COMP 381. Agenda TA: Caitlyn Losee Books and movies nominations Team presentation signup...
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Transcript of COMP 381. Agenda TA: Caitlyn Losee Books and movies nominations Team presentation signup...
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MODERN ETHICAL SYSTEMS
19 JANUARY
COMP 381
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Agenda
TA: Caitlyn Losee Books and movies nominations Team presentation signup
Beginning of classEnd of class
Rawls and Moors
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Ethics
Decision making based on logical reasoning
Addresses how people on society should act
Should advance the good of society over time
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Criteria for Ethical Systems balance of justice and mercy protect individual freedoms and rights
no individual can/should impede or hurt another individual
recognizes unethical laws flexibility deal with relativism societal balance
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Ethical Systems Ethical relativism – very briefly
Individual (or subjective)Cultural
Normative ethical theoriesDeontological (duty-based)
○ Kantianism○ Contractualism
Teleological (result-based)○ Utilitarianism
Hybrid theoriesSocial justiceJust consequentialism
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Deontological Theory
What is it?Based on our duties and responsibilitiesActions are fundamentally right or wrong
Classic ExamplesKantianism (Kant)Contractualism (Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau)
1588-1679
1724-1804
1712-17881632-1704
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Kant’s Categorical Imperatives
Universality: “Always act in such a way that the maxim of your action can be willed as a universal law of humanity.”
Respect: “Always treat humanity, whether in yourself or in other people, as an end in itself and never as a mere means.”
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Kantianism
Treats all people as moral equals Allows no exceptions Duty can preclude acting on feelings
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Social Contract Theory
Morality consists in the set of rules, governing how people are to treat one another, that rational people will agree to accept, for their mutual benefit, on the condition that others follow those rules as well.
James Rachel, The Elements of Moral Philosophy
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Contractualism
Framed in terms of rights Explains acting out of self-interest when
there is no common agreement Provides framework for moral issues
dealing with government (civil disobedience)
Doesn’t address conflicting rights
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Deontological Summary
Both believe that there are universal moral rules
Basis of those moral rulesKant
○ can be universalized○ based on duties
Contract○ would benefit the community○ based on rights
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Teleological Theory
What is it?Something is good based on its
consequences Primary example: Utilitarianism
Jeremy Bentham
John Stuart Mill
1748-1832
1806-1873
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Utilitarianism
Greatest Happiness Principle Compute the costs and benefits
Simple calculation: do positives outweigh the negatives?
Two formsAct – consequence of a specific act
○ Too costly○ Susceptible to happenstance
Rule – judge the consequence of the generalized rule
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Strengths
Focus on happiness Down to earth Appeals to many people Comprehensive
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Problems
Ignores our sense of duty Range of effects that one must consider Calculus requires that we balance very
different aspects Unjust distribution of good results
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Evaluating Ethical SystemsCriterion Kant Contract UtilBalance justice and mercyProtect individual freedoms and rightsRecognize unethical lawsFlexibilityDeal with relativismSocietal balance
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Rawls’s Social Justice
Social contract made under “veil of ignorance” Independent of selfEveryone same claims to basic rights
and liberties Inequalities must be
equal opportunity (based on skill or societal benefit) or
of greatest benefit to least-advantaged
1921-2002
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Rawl’s Principles of Justice Principle of Equal Liberty
Each person has an equal right to the most extensive liberties compatible with similar liberties for all.
Difference Principle : Social and economic inequalities should be arranged so that they are both to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged
persons andattached to offices and positions open to all under
conditions of equality of opportunity.
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Just Consequentialism
James Moor (Dartmouth) Consider consequences of action… but
combine with deontological ideals
Consider duties, rights, and justice
Protect against unnecessary harm (suffering), where harm = loss of core valueslife, happiness, abilities, security, knowledge,
freedom, opportunities, resources
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Applying Just Consequentialism
A decision or action is ethical ifIt does not cause any unnecessary harm to
individuals and groups
Supports individual rights
Fulfills duties
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Evaluating Ethical SystemsCriterion Rawls MoorBalance justice and mercyProtect individual freedoms and rightsRecognize unethical lawsFlexibilityDeal with relativismSocietal balance
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Using Ethical Reasoning
How can (do) you use it? Limitations?
How can we use it to form cyberspace?