtain wrist rest

Monitor

Is the top one-third of the screen is at or below eye

level?

Adjust monitor up/down. Obtain

riser, if necessary

Is the monitor is directly in front of you (no twisting

head or neck to read the monitor)?

Move monitor so that it is directly in

front of user

Can the monitor be read without bending head or neck

down/back?

Adjust angle of monitor

Is your distance from the monitor approximately 18-24 (at arms length)?

Move monitor back/forward ; Movechair back/forward; Sit back in chair

Glare (e.g., from windows or lights), is not reflected on

screen?

Cover windows; Move monitor;

Obtain glare screen

Is the image on the monitor clear? Screen adjustment

Are the words/data on the monitor big enough to be

easily read?

Adjust font size

Desk and Table

Is there enough clearance for the feet, knees, and legs

relative to edge of the work surface?

Is there enough space on the desk to hold all needed

input devices (e.g., keyboards, mouse, trackball), taskmaterials and related accessories?

Rearrange desk top

Are the input devices, primary work materials and

frequently used accessories positioned in front of you on

the work surface?

Rearrange items on desktop

Accessories

If working from original documents, is a document

holder provided?

Obtain document holder

Is the document holder, if provided, placed at or about

the same height and distance as the monitor screen?

Position document holder at or about

the same height and distance as the

monitor screen

If work includes reading documents and there is not

enough light to illuminate documents, low-glare task

light is provided

Obtain task light

Is a telephone head set provided if you work on the

computer at the same time as talking on the phone?

Provide head set

If you move around at your workstation while seated, is

a chair mat provided to prevent back strain?

Obtain chair mat

Is a footrest provided, if needed? Obtain footrest

Is the workstation organized so that frequently used

items are easily accessible?

Rearrange work station


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Good Working Positions

Once you have all of the proper equipment, and everything has been adjusted for you so that the

workstation is ergonomically correct, make sure that you assume proper work positions:

Hands, wrists, and forearmsare straight, in-lineand roughly parallel to the floor.

Head is level or bent slightly forward, forwardfacing, and balanced. Generally it is in-line with the

torso.

Shouldersare relaxed and upper armshangnormally at the side of the body.

Elbowsstay in close to the body and are bentbetween 90 and 120 degrees.

Feetare fully supported by the floor or a footrestmay be used if the desk height is not adjustable.

Backis fully supported with appropriate lumbarsupport when sitting vertical or leaning back

slightly.

Thighsand hipsare supported by a well-paddedseat and generally parallel to the floor.

Kneesare about the same height as the hips with thefeetslightly forward.

From OSHA e-tools, Computer Workstations, Good Working

Positions, 08/2003

Additional Comments


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HHOOWWTTOORREEQQUUEESSTTAAWWOORRKKSSTTAATTIIOONNEEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN

Contact EOHSS

If you would like an ergonomic evaluation of your workstation, complete the EOHSS Ergonomic

Questionnairebelow. Submit the completed form electronically, or mail or fax it toyour campus EOHSS

office. You will be contacted by an EOHSS representative to make an appointment for a workstation

evaluation. For ergonomic issues, contact your campus EOHSS office at:

Newark65 Bergen Street

Bergen Building Room 443Newark, NJ 07107

(973) 972-4812Fax (973) 972-3694

Contact: Marta Figueroa

Scotch Plains

SHRP Building1776 Raritan Road, Room 323

Scotch Plains, NJ 07076(908) 889-2486

Fax (908) 889-2496Contact:Marta Figueroa

Piscataway/New Brunswick335 George Street

Liberty Plaza Room 2139New Brunswick, NJ 08901

(732) 235-4058Fax (732) 235-5270

Contact: Lindsey Kayman

Camden/Stratford University Educational Center40 E. Laurel Road Suite1097

Stratford, NJ 08084(856) 566-6189

Fax (856) 566-6352Contact: Tom Boyle
http://www2.umdnj.edu/eohssweb/publications/ergo_questionnaire.pdfhttp://www2.umdnj.edu/eohssweb/publications/ergo_questionnaire.pdfhttp://www2.umdnj.edu/eohssweb/publications/ergo_questionnaire.pdfmailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://www2.umdnj.edu/eohssweb/publications/ergo_questionnaire.pdfhttp://www2.umdnj.edu/eohssweb/publications/ergo_questionnaire.pdfmailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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EOHSS Computer Workstation Ergonomics: A Guide for UMNDJ Computer Users December 2008

Computer Ergonomics Guide

Documents

Transcript of Computer Ergonomics Guide