Communication Trends and Applications
Transcript of Communication Trends and Applications
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N. Ganesan, Ph.D. , All rights reserved.
Chapter
Communication Trends andApplications
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Chapter Objectives
Describe the status of informationcommunication past and present
List the factors that led to the growth ofcomputer communications
Outline a few sample communicationapplications
Discuss the evolution of Wide AreaNetwork communications and its currentconvergence to digital technolog
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Module
!nformation Communication"ast and "resent
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Communication in the Past
#nown as Data Communications
$ %ostl concerned with alphanumeric
data
A highl speciali&ed topic
'ocus
$ %ainframes$ Analog telecommunication technolog
$ WANs
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Communications at
Present #nown as !nformation Communication
$ Data( image( audio and video
communications A necessar topic for !T professionals
'ocus$ %icrocomputers
$ Digital communication technolog
$ LANs( WANs etc)
!nternet
$ !nternet( !ntranet and *+tranet
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Data and Information
Communication
Data !nformation
!mage AudioComputerData ,ideo
-eal.time streaming
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Audio and Video
Transmission -e/uirements
$ %ore bandwidth is re/uired
$ -eal.time transmission ma also bere/uired
0olution
$ Compression$ 0treaming
Note1 0treaming includescompression as well
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Comparison of Data and
information Communication
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Data and Information
CommunicationsData Communications !nformationCommunications
Alphanumeric data Data( image( audioand video
%ainframe focused %icrocomputerfocused
Analog technolog Digital technolog0peciali&ed topic 2eneral topic
"rivate network based !nternet based
WANs LANs and WANs
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Key ords
%ainframe
Centrali&ed
Analog
Data
Telecommunicatio
n network
LANs
Distributed
Digital
!nformation
Computer
network 3!nternet4
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!ostin" #ervices
2odadd
565
%ediaTemple
7ahoo hosting service
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!ome$or%
Di8erence between !nternet(!ntranet( *+tranet
*+plore 2odadd and other hostingservices
Download( install and e+periment
with %icrosoft *ncoder and Audacit$ Convert between di8erent audio 9leformats
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Module
Opportunities andCerti9cation
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Opportunities in
Communications 0peciali&ed knowledge is re/uired for
specialist in the communication 9eld
$ *+ample1 Network *ngineer$ Certi9cation e+aminations are available for
attesting to the special skills
0ome knowledge of communications isre/uired of all in the computer 9eld
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Certi'cation
%icrosoft Certi9cation
$ %C0A 6 %C0*
C!0CO Certi9cation etc)
Network: Certi9cation
Di8erent vendors o8er certi9cations at
di8erent levels of e+pertise$ Contact their web sites for further information
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Certi'cation ebsites
%icrosoft$ http1;;www)microsoft)com;learning;mcp
;certi9cations)msp+
C!0CO
$ http1;;www)cisco)com;en;career>certi9cations>and
>learning>paths>home)html
http://www.microsoft.com/learning/mcp/certifications.mspxhttp://www.microsoft.com/learning/mcp/certifications.mspxhttp://www.cisco.com/en/US/learning/le3/learning_career_certifications_and_learning_paths_home.htmlhttp://www.cisco.com/en/US/learning/le3/learning_career_certifications_and_learning_paths_home.htmlhttp://www.cisco.com/en/US/learning/le3/learning_career_certifications_and_learning_paths_home.htmlhttp://www.cisco.com/en/US/learning/le3/learning_career_certifications_and_learning_paths_home.htmlhttp://www.cisco.com/en/US/learning/le3/learning_career_certifications_and_learning_paths_home.htmlhttp://www.cisco.com/en/US/learning/le3/learning_career_certifications_and_learning_paths_home.htmlhttp://www.microsoft.com/learning/mcp/certifications.mspxhttp://www.microsoft.com/learning/mcp/certifications.mspx -
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Key ords
%icrosoft certi9cations$ %C0?
C!0CO certi9cation
Network:
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Module
!nformation Communication
2rowth 'actors
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InformationCommunications( )ro$th
*actors !nternet
'ast access technologies for the !nternet
ramp *mergence of microcomputers as a seriousbusiness and home computing tool and thefocus on connectivit
%ove from large mainframe basedinfrastructure to LAN based structures
Client.server computing architectures
*merging concept of terminal servers
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)ro$th *actors Continued
@ome networking
Digiti&ation of telecommunication lines
Wireless networking
%ultimedia on the !nternet
!nternet securit
,irtual "rivate Network
,oice over !" 3,o!"4
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!ome$or%
'ast access technologies$ D0L( Cable( T5( T=( OC5( OC
$ @ome 9ber connections
!B% business computers$ -eplacements for mainframes
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*volution "hsical NetworkArchitecture
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&volution
"hsical architecture$ 'rom mainframes to LAN based
'unctional architecture$ Centrali&ed mainframe based architecture to
LAN based client.server architecture
$ !n the case of LAN based architecture( client.server evolved following the initial
introduction of the peer.to.peer networkarchitecture
$ Client.server architecture is now followed bterminal server architecture
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&arly Mainframe+based
Centrali,ed Architecture%ainframe
%odem0erver
*+ternal AnalogLines
'ront *nd "rocessor%ini.Computer
Term) Term)
ConcentratorTerm)
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Distributed -A. /asedArchitecture
'iber Optic Backbone3'DD!4 or 0witched Network
Connectivit
%ainframe;%inicomputer
0stems
LAN
LAN
WAN 3!nternet42atewa
3TC";!"4
%odem2atewa
*+ternal Digital;Analog Lines
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Current Trend inDistributed Architecture
0ource1C!0CO
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Major Components of theDistributed Architecture
Clients
0ervers
Network interface cards Cables 3copper and 9ber4
0witches
-outers !nternet ramps
!nternet
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Key ords
%ainframe based
Centrali&ed
Distributed
'iber ring
'iber switches
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!ome$or%
*+plore some of the Catalstswitches at Cisco
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*volution of the Network'unctional Architecture
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.et$or% Architectural&volution
%ainframe
LAN$ "eer.to."eer$ Client 0erver
'ile server
Application server
Terminal server
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Peer+to+Peer .et$or%in"
!nitial architecture of the LAN priorto client.server architecture
*ach client operates on e/ualfooting in sharing resources
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P0P #harin"
Basic sharing is supported$ 'iles
$ "rinters
$ !nternet connection
Large scale sharing of databases
and other business applicationsare not included in "" sharing
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Client+#erver &volution
Client.server architecture is alwasidenti9ed b the presence of a server
The evolution of client.server can betraced to three sub.architectures thatare based on the functional feature ofthe server$ 'ile server
$ Application server
$Terminal server
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Previe$ of *ile #erver
Computin"Back.end data storage)
'ront.end computing
0erver
Clients
All the processing of the application is done at the client)
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Previe$ of Application
#erverComputin"ck.end data storage and local retrieval of data)
'ront.end interface and data manipulation tools)
0erver
Clients
Application processing is shared between the client andthe server)
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A Previe$ of Terminal
#erver Computin""owerfulTerminal
0erver
Thin Clients
'ront end processing limited to terminal operations
*+tensive back.end datastorage( retrieval and
"rocessing
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*actors 1sed in theComparison of Architectures
"oint of e+ecution of applications
Network trac
0ecurit
@ardware;0oftware re/uirements
Total Cost of Ownership 3TCO4
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Path of &volution
Centralized
Mainframe
Peer-to Peer
DistributedNetwor
A!!li"ation
#erver
$erminal
#erver
%ore power to the user
Better management of shared da-educed cost of ownership
%ile #erver
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!ome$or%
Browse for wiring closet( -.EFpatch cables( wiring rack( punch
block etc)
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Digiti&ation ofTelecommunication Lines
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Di"iti,ation Of Telecom
.et$or% !nitial telecom network was based on
analog technolog
$ Copper wire$ *lectronic transmission
$ Coa+ial cables and twisted pair cables
Current telecom$ Copper wires and 9bers
$ *lectronic and optical transmission
$ 'iber cables and twisted pair cables
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Di"ital A. CarrierTechnolo"ies
D0L
!0DN
T5( T= etc)
OC5( OC= etc)
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A. CommunicationTechnolo"ies
'DD! and CDD!
'rame -ela
Asnchronous Transfer %ode 3AT%4
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Voice Transmission
"ast is based on analog technolog
Currentl( it is moving to digital
technolog$ ,o!"
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Access #peeds
'astest speed of an analog modem isaround FG# bps
Newer and mostl digital access
technologies such as D0L can operate atfaster speeds
$ Download speed is usuall in %bps
$
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Typical D#- #peed
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#ome D#- Providers
Covad
$ http1;;www)covad)com;products;access;dsl)shtml
0BC$ http1;;wwwI)sbc)com;D0L;
D0L *+treme
http://www.covad.com/products/access/dsl.shtmlhttp://www.covad.com/products/access/dsl.shtmlhttp://www.covad.com/products/access/dsl.shtmlhttp://www02.sbc.com/DSL/http://www02.sbc.com/DSL/http://www.covad.com/products/access/dsl.shtmlhttp://www.covad.com/products/access/dsl.shtmlhttp://www.covad.com/products/access/dsl.shtml -
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Testin" the Access #peed
The current bandwidth of aconnection can be tested b
accessing websites that test theconnection speed$ www)dslreports)com
$ www)wire)com
http://www.dslreports.com/http://www.2wire.com/http://www.2wire.com/http://www.dslreports.com/ -
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Access #ecurity
www)grc)com
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#ummary of Access
Technolo"ies for theInternet
Cable%odem
Dire
ct
0
atellit
eAc
cess
+D0L
!0DN
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!nternet Architectures
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Architectures
!nternet
!ntranet$ An !nternet restricted to the
companJs own perimeter
*+tranet
$ !ntranet e+tended to include outsideorgani&ations dealing with theorgani&ation
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Intranet De'ned
!nternal CompanBackbone3TC";!"4
%ini or %ainframComputer sstem
Departmental
Computer0stem
DepartmentalLAN
!nternet
'irewall
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!nternet
&2tranet De'ned
CompanJs!ntranet
Business
Associates
Other businesses
dealing withcompan A)
,irtual "rivate Network3,"N4
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A .ote on VP.
Created b tunneling into thepublic network
Tunneling is done largel bencrpting the computer data
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Virtual Private .et$or%
3VP.4
!nternet
CompanJs!ntranet
"oint.to."oint
Tunneling "rotocol3""T"4'ire Wall
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!nternet Access
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Access
Analog Access
Digital Access
-emote e+ecution
Telecommuting
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Analo" Internet Access
2ain access to the
resources on the WWW)
0oftware1Web Browser
%icro %odem
0erial "ort
!nternet
Access provider
!0"
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Di"ital Internet Access
2ain access to the
resources on the WWW)
0oftware1Web Browser
%icroD0L
%odem
Network"ort
!nternet
Access provider
!0"
C C
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Computer to Computer
Access
"ublic
0witchedNetwork 3"0N4
2ain access to a companJsmainframe to run
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Telecommutin"
"0N%ain Oce
0atelliteOce
@ome
Terminal 0ervices
Terminal 0ervices
Terminal 0erver
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Telecommutin" Options
*mploer supported$ "revious e+ample falls into this categor
where the emploer provides access to theoce computer from home
$ *+ample1 Terminal services
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#ome Communication#oft$are
@per Terminal
Telnet
'T"
"rocomm "lus
-emote Desktop
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!ome$or%
Dlink home network router
Linkss home network router
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5emote Operation
2otompc
logmein
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Module
Networks
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Computer .et$or%s
0imple$ A single LAN
!ntermediate$ Departmental *nterprise
$ Campus LANs and organi&ational LANs
Advanced$ WANs such as an !nternet based ,irtual
"rivate Networks 3,"Ns4
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Typical ired -A.
Client 5 Client Client =
0erver1
Network O0(Applications(
Data etc)
0erver Operatin0stem
Client O0
WindowsIII;II=(Linu+
Windows ";,istaM Linu+
0witch
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Typical ireless -A.
Client 5 Client Client =
0erver1Network O0(Applications(
Data etc)
Client O0
WindowsIII;II0erver(Linu+
Windows ";,istaM Linu+
Wireless N!C
Wireless Access"oint
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#ome -A. Applications
0hare business applications
0hare data
0hare printers( modems etc)
0hare the !nternet and !nternet resources 0end electronic.mail
*ngage in audio;video streaming andconferencing
Act as the infrastructure for the )net or **architecture
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Network 0ecurit
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.et$or% #ecurity
Network securit is an importantissue given the fact that man
computers are connected to the!nternet using broadbandconnections
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)eneral #ecurity Threats
,iruses
Denial of service attack
O0 vulnerabilities
*.mail vulnerabilities
%acro e+ecution vulnerabilities
*ct)
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)eneral #ecurity Measures
Anti.virus
Anti.spware
Anti.spam software
'irewalls$ Both software 9rewalls and hardware
9rewalls can be installed
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#ecure Communications
Crptograph$ *ncrption
,irtual "rivate Network 3,"N4 !"0ec and other secure protocols
Digital signatures
&2amples of Protocols for
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&2amples of Protocols for#ecure VP.
""T"
!"0ec with encrption
!"0ec with LT"
00L with encrption
&2amples of Protocols for
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&2amples of Protocols forTrusted VP.
%"L0 with constrained distributionof routing information through B2"
3laer = ,"Ns4Transport of laer frames over
%"L0 3laer ,"Ns4
30ource1http1;;www)vpnc)org;vpn.standards)html4
http://www.vpnc.org/vpn-standards.htmlhttp://www.vpnc.org/vpn-standards.htmlhttp://www.vpnc.org/vpn-standards.htmlhttp://www.vpnc.org/vpn-standards.html -
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&ncryption
"#!
-0A
%DF "2"
00@
@TT"0 D*0
A*0
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Module
Wide Area Networks
A. Th & l D
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A.( The &arly Days
Telecommunication needs$ Centered on analog technolog
Data communication needs$ Centered around digital technolog
Digital to analog interface
$ 'or long distance computercommunications
-on" distance
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-on"+distanceCommunications
Digital Digital
%odulation
"lain Old Telephone 0ervice 3"OT04
Analog
!nterface
I iti l A.
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Initial A.s
Overcome the limitations of generalpurpose analog telephone lines
Better conditioned lines such as leasedlines were used on the network segment
Driven b a collection of computers toroute the data trac from its source to
its destination Arpanet was the 9rst WAN that was
created
A #ummary of the /asic
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A #ummary of the /asicComponents of the A.
Leased lines
Computers;-outing algorithms
-outing devices
P t #t t f A.
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Present #tatus of A.s
!nformation is carried in digiti&edform
Digital communication lines$ Over copper wire
$ Over 9ber.optics
Digital merger$Telecommunications
$ Computer communications
A. P t d * t
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A.s( Present and *uture
'ull digital
Technologies
$ 'rame -ela$ AT%
"oint.to.point digital
communication will become thenorm
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ATM operating at several
hundred Mbps
&mer"in" A.
Digital-amp
BusinessComputer0stem
AT% 0witches
@igh speed digital lines1OC=( OCEH etc)
#ummary(Possible
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#ummary(PossibleConver"ent Technolo"y
Networks$ Local
$ *nterprise$ Wide area
$ 2lobal
AT%
Point-to-point ATM connectionmay becomepossible?
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ATM Possibility
0erver
Client 5 Client
F %bps
!0"5II %bps
!nternet Backbone
5 2bps
=II %bps
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-i%ely #cenario
*thernet on the desktop
"ossibl( AT% on the backbone
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&thernet Challen"e
5I 2bps
5 2bps32igabit4
5II %bps3'ast4
5I %bps
5 %bps
3"ast4
Client
5I %bps;
5II %bps;5 2bps;5I 2bps0erver
!0"
Client 5
@ub
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Current &thernet #peeds
52 bps used widel
5I2 bps is graduall gaining
grounds 5II2 bps is on the hori&on
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.et 5esult
At the local level 3LAN4 *thernetwill remain the technolog of
choice for the foreseeable future At the WAN level( AT% will
dominate over other WAN
technologies
The Di"ital *uture( *usion
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The Di"ital *uture( *usion
Digital fusion$ Computing
$Telecommunications
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Possible #cenario
!" based universal digitalcommunication over the !nternet
with !" addresses as the point ofidenti9cation$ Data( voice and video communication
will be done over the !nternet
&2plore !i"h+speed
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&2plore !i"h speedInternet
5I 2pbs solutions
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0ample Applications
li i
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#ome Application Areas
Networking$ ,arious server applications such as
database server application(messaging server application etc)
Web hosting and *.commerce
,oice over !" 3,o!"4 Network 0ecurit
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,oice over !" 3,o!"41
*8ect of *volution
V i O IP 3V IP4
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Voice Over IP 3VoIP4
,o!" is the digital replacement forthe traditional analog phone line
,o!" is based on the !nternet$ !t is packet switched as opposed to
the traditional phone service that is
circuit switched
V i O IP ) th
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Voice Over IP )ro$th
2rowth of ,o!" is fuelled b the economof using the !nternet and the technologicaladvantage of the digital technolog
!t signi9es the inevitable use of digitaltechnolog and the !nternet to carr voice
,o!" is poised to grow and probabl
become the de facto public voice carriertechnolog
V IP Ch ll
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VoIP Challen"es
Latenc inherent to the !"vEprotocol
Availabilit of bandwidth
V IP 5 di
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VoIP 5emedies
Newer protocol such as !"vG isdesigned to address latenc
'aster !nternet backbones such asthose using Optical Carrier 3OC4lines and AT% transport
technologies are being introducedto increase the bandwidth of thecommunication lines
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-on" Term Developments
!ndications are that residentialconnections in the long term would
evolve into !nternet connectionsreplacing the phone connection
/usiness and 5esidential &nd
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Points
!nstead of identifing an end pointin a business or a residence with a
phone number( it is plausible thatthe end point could be identi9edwith a number similar to an !"
address
VoIP Application( /roadband
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ppPhone
Broadband phone ma be toutedas the 9rst real sign of
convergence between computerand telephone networks
,o!" application in the form of
broadband phone will alsocontribute to the growth ofcommunication on the !nternet
/ db d Ph
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/roadband Phone
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"Appliances
!nternet appliances are devices thatcan be used without e+plicitprogramming
The software code necessar will bestored in 9rmware in the appliances
'unctionalities of the appliances
could well be chosen with the use ofbuttons that ma resemble thebuttons on a telephone dial pad
I t t A li
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Internet Appliances
A broad range of !nternet appliances willthen become available for residentialuse with the broadband phone featuringprominentl as perhaps the most used!nternet appliance
Other !nternet appliances ma include
-adios( !nteractive T,( *volving "alm"ilots etc)
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&nd of Module
End of Chapter
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&.D O* MOD1-&&.D O* MOD1-&
&.D O* C!APT&5&.D O* C!APT&5