=Cosmetics and Vanity=

Heather Vollman

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-egypt- 003-006-greece- 007-010-rome- 011-014-china: tang dynasty- 015-018-northern europe- 019-022-north america- 023-026-culture & achievements- 027-030-components of culture- 031-032-works cited- 033-034

-egypt- 3000 BC

Makeup dates back in Egypt as far as the earliest civilizations there. Egyptians took great care of their appearance and body. Many would wash themselves many times a day to make sure they kept clean, and to prevent parasites from living on their bodies and in their hair. They could not however prevent tooth decay due to their diets; no sort of tooth-brush was around at this time. Therefore there was no way to preserve the life of their teeth. Eye paint was known to prevent or cure eye diseases and would be worn overnight to work most successfully. Both men and women wore makeup; it was not subjective to one gender. All classes would be able to wear makeup too, as long as they could obtain it. Men and women would get rid as much hair, as possible in order to not have any parasite resting plac-es, hair would be removed with a razor. Wigs would be worn on special occasions, mainly for those who could afford such luxuries. The most common colours of makeup that were made were white and black make-up, however blue and green was used as well. Henna would be used for dying or tinting fin-gernails which would turn them into a yellow or orange colour. Kohl was used for eyeliner, and was extended outwards towards the tem-ples. Red ochre and water mixed would be used for cheeks as rouge and on the lips as lipstick.

Many of the cosmetics in ancient Egypt would be made of an oil bases, then mixed with both organic and inorganic products. The oils would mainly be extracted from almonds and moringa nuts. To create Kohl, green mal-achite, cerussite and small bits of lead, and grind it all together along with an oil or fat. Small containers were made to hold the make-up. Perfumes were adored by the Egyp-tians; good smelling things were reminded of God. Lotus flowers were worn on their bodies to bring a good smell along with cheer to them and those around them. Soaps were made from clay or ash mixed with different sorts of scents. Soap was known to help with skin dis-eases and cleansing the body. Perfumes were made from mainly plant life; henna leaves, flowers, roots, almonds etc. They would be squeezed into an oil to create an essence, if they wanted to make it a cream, fat would be added to the mixture.

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Images above: kohl eyeliner

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-greece- 1500 BC

The Greeks version of beauty was per-fection, pale, smooth, unblemished skin, long, light, curly hair. However, what was odd about this was that not many of the people born in Greece had this, so many used cosmetics to strive for this idea of perfection they created. Women would use white lead on their skin in order to gain a lighter complexion; there was a large problem with this however. The white lead was toxic; this led to very short lives for many of those who continued this fashion trend. Underneath of the white lead, would lay a smooth honey cream base in order to prepare the skin for a perfect finish. Olive or other sorts of oils would be used to give the face a healthy shine and glow. Though many were using makeup, the goal was to make it seem as though no makeup was being worn at all. When it comes to hair, the shorter it was the less of a social status you had. Many Greek slaves would keep their hair cropped to their head. Women who were not yet mar-ried would wear their hair loose and long, some would curl to make the hair different and unique. Married women would wear their hair up and tied. Intricate hairstyles were very popular and the more intricate the more power you had. Hair would also be decorated with scarves, jewels etc.

Lighter hair was yearned for as well, a way the Greeks would be able to accomplish this would be to soak hair in vinegar, and then let it out in the sun for many hours. However, sitting in the sun would lead to darkening of the skin. To protect their skin from harm, they developed a hat that would protect the skin from being touched by sunlight, but the hair would go through a hole in the top of the hat, allowing it to be lightened. Hair masks were developed to make sure the hair was soft and shiny. The way they made sure it stayed beautiful and healthy was to use hair masks. They would soak their hair in olive oil, and leave it on for hours. Once the hair mask was left on for a sufficient amount of time, it was washed off and was good as new.

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Images above: blonde intricate hairstyles

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-rome- 25 BC

Romans were very involved with how they looked as well. Small details were taken into consideration when working with how they looked. Oil would be rubber all over their bodies to smoothen and moisturized, once it hardened and set, the oil would be scrapped off with a strigil. Mirrors were made of pol-ished metal in order to keep around with them; mainly to look at their reflection when putting on makeup and such. The Romans would make face masks to preserve a youthful, smooth look. The masks would be made of sheep’s wool, sweat, pla-centa, animal urine, sulphur, ground oyster’s shells and bile. Another sort of mask made of more desirable products was made of rose water, eggs, olive oil, honey, anise, almond oil, and frank incense. These masks would often be put on before the application of makeup to make sure there is a smooth canvas to work on. Some Romans even bathed in donkey milk to moisturize their skin. Skin whitening was taken part of too; they would usually obtain fair complexions by using dung, marl and lead.

A myth that was believed by the Ro-mans was that too much sexual intercourse caused eyelashes to fall out, that being stat-ed, many women wanted long, full and curly lashes to prove their virginity. Burnt cork was used to apply to lashes in order for a more full and voluminous look. Kajal would be used to line the eyes and darken the brows. It would be applied with a rounded stick either made of bone, ivory, wood or glass. Burnt roses or date stones would be used as an eyeshadow to darken around the eyes. Blues and greens were also popular colours that would be used when available. Red lips were common; they would be tinged from a mixture of henna, beeswax, bromine and beetle juice. Cheeks would often have a tint from rose petals or, red ochre, or red lead. Those who did not have as much money would use brown seaweed, wine or mulberry. Makeup palettes were available to those who had enough money to buy them; the palettes would be made of wood, bone, or gold boxes for the makeup to be stored in. Because of the bad smell that often came with makeup, the Romans would use perfumes and deodorants, usually made from flowers and herbs.

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Images above: roman mirror and makeup palette

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-china- 600 AD

During the Tang dynasty, the people had seven main steps that went into how they did their makeup and the style that went into it. The first step would be to powder the face in order to get an even base for the whole look. Second would be to give some colour back to the face that was lost when powder-ing the base on. Third would be darkening up the eyebrows. The forth step was an unusual one, applying forehead gold. The style that was created in China was quite different than the previous styles; this was more flashy and extravagant. The fifth step would include add-ing dimples by painting them to the cheeks. After would be decorating the cheeks with miscellaneous designs and patterns. The last step would be applying the lip colour in order to finish up the look. In Chinese history red lips have been in style for 5000+ years. At first it was believed to appease the Gods, mostly to be worn at religious events or ceremonies. Later it was known to show social status or to cheer the spirits around the area. Lip products were experimented with constantly, they were always trying to find the best product. The lip products made were mainly called lip balms or mouth balms. It wasn’t always worn by only women, men wore it too, to protect the mouth from becom-ing chapped or dried out from either the cold or harsh winds. Pigments for the lip balms would be made from animal blood, plant juic-es, or minerals. The balms would be stored in little containers, as well as the other makeup products.

The Tang people were able to add fra-grance into the lips balms as well as desirable tastes. Different patterns and designs would be painted on certain parts of the lips, some were exaggerated some were small. At one time, a tear makeup look sparked interest in the Tang dynasty, it was made to seem as though the face was constantly crying, as black tears were painted down the face, but was later forgotten as it went out of style a few years later.

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Images above: tang dynasty style

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-northern europe-16th 19th & 20th century

Makeup of styles northern Europe during the 16th century wasn’t too extrava-gant; they continued some of the same meth-ods the Romans and Greeks did. They too believed that pale skin was beautiful. During this time period, having darker skin meant that you worked outside. Higher class meant you stayed indoors and didn’t have to work. That being stated pale hair was also adored; many people dyed their hair in order to fit in with the societal standards. Those who lived in Europe also took part in maintaining hair removal, combs and tweezers would be used to makeup sure hair was in place. Unruly eyebrows would be plucked to perfection. Vegetables would be used to redden faces and nails. Red ochre was applied to the cheeks to add a youthful blush. A trend that some 17th century women took part of was applying black patches of stars and crescents to their faces. When moving into the 19th century, there is a definite change in the amount of makeup being made, the industrial revolution made it easier to make mass produce of cos-metics. An issue that was happening during this time period was the older generation frowning upon the use of makeup. Makeup was sold under the counter to those who want-ed it.

The 19th century was a big time for new inventions and easier production. Soaps were more common, as well as becoming less expensive due to the easy creation of it. Lamp-black was used around the eyes, and lip rouge was common, zinc oxide was used instead of white lead. It was safer for the skin and body. Laser hair removal was invented, allowing those who wanted it an easier alternative to plucking or shaving unwanted hair. Rubber hairbrushes were made, allowing a more com-forting way to take care of hair. Toothpaste tubes were made, allowing a better way to dis-tribute toothpaste and not have contamination. Deodorant was created in Northern Europe; it was called “Mum.” During the 20th century, makeup was no longer hidden from consumers and the pub-lic, it was then sold freely. Some other inven-tions were created to make the use of products easier to use, for example lipstick tubes were created. Nail polish was created as a varnish instead of tint the nails. Mascara and fake eyelashes were available for those wanting them. Shaving underarms became popular as it was believed to be more hygienic, disposable razors were invented. Pale skin was no longer the only beautiful skin colour, tans were be-coming wanted, that leading into the invention of the tanning bed, an easy, fast way to darken skin without going outside in the sun. Syn-thetic dye, hairspray, and plastic surgery also became common in the century.

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Images above: 20th century hair and makeup

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-north america- 21st century

In North America present day, a pol-ished clean, youth face is mainly sought out for. Faces are supposed to be free of blemishes and have an almost photoshopped feel to it. However it cannot look as though makeup has been applied for the face. A natural face or foundation is popular with either a bold eye, or lip, however not at the same time. Anti-ag-ing creams are often sold in stores to prevent wrinkling of the skin or discoloration. Many assume that women are supposed to look years younger than they actually are. Long, full lashes are popular throughout, many use eye-lash extensions or fake lashes to achieve such styles. Women are expected to have no hair on their body with the exception of the head. The makeup has not changed a huge amount but has improved the formula to a lot of the products. Foundations, powders, and blush are mainly made of minerals, pigments, fragrances and other organic products. Lipsticks are made of waxes, alcohols, oils and pigments. The government had banned harmful or dangerous products in cosmetics to be sold to the public.

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Images above: northe american modern photoshoot

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culture Culture continues to be an ever changing way to describe how a group of people interact and live their lives. It never can be definite due to the human race constantly evolving and ma-nipulating the way they live. As stated by James Baldwin “Culture was not a community basket weaving project, nor yet an act of God; being nothing more or less than the recorded and visible effects on a body of people of the vicissitudes which they had been forced to deal.” Constant-ly culture in different groups changes as new decisions are created and events occur. Humans interact and change each others paths and lives, which create new ideas and plans depending on former outcomes. When humans daily lives evolve, as does culture.

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achievementsToothbrushes were made in China in the year 1498 This allowed oral hygiene to be focused on more than previous, where toothpicks would be used to get rid of bacteria and small food pieces stuck in teeth not very effectively, A toothbrush would be much more successful in cleaning the mouth and teeth. This continued to be the go to method to clean the mouth and teeth and is still being used today. Rubber hair brushes were created in 1885 Due to the cushioned brush, this made for comfortable and gentle brushing of the hair, without causing lesions to the scalp or tearing out tangled hair. Changed the way brushed were made and are still being used as of now. During the industrial revolution mass production of cosmetics were able to be created The industrial revolution changed the way cosmetics were made, they were able to be created in large numbers and sold out to customers that wanted them. This changed the way cosmetics were made for future, as they were made quicker and easier. Tubed toothpaste was invented in 1882 Tubed toothpaste made it easy to get a small amount on a toothbrush in order to clean teeth and mouth, previously the toothpaste would be stored in a small jar that would be kept on the count-er. By using a squeeze tube, this would allow an easy and clean way to get toothpaste out and not contaminate the past with the toothbrush. Laser hair removal was invented in 1875 This made for an easy way to get rid of unwanted body hair without shaving. Unwanted hair was the trend in this time period and when using laser hair removal it made it simple to get rid of hair. This is still being used today however with improved techniques and machinery. Covergirl makeup was the first makeup brand to be sold in Grocery stores This made for those wanting makeup cosmetics an easy way to acquire the products without go-ing to a certain store, instead it would be easy and simple, as the product would be stored with all of the other necessities needed. This continues today where you can find many products in a local grocery store. Mascara was made in the 20th century. Long eyelashes were what many women wanted, previously in ancient times it would represent pureness, and women wanteed the long eyelashes to prove themselves.

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10 components of culture

- Belief -- Clothing -

- Style -- Government -

- Language -- Knowledge -

- Morals -- Communication -

- Law -- Integration-

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Belief: Certain ways of thought or prespective towards a certain living standards.

Clothing: Different materials and patterns create a vast diversity of styles and looks, often dependant on the area of shelter or the envoronment. Cre-ated a different perpective when moving to a different area.

Style: Different expression of styles; whether it contain, makeup, clothing or art, can show a variety of emotions and understanding of the world around them.

Government: Dependant on how the country or area is run, can change many of the views from those living under the ruling. Opinions are often biased or inforced.

Language: In different areas, differen’t languages evolve as humans change and interact with each other.

Knowledge: Education differs dependant on what is to be focused, certain rules and history are focused on being understood and studied.

Morals: Standards of behaviors change dependant on how certain groups were raised or their perspective of how to treat others.

Communication: The way groups of individuals speak to each other chang-es over areas, the way certain people respect and work with others repre-sent the population as a whole.

Law: Can change the way groups act, cn prevent chaos and certain dis-putes between certain individuals.

Integration: The way interaction takes place can change the atmosphere, groups are need to work together and accomplish common goals.

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