Communications Interoperability - “The Whole Story” Bob Speidel, Esq. (434) 385-2465 (434)...

Communications Interoperability Communications Interoperability - - “The Whole Story”“The Whole Story”

Bob Speidel, Esq.Bob Speidel, Esq.(434) 385-2465(434) 385-2465

(434) 385-2886 (fax)(434) 385-2886 (fax)[email protected]@tycoelectronics.com

a/k/a - a/k/a - “Intertalkability -“Intertalkability - Truths and Truths and

Myths”Myths”

© 2003 By M/A-COM Private Radio Systems, Inc. All Rights Reserved

FUEL

HEA

T

OXYGEN

Fire Triangle - Fire Triangle - “A Familiar Analogy”“A Familiar Analogy”


The “Missing Side” PhenomenonThe “Missing Side” Phenomenon

HEA

T

H

EAT

FUEL

FUEL OXYGEN

OXYGEN


The Comms Intertalk TriangleThe Comms Intertalk Triangle

Intertalkability also has 3 componentsIntertalkability also has 3 components



MANAGEMEN

T



MANAGEMEN

T REGULATORY



TECHNICAL

MANAGEMEN

T REGULATORY


KABILITYTECHNICAL

MANAGEMEN

T REGULATORY

INTERTAL



The “Missing Side” PhenomenonThe “Missing Side” Phenomenon

MANAG

EMEN

T REGULATORY

TECHNICAL

REGULATORY

MANAG

EMEN

T

TECHNICAL

KABILITYINTERTALA MISSING SIDE A MISSING SIDE

DESTROYS INTERTALK DESTROYS INTERTALK TRIANGLE AS WELL!!!TRIANGLE AS WELL!!!


The 1The 1stst Side of Comm Intertalk Side of Comm Intertalk

MANAGEMEN

T


Mgmt - Your Area of ExpertiseMgmt - Your Area of Expertise• Successful/Complete Intertalkability Successful/Complete Intertalkability needs your expertise! NOW!needs your expertise! NOW!


Mgmt - Your Area of ExpertiseMgmt - Your Area of Expertise• Successful/Complete Intertalkability needs your expertise! NOW!Successful/Complete Intertalkability needs your expertise! NOW!

• Geographic Scope of the problem is Geographic Scope of the problem is enormous!enormous!

• LocalLocal• RegionalRegional• Inter-RegionalInter-Regional• StatewideStatewide• Multi-StateMulti-State• NationwideNationwide• InternationalInternational


Mgmt - Your Area of ExpertiseMgmt - Your Area of Expertise• Successful/Complete Intertalkability needs your expertise! NOW!Successful/Complete Intertalkability needs your expertise! NOW!• Geographic Scope of the problem is enormous!Geographic Scope of the problem is enormous!

• LocalLocal• RegionalRegional• Inter-RegionalInter-Regional• StatewideStatewide• Multi-StateMulti-State• NationwideNationwide• InternationalInternational

• It is a multi-jurisdictional problemIt is a multi-jurisdictional problem• Local Local • Intra and Inter-RegionalIntra and Inter-Regional• StateState• FederalFederal• InternationalInternational


Mgmt - Is it important?Mgmt - Is it important?

““...the rescuers' ability to save themselves and ...the rescuers' ability to save themselves and others was hobbled by … a history of tribal others was hobbled by … a history of tribal feuding and management lapses that have been feuding and management lapses that have been part of the emergency response culture in New part of the emergency response culture in New York City York City and other regionsand other regions for years.” for years.”

New York Times “9/11 Exposed Deadly Flaws in Rescue Plan” July 7, 2002New York Times “9/11 Exposed Deadly Flaws in Rescue Plan” July 7, 2002


The 2The 2ndnd Side of Comm Intertalk Side of Comm Intertalk

REGULATORY


””The 2-headed monster”The 2-headed monster”

NTIANTIA(Nat’l Telecomm & Info Admin)(Nat’l Telecomm & Info Admin)

• All FederalAll Federal Gov’t UsersGov’t Users

““The Red Book”The Red Book”

FCCFCC(Fed’l Communications Comm)(Fed’l Communications Comm)

•All State/LocalAll State/Local Gov’t UsersGov’t Users•Business &Business & Industrial UsersIndustrial Users

““Title 47 CFR”Title 47 CFR”


The 1st Head of the MonsterThe 1st Head of the MonsterNTIA

(Nat’l Telecomm & Info Admin)

• All Federal Gov’t Users

“The Red Book”

FCCFCC(Fed’l Communications Comm)(Fed’l Communications Comm)

•All State/LocalAll State/Local Gov’t UsersGov’t Users•Business &Business & Industrial UsersIndustrial Users

““Title 47 CFR”Title 47 CFR”


FCC PS Landscape - FCC PS Landscape - “variable”“variable”• VHF (lo-band)VHF (lo-band)

• VHF (hi-band)VHF (hi-band)• UHFUHF• 700700• 800 non-NPSPAC800 non-NPSPAC• 800 NPSPAC800 NPSPAC• 900900


BandwidthBandwidth

Channel SpacingChannel Spacing

25(20) kHz25(20) kHz 12.5(11.25) 12.5(11.25) 6.256.25(6.0) (6.0)

The “Pipes” of The “Pipes” of UnderstandingUnderstanding

The Pipes are The Pipes are leaky!leaky!


FCC VHF - LoBandFCC VHF - LoBand

25 kHz25 kHz

25 kHz25 kHz

25 kHz “mask” - 20 kHz25 kHz “mask” - 20 kHz

20 kHz20 kHz


20 kHz 20 kHz 20 kHz 20 kHz

FCC VHF - LoBand - In “Pipes”FCC VHF - LoBand - In “Pipes”25 kHz


OriginalOriginal

+/- 7.5 kHz+/- 7.5 kHz

OriginalOriginal OriginalOriginal OriginalOriginal OriginalOriginal

12.5 kHz

12.5 kHz

12.5 kHz

12.5 kHz

12.5 kHz

12.5 kHz

12.5 kHz

12.5 kHz

12.5 kHz

25 kHz25 kHz25 kHz

25 kHz25 kHz

+/- 7.5 kHz+/- 7.5 kHz +/- 7.5 kHz+/- 7.5 kHz+/- 7.5 kHz+/- 7.5 kHz

25 kHz “mask” - 20 kHz25 kHz “mask” - 20 kHz 12.5 kHz “mask” - 11.25 kHz12.5 kHz “mask” - 11.25 kHz

FCC VHF - HiBandFCC VHF - HiBand

Before RefarmingBefore Refarming

Refarming Refarming AddedAdded

15kHz15kHz

7.5 kHz7.5 kHz


FCC VHF - HiBand - In “Pipes”FCC VHF - HiBand - In “Pipes”25

kH

z

15 kHzspacing

7.5 kHzspacing

12.5

kH

z


12.5 kHz

12.5 kHz

12.5 kHz

12.5 kHz

12.5 kHz

25.0 kHz

25.0 kHz

OriginalOriginal OriginalOriginal+/- 12.5 kHz+/- 12.5 kHz +/- 12.5 kHz+/- 12.5 kHz+/- 12.5 kHz+/- 12.5 kHz

+ 6.25 kHz+ 6.25 kHz - 6.25 kHz- 6.25 kHz + 6.25 kHz+ 6.25 kHz - 6.25 kHz- 6.25 kHz + 6.25 kHz+ 6.25 kHz - 6.25 kHz- 6.25 kHz

25 kHz “mask” - 20 kHz25 kHz “mask” - 20 kHz12.5 kHz “mask” - 11.25 kHz12.5 kHz “mask” - 11.25 kHz6.25 kHz “mask” - 6.0 kHz6.25 kHz “mask” - 6.0 kHz

FCC UHF - 450 MHz to 512 MHzFCC UHF - 450 MHz to 512 MHz

6.25 6.25 6.25 6.25 6.25 6.256.25 6.25 6.25 6.25 6.25

Before RefarmingBefore Refarming

Refarming Refarming AddedAdded

25 kHz25 kHz

6.25 kHz6.25 kHz

12.5 kHz12.5 kHz


FCC UHF - In “Pipes”FCC UHF - In “Pipes”25

kH

z

25 kHzspacing

12.5

kH

z

12.5 kHzspacing

6.25 kHz 6.25 kHzspacing


Multiple emissions in a single channelMultiple emissions in a single channel(a/k/a ch. splitting) allowed.(a/k/a ch. splitting) allowed.

CCombining up to ombining up to 55 channels allowed. (i.e. 125 kHz max) channels allowed. (i.e. 125 kHz max)


FCC 800 - Non NPSPACFCC 800 - Non NPSPAC

25.0 kHz

25.0 kHz

25 kHz25 kHz

806 MHz to 821 MHz (mobile to base)806 MHz to 821 MHz (mobile to base)paired withpaired with

851 MHz to 866 MHz (base to mobile)851 MHz to 866 MHz (base to mobile)


FCC 800 non-NPSPAC - In FCC 800 non-NPSPAC - In “Pipes”“Pipes”

25 k

Hz

25 kHzspacing


Multiple emissions in a single channelMultiple emissions in a single channel (a/k/a ch. splitting) allowed. (a/k/a ch. splitting) allowed.

12.5 12.5 kHzkHz


12.5 12.5 kHzkHz

25.0 kHz

25.0 kHz

25.0 kHz

25.0 kHz

25.0 kHz

FCC 800 - NPSPACFCC 800 - NPSPAC821 MHz to 824 MHz (mobile to base)821 MHz to 824 MHz (mobile to base)

paired withpaired with866 MHz to 869 MHz (base to mobile)866 MHz to 869 MHz (base to mobile)


FCC 800 NPSPAC - In “Pipes”FCC 800 NPSPAC - In “Pipes”25

kH

z

25 k

Hz

12.5kHz 12.5kHz 12.5kHz 12.5kHz 12.5kHz 12.5kHz


Multiple emissions in a single channelMultiple emissions in a single channel(a/k/a ch. splitting) allowed. (a/k/a ch. splitting) allowed.

Combining up to Combining up to 1010 channels allowed. (i.e. 125 kHz max) channels allowed. (i.e. 125 kHz max)

12.5 kHz

12.5 kHz

12.5 kHz

12.5 kHz

12.5 kHz

12.5 kHz12.5 kHz

900 MHz - 12.5 kHz “mask” -900 MHz - 12.5 kHz “mask” - 13.6 kHz13.6 kHz

FCC 900 FCC 900 896 MHz to 901 MHz (mobile to base)896 MHz to 901 MHz (mobile to base)

paired withpaired with935 MHz to 940 MHz (base to mobile)935 MHz to 940 MHz (base to mobile)


13.6 kHz

12.5 kHz

12.5 kHz 12.5 kHz 12.5 kHz

FCC 900 - In “Pipes”FCC 900 - In “Pipes”


The FCC is some help? The FCC is some help?

• It may seem that the FCC is against It may seem that the FCC is against communications intertalkability.communications intertalkability.


The FCC is some help? The FCC is some help?

• It may seem that the FCC is against communications intertalkability.It may seem that the FCC is against communications intertalkability.

However, the FCC made However, the FCC made communications “interoperability” a communications “interoperability” a

major goal of the new 700 MHz PS major goal of the new 700 MHz PS spectrum.spectrum.


700 MHz & PS - A 700 MHz & PS - A “little” “little” HistoryHistory““Putting Things in Perspective”Putting Things in Perspective”

• Congress - The Balanced Budget Act of 1997Congress - The Balanced Budget Act of 1997• Allocate 24 MHz by 12/31/97Allocate 24 MHz by 12/31/97• License by 9/30/1998License by 9/30/1998

• FCCFCC• Allocated 764-776 MHz & 794-806 MHz on Allocated 764-776 MHz & 794-806 MHz on 12/31/9712/31/97• Created NCC on 2/25/99 to advise on rulesCreated NCC on 2/25/99 to advise on rules

BUT, BUT,


““Putting Things in Perspective”Putting Things in Perspective”

• Congress - The Balanced Budget Act of 1997Congress - The Balanced Budget Act of 1997• Allocate 24 MHz by 12/31/97Allocate 24 MHz by 12/31/97• License by 9/30/1998License by 9/30/1998

• FCCFCC• Allocated 764-776 MHz & 794-806 MHz on Allocated 764-776 MHz & 794-806 MHz on 12/31/9712/31/97• Created NCC on 2/25/99 to advise on rulesCreated NCC on 2/25/99 to advise on rules

700 MHz for PS was a response to the 700 MHz for PS was a response to the PSWAC spectrum needs analysis! PSWAC spectrum needs analysis!

“Interoperability” was an afterthought.“Interoperability” was an afterthought.

700 MHz & PS - A 700 MHz & PS - A “little” “little” HistoryHistory


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7 6 7 M H z /7 9 7 M H zG e n e r a l U s e N B : C h 3 9 /4 0 & 6 8 1 - 6 8 2 a r e N a t io n w id e I / O c a l lin g C h a n n e lsIn t e r o p e r a b il i t y L o w P o w e r C h 2 7 9 /2 8 0 & 9 2 1 /9 2 2 a r e N a t io n w id e I /O d a t a t r a n s m is s io n - o n ly C h a n n e lsR e s e r v e S t a t e s e t - a s id e

7 6 7 M H z /7 9 7 M H z

7 7 3 M H Z / 8 0 3 M H z

7 7 3 M H z /8 0 3 M H z

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7 7 6 M H z / 8 0 6 M H z

8 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

4 1

5 1

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1 0

1 1

2 1

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9

1 3 1 4

2 3

3 3 3 4

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1 0 1

1 1 1 1 1 2

1 0 2

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4 2

3 2

2 2

1 2

2 4

4 3

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4 4

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1 0 3

1 1 3 1 1 4

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1 0 5

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1 0 6

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1 1 9

1 0 9

9 9

8 9

8 0

7 0

6 0

7 9

6 9

5 9

1 2 0

1 1 0

1 0 0

9 0

S e c o n d a r y T r u n k in g

5 0

4 0

3 0

2 0

3 9

2 9

1 9

4 94 8


700 MHz - 700 MHz - “Intertalk - Are you “Intertalk - Are you sure?”sure?”

• Completion of “complete” standardization forCompletion of “complete” standardization for “ “Interoperability”Interoperability”

• “ “Application” level for NB & WB dataApplication” level for NB & WB data• “ “Over the air” standard for WB dataOver the air” standard for WB data


• Completion of “complete” standardization for “Interoperability”Completion of “complete” standardization for “Interoperability”• “ “Application” level for NB & WB dataApplication” level for NB & WB data• “ “Over the air” standard for WB dataOver the air” standard for WB data

Despite what you may have heard P25, Despite what you may have heard P25, Phase 1, CAI, conventional mode is Phase 1, CAI, conventional mode is

required for operations on the NB voice required for operations on the NB voice and data “interop” channels ONLY! Any and data “interop” channels ONLY! Any

other digital technology is allowed on other digital technology is allowed on ALL other PS 700 MHz channels ALL other PS 700 MHz channels

700 MHz - 700 MHz - “Intertalk - Are you “Intertalk - Are you sure?”sure?”


• Completion of “complete” standardization for “Interoperability”Completion of “complete” standardization for “Interoperability”• ““Application” level for NB & WB dataApplication” level for NB & WB data• “ “Over the air” standard for WB dataOver the air” standard for WB data

• Lack of Regional PlansLack of Regional Plans• No Plan = No General Use License in RegionNo Plan = No General Use License in Region

700 MHz - 700 MHz - “Reality, When?”“Reality, When?”


700 MHz - TV Presence700 MHz - TV Presence

OKAY? How Long?OKAY? How Long?

Ch. 63-68

Ch. 64-69

TV impacting 764-769&794-799TV impacting 764-769&794-799

TV impacting 770-775&800-805TV impacting 770-775&800-805


FCC - 700 & IntertalkFCC - 700 & Intertalk

• A step, albeit timid, in the right direction?A step, albeit timid, in the right direction?

• Unfortunately this “step” may have Unfortunately this “step” may have made the other two sides of the made the other two sides of the intertalkabilty triangle even more intertalkabilty triangle even more challenging.challenging.

””In the Final In the Final Analysis”Analysis”


The 2nd Head of the Monster!The 2nd Head of the Monster!

NTIANTIA(Nat’l Telecomm & Info Admin)(Nat’l Telecomm & Info Admin)

• All FederalAll Federal Gov’t UsersGov’t Users

““The Red Book”The Red Book”

FCC(Fed’l Communications Comm)

•All State/Local Gov’t Users•Business & Industrial Users

“Title 47 CFR”


NTIANTIA PS Rules - PS Rules - “FCC “FCC consistent ?”consistent ?”• VHFVHF

• UHFUHF

NTIA has NTIA has NO NO 700, 800, or 900 700, 800, or 900

spectrumspectrumunder its PS jurisdictionunder its PS jurisdiction


NTIA VHF - NTIA VHF - 162 MHz to 174 162 MHz to 174 MHzMHzValid Valid untiluntil December 31, 2004 (The 25 kHz plan) December 31, 2004 (The 25 kHz plan)

NB: NTIA “Red Book” shows no channel plans for 138-144, 148-149.9, 150.05-150.8 MHzNB: NTIA “Red Book” shows no channel plans for 138-144, 148-149.9, 150.05-150.8 MHz

25.0 25.0 kHz kHz

25.0 25.0 kHz kHz

25 kHz25 kHz

25.0 kHz

25.0 kHz

25.0 kHz

12.5 kHz12.5 kHz

Interstitial Interstitial ChannelChannel

Interstitial Interstitial ChannelChannel

On qualified Interstitial Channels OnlyOn qualified Interstitial Channels Only

REF: REF: NTIA “Red Book” - NTIA “Red Book” - The Manual of Regulations & Procedures for The Manual of Regulations & Procedures for Federal Radio Frequency ManagementFederal Radio Frequency Management, para. 4.3.7, para. 4.3.7(http://www.ntia.doc.gov/osmhome/redbook/redbook.html)(http://www.ntia.doc.gov/osmhome/redbook/redbook.html)

(25 kHz “Mask” for NTIA equals 16 kHz)


NTIA VHF - NTIA VHF - 162 MHz to 174 162 MHz to 174 MHzMHz

25.0 kHz

25.0 kHz

25.0 kHz

REF: REF: NTIA “Red Book” - para. 4.3.7ANTIA “Red Book” - para. 4.3.7A

MandatedMandated January 1, 2005 (The 12.5 kHz plan) January 1, 2005 (The 12.5 kHz plan)

““4. 4. Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) OperationsTime Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Operations. . TDMA TDMA systems, with at least 1 voice channel per 12.5 kHz will be allowed and can systems, with at least 1 voice channel per 12.5 kHz will be allowed and can be accommodated on adjacent 12.5 kHz channels listed in this channeling be accommodated on adjacent 12.5 kHz channels listed in this channeling plan. ...”plan. ...”

12.5 kHz 12.5 kHz 12.5 kHz 12.5 kHz

12.5 kHz

25 kHz 2 voice path TDMA

12.5 kHz12.5 kHz 12.5 kHz12.5 kHz12.5 kHz

(12.5 kHz “Mask” for NTIA equals (12.5 kHz “Mask” for NTIA equals 11 kHz11 kHz))


NTIA VHF - In “Pipes”NTIA VHF - In “Pipes”25

kH

z

25 kHzspacing

Up to 1/1/2005

Beginning on 1/1/2005

12.5 kHzspacing

12.5

kH

z

6.25 kHz offset


NTIA UHF - NTIA UHF - 406.1 MHz to 420 406.1 MHz to 420 MHzMHz Valid Valid untiluntil December 31, 2007 December 31, 2007• 406.1 to 411 (base to mobile) paired with 415.1 to 420 (mobile to base) for two406.1 to 411 (base to mobile) paired with 415.1 to 420 (mobile to base) for two frequency simplex operationsfrequency simplex operations• 411 to 415 for single frequency operations411 to 415 for single frequency operations

25 kHz25 kHz

25.0 kHz

25.0 kHz

12.5 kHz12.5 kHz

12.5 kHz

Ch. 1Ch. 1 Ch. 2Ch. 2 Ch. 3Ch. 3 Ch. 4Ch. 4 Ch. 5Ch. 5

REF: REF: NTIA “Red Book” - para. 4.3.9NTIA “Red Book” - para. 4.3.9

12.5 kHz

12.5 kHz


• 406.1 to 411 (base to mobile) paired with 415.1 to 420 (mobile to base) for two406.1 to 411 (base to mobile) paired with 415.1 to 420 (mobile to base) for two frequency simplex operationsfrequency simplex operations• 411 to 415 for single frequency operations411 to 415 for single frequency operations

25.0 25.0 kHz kHz

25.0 25.0 kHz kHz

12.5 kHz12.5 kHz

12.5 kHz

Ch. 1Ch. 1 Ch. 2Ch. 2 Ch. 3Ch. 3 Ch. 4Ch. 4 Ch. 5Ch. 5

REF: REF: NTIA “Red Book” - para. 4.3.9NTIA “Red Book” - para. 4.3.9

12.5 kHz

12.5 kHz

NTIA UHF - NTIA UHF - 406.1 MHz to 420 406.1 MHz to 420 MHzMHz MandatedMandated January 1, 2008 January 1, 2008

12.5 kHz

12.5 kHz

25 kHz 2 voice path TDMA

““5. 5. Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) OperationsTime Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Operations. . TDMA systems, with TDMA systems, with at least 1 voice channel per 12.5 kHz will be allowed and can be accommodated on at least 1 voice channel per 12.5 kHz will be allowed and can be accommodated on adjacent 12.5 kHz channels listed in this channeling plan. ...”adjacent 12.5 kHz channels listed in this channeling plan. ...”


NTIA UHF - In “Pipes”NTIA UHF - In “Pipes”25

kH

z

25 kHzspacing

Up to 1/1/2007

Beginning on 1/1/2008

12.5 kHzspacing

12.5

kH

z

6.25 kHz offset


The 2The 2ndnd Side of Comm Intertalk Side of Comm Intertalk

FROM 10,000 FEETFROM 10,000 FEET

The Regulatory Gurus, even The Regulatory Gurus, even with the 700 MHz public safety with the 700 MHz public safety

band, have not made “real” band, have not made “real” intertalkability an easy taskintertalkability an easy task


The 3The 3rdrd Side of Comm Intertalk Side of Comm Intertalk

TECHNICAL

The “The “My Cousin VinnyMy Cousin Vinny” ” SyndromeSyndrome


Technical StandardsTechnical Standards

THE ILLUSION THE ILLUSION

OFOF

INTERTALKABILITYINTERTALKABILITY


Technical StandardsTechnical StandardsAsk Yourself

• Does the “standard” resolve all of Does the “standard” resolve all of the communications intertalkability the communications intertalkability “Regulatory” challenges?“Regulatory” challenges?



• Does the “standard” resolve all of the communications intertalkability Does the “standard” resolve all of the communications intertalkability “Regulatory” challenges?“Regulatory” challenges?

• Does the “standard” eliminate all of Does the “standard” eliminate all of the communications intertalkability the communications intertalkability “Management” challenges?“Management” challenges?




• Does the “standard” eliminate all of the communications intertalkability Does the “standard” eliminate all of the communications intertalkability “Management” challenges?“Management” challenges?

• Is the “standard” the Is the “standard” the onlyonly communications intertalkability communications intertalkability “technical” tool?“technical” tool?




• Does the “standard” eliminate all of the communications intertalkability Does the “standard” eliminate all of the communications intertalkability “Management” challenges?“Management” challenges?

• Is the “standard” the Is the “standard” the onlyonly communications intertalkability “technical” tool? communications intertalkability “technical” tool?

• Is it the easiest tool?Is it the easiest tool?• Is it the most universal tool?Is it the most universal tool?• IS IT THE LEAST EXPENSIVE IS IT THE LEAST EXPENSIVE TOOL?TOOL?


The 3The 3rdrd Side of Comm Intertalk Side of Comm Intertalk

The Bottom LineThe Bottom Line

Technical Standards are not Technical Standards are not mysterious elixirs that, mysterious elixirs that, byby

themselvesthemselves, magically eliminate the , magically eliminate the need to consider the other two sides need to consider the other two sides

of the “communications of the “communications intertalkability” triangle intertalkability” triangle


Comm Interop Comm Interop - - “The Whole Story”“The Whole Story”

What have we learned today, so far?What have we learned today, so far?

TECHNICAL

MANAGEMEN

T REGULATORY

H

EAT

FUEL

OXYGEN


What have we learned today, so far?What have we learned today, so far?

KABILITYTECHNICAL

MANAGEMEN

T REGULATORY

INTERTAL

Comm Interop Comm Interop - - “The Whole Story”“The Whole Story”


FinallyFinally

Any Any Questions at Questions at

this time?this time?Any Questions after this meeting, please feel Any Questions after this meeting, please feel free to contact:free to contact:

Bob SpeidelBob Speidel(434) 455-9465(434) 455-9465

(434) 455-6764 (fax)(434) 455-6764 (fax)[email protected]@tycoelectronics.com

Communications Interoperability - “The Whole Story” Bob Speidel, Esq. (434) 385-2465 (434)...

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