NON-PROJECTIONAL AIDS (ROLE OF A NURSE)

VIDEO-TELE CONFERENCING SUBMITTED TO:

MR.SREERAJ RSUBMITTED BY: ASSIST. PROFESSOR RITTY RAJU KIMS CON 1ST YEAR MSc. TRIVANDRUM

KIMS CON SUBMITTED ON:

TRIVANDRUM

INSTRUCTIONAL AIDS

INTRODUCTION

One picture is worth than a thousand words Instructional Aids(audio-visual aids) must been seen in their relationship to teaching as a whole and to the learning process as a whole .This offers so much assistance to day today activities of teachers.Audio-visual aids are multisensory materials which motivates,classifies and stimulates the individuals.It makes dynamic learning process more concrete,realistic and clarity,establish,corelate and coordinate accurate concepts, interpretations and appreaciation . These enables to make learning effective,interesting,inspirational, meaningfull and vivid. Audio-visual aids are being increasingly used in modern day educational programmes and has become inevitable to make the classroom teaching colourful.

DEFINITION: An audio-visual aid is an instructional device in which the message can be heard as well as seen.

Audio-visual aids are any devices that can be used to make learning experience more concrete,more realistic and more dynamic. (Kinder) USES OF INSTRUCTIONAL AIDS: Improves and making teaching effective.

Enable audience to look,listen and learn.

Quickens the phase of learning. By using AV aids,inaccessible processes,materials,events,objects, etc. can easily brought to class. Use of AV aids results in greater acquisition of knowledge and ensures longer retention of the information gained. AV aids generally adds an interest and involvement to the lesson among students. Proper AV aids can provide integrated experiences varying from abstract to concrete. It could be used for any age or ability groups. Saving of energy and time Helps in development of higher abilities-imagination,thinking process and reasoning power of students. Provides positive environment for creative discipline. PRINCIPLES IN THE USE OF AV AIDS:

Principle of selection

Principle of Preparation

Principle of Physical control Principle of Presentation

Principle of Response

Principle of Evaluation Principle of preservation

Principle of selection:The instructional aids selected should be suitable at the level of audience,the educational objectives,and the nature of content that is to be instructed.

Principle of Preparation: This refers to cost effectiveness in preparing the audiovisual aids.use locally available materials. Principle of Physical control:

Arrangement of aids safely to facilitate their lending to the teachers. Principle of Presentation

-carefully visualize the use of teaching aid before their actual presentation

-adequate handling of aid

-display properly

-carefully visualize the use of teaching aid before their actual presentation -avoid distractions of all kinds. Principle of Response

The teacher should motivate the students to respond actively to the instructional aids.

Principle of Evaluation

There should be Continuous evaluation of both aids and teaching techniques.audiovisual Principle of preservation

All the aids that are used by the teachers or the students must be maintained properly and kept away from dampness,dusts,insects,moths,etc.

CLASSIFICATION OF INSTRUCTIONAL AIDS:

1.AUDIO AIDS:

Eg:Radio,recordings,mike,phonograms,microphone,gramaphone. 2.VISUAL AIDS:

Visual aids are classified in to:

a.Non-projected aids:

Eg:charts,boards,posters,graphs,flannel graphs,cartoons,maps, flash cards,photographs,illustrations,printed materials, models,3-Dmaterials. b.Projected aids:

Eg:Epidioscope,slide projector,overhead projector,

Film projector,opaque projector. 3.AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS:

Eg:television,video,sound-motion pictures

NON-PROJECTED AIDS: a.BOARDS:

CHALK BOARD

Chalk board represents the oldest and most commonly used teaching aid.It can be used for the display of visual material in the classroom. It is one of the most valuable device for making the instructions concrete and understandable,when it is used properly,it can set standards,neatness,accuracy,and speed.Features of chalkboard: A black board or chalk board is aslightly abrasive writing surface made of wood,ply,hardboard,cement,ground glass,asbestos,slate,plastic etc. with black, green or bluish-green paint on it. The recommended size is 5m6m. Paint the plywood with blackboard paint. The surface of the chalk board should be rough enough to hold the writing on the board.

The surface should be dull enough to eliminate glare which hampers visibility of the writing on the board.

The writing should be easily removable with a cloth or foam duster.

The chalk board should be mounted on an appropriate height with in reach of the student and visibility of students. The lower edge of the board is placed at half of the human height.

Educational use and importance of Black board

Black board can be used as a source of motivation for arousing interest in students while learning a lesson.

It makes group instruction more concrete and understandable. If it is used properly,it can set standrds of neatness,accuracy and speed. It can restore the attention of the group.

Many vague statements can be clarified by drawing sketches,outlines,diagrams,directions and summaries.

Initiates aural,visual sensations,helps in learning.

The teacher can erase writings and drawings and start a fresh .

Provides a lot of scope for creative and decorative work

Principles in using blackboard Pre-lesson practice place good dividents.

Write the letters and drawings should be in large size,eligible. The recommended height of the letters on the chalkboard is between 6cm8cm. Always hold the chalk between the thumb and the forefinger with nonworking end of the chalk pointing to the palm of the hand.

Hold the chalk at an acute (low) angle to the chalk board inorder to avoid uneven noise produced during writing. Develop the habit of slightily rotating the chalk as the stroke proceeds,and of changing to a new phase of the chalk for a new stroke or work.

Avoid spelling mistakes.

Writing should be in straight rows.

Do not talk as you write.

Face the group after writing and continue the discussion. Extreme lower corner of black board should not be use,as total members cannot see.

Donot fill the board ,only silent features have to be written. Donot use abbreviations.

Donot stand infront of the board,stand to one side.

Stand back so that the elbow is slightely bent,yet the reach to the board is easy.

Be comfortable and balanced.

The qualities required in chalkboard writing is legibility and speed. Use appropriate letter style,letter shape,letter size,spacing between letters,stroke thickness and levelness of writing.

Use pointer to draw attention to students.uppercase letters are used as main headins and all other writing should employ lower cases.

Use coloured chalks.

Board should be kept clean always and uniform strokes with eraser can be made to clean the board.

Types of chalkboard

1.The ordinary chalkboard held by an easel: A portable and adjustable blackboard put on a wooden easel can be takenout of the classroom while taking the class in open,useful for teaching of art subjects in small class.These are now a days replaced by wall boards.2.The roller type chalkboard with a mat surface:

Made of thick canvas wrapped on a roller.3.The magnetic board:

Teachers can make three dimentional demonstration with objects on a vertical surface.small magnets are used to hold suitable objects fixed wherever they are put on this vertical surface.Board is made up of steel on which magnets can be fixed.The creative impulse is aroused among the students while they use it as an exercise.4.Black ceramic unbreakable board:

It will be framed with aluminium or teak wood frame as per the requirement,usefull for chalkpiece writing.

5.Black or green glass chalkboard:

It will be framed with teakwood and available black or green colour, usefull for chalkpiece writing.6.Lobby board:

It is usefull in lobby.Alphabets and figures are changeable.it will be lightweight and easy to carry.stand height will be 6 feet.

7.Exhibition board:

It can be folded and expanded easily.Both sides are useable. Papers and pamphelets can be fixed with pushpin.

8.Double side stand board :

One side white board for marker writing and another side for black board or chalkpiece writing.it is fixed on wheel stand and can be moved from one place to another.9.Reception board:

Gold colour powder coated aluminium frame.Golden letters can be fixed on this board.10.Tariff board:

Usefull for price list,reception,welcome to delegates and wedding.11.Paging board:

One side marker pen writing and other sideletters interchangeable. It is useful in public places to receive the VIPs. 12.Pressing graph perforated board: It can be used vertically,horizontally in any place like educational institution,administrative office. 13.White boards::

It can be used for marker pen writing and it can be erased easily with duster or ordinary cloth.It can be used for classroom teaching for a small group. 14.Information notice board(open type):

It is framed with aluminium frame,notices can be fixed with push pins,available in green,blue and maroon colour.

Advantages of Chalkboard:

It is the never failing friend of a teacher.

Chalkboard is a convenient visual aid for group teaching.

Very cheap,inexpensive teaching aid that could be used again and again.

Could be maintained very easily, at a lower cost.

Could be used at any time ,without much prior preparation.

More convenient to use,does not require any technical knowledge to handle.

Very useful in drawing enlarged illustrations from textbooks,it cn capture students attention.Disadvantages of chalkboard:

Most of the times,blackboard is fixed to a particular place,hence confined to that place.it cannot be carried over from place to place,limiting its use in a classroom lecture only.

Teacher-centered.It makes the students heavily depend on teacher. It makes the lesson dull routine.

Material once written cannot be presented for along tie.( e.g.complex drawings)

It is two dimentional only.It cannot show motion.

It can be used for the limited audience.

It makes chalk powder to spread and inhaled by the teacher and students.

Constant use of the chalkboard makes its smooth and full of glare.

Aftercare of chalk board:

Erase complete contents for the next class.

Kept clean always. b.BULLETTIN BOARD

It is a simple device placed either indoor or outdoor,kept in a suitable place,it can provide a suitable place for the display of all kinds of creative work of students.It is a softboard,which will hold pins or tags are most suitable.

Features of bulletin board:

It is the display board which shows the visual learning material on a specific subject.

They may range from expensive boards with protective glass doors and built-in lights to illuminate the material displayed.

To those made of a wood panel covered with several layers of blotting paper,felt,blue blazer cloth or other appropriate material to allow for the insertion of thumb tacks.

The recommended size of bulletin board is 1.5m2m.

Items generally used in bulletin board are: Photographs,cutout illustrations,Publications,Drawings,Specimens, Posters,Newspapers,Pasting up of Announcements,assignments,achievements Uses of bulletin board To communicate the ideas

To promote the creativity of the students and the teachers.

Used as an effective educational media.

Can be used for a larger audience.

To attract the attention of students.

To describe the ways of doing a particular item

To follow up instructions on things demonstrated and emphasized

Photographs to show local activities To local announcement of importance to all

To motivate the learner

To intensify impressions and vitalize instruction

To supplement and correlate instruction.it saves time i.e.,material that cannot be presented during the class hours,nevertheless can be on bulletin board.

Principles in the use of the bullettin board A board for posting notices should be kept separate from those for current events and study. The contents of the board should be organized around a central theme of content and material should be dated to ensure that,it does not remain or longer then desired. The appearance must be changed frequently and systematically to encourage interest. Notices should be removed as soon as they have fulfilled their purpose. The contrbutions should be well labelled Student contributions should be well-labelled. A bullettin board committee should be appointed,they are responsible to provide material and responsibility for editing the board. All material should be organised in an attractive manner by dividing the board in to sections,each item placed under a suitable section. Crowding of display materials should be avoided. The board should be kept a little above the eye level of the average individual. Types of bulletin board

The bulletin boards can be classified in to two types:

1.Classification 1:

Classroom bulletin boards

All purpose bulletin boards

Magnetic bulletin boards 2.Classification 2.:

An introductory bulletin board

Explanatory bulletin board

A summary bulletin board

The classroom bulletin board can be used for displaying best work of students like paintings,poems,stories etc.

All purpose bulletin board includes interesting news,brochures,cartoons,poems,sketches,pictures,photographs,greeting cards,thoughts,announcements,etc.

Magnetic bulletin board is made of light weight metal and the materials are held in place by means of small magnets.An introductory bulletin board is a bridge put in to a pictorial form, and is conceived like other bridge.

An explanatory bulletin board is made plain in a pictorial way a concept or principle that is hard to visualize from a verbal description alone.A summary bulletin board may be used to show applications of one or all of the generalisations studied.

Advantages:

A bulletin board display is one of the least expensive visual aid. It makes available to students or public,those materials,of which there is only one copy. It may be placed wherever required on a classroom wall,in the corridor of the college,or public building,or at an information centre. It stimulates interest. It serves as a good supplement to normal classroom teaching It adds colour and liveliness to the classroom as they have decorative value along with educational value. Bulletin board displays can be effectively used as follow-up of chalkboard work. Bulletin board displays can be used to introduce a topic as well as to review it.Disadvantages:

It cannot be used for all inclusive teaching

It has to be used only as a supplementary aid At ties,the collection of relevant material for certain specific topics may be difficult.

Arranging the display material on the board mey be a challenge task for the teacher ,as it requires artistic and creative potentialities.

If it not used properly,may fail in its purpose to convey the central theme.

Aftercare:

Frequent assesments have to be done to check whether the boards serving the purpose or not. The material on the bulletin board should change periodically as new lesson topics are taught or new articles to be placed. FLANNEL BOARD/FELT BOARDFlannel board: The rigid material(plywood or wooden) covered with flannel cloth/felt sheet/wool/cotton/paper/sued cloth.The items to be displayed like the cut-outs,pictures, drawings etc. should have a flannel or sand paper pasted on reverse side inorder to stick to the flannel board temporarily.Features:

A flannel board of size 1.51.5m is widely used. It can be fixed to next to the chalk board or can be placed on a stand about one mater above the ground. The display material can singularly adhared on the flannel board and then removed for replacing it with the next material in a sequence for proper development of a lesson.Uses:

It enables teacher to develop an idea step-by-step in a very dramatic and very impressive manner.

It is an educative media for both literates and illitrates,more appealing to the children.

It helps to convey idea more expressively,avoiding boredom.

It can be effectively used for teaching arithmetic,grammar,hygiene,nature study,geography,languages etc.Principles of preparation and uses:

Display material on the flannel board in a sequence,as lecture goes on

Change pictures or cut-outs while talking to the learner.Students may also be asked to fix these to arouse their creative interest

Use appropriate pictures for teaching different subjects.

Make sure that the pictures to be displayed on the board are attractive and sufficiently large to clearly seen by all who are listening.

Make sure the environment is well-lighted for the pictures to be clearly seen

Be thorough with the sequence of the pictures.

Avoid pictures that are not directly related to the concept being taught.Advantages: A flannelboard display holds the interest of students arrest their attention.

The provision of sequential change of material on flannel board provides continuity in lesson development.

The quickness and ease with which yhe display material can be changed on a flash board without use of drawing pins or tacks or paste make it a most desirable and convenient display board.

Flannel boards are enable teachers to talk along with changing illustrations to develop a lesson.

The changing pictures is able to kindle enthusiasm and interest of the teachers as well as students.

Disadvantages: Requires considerable advance preparation

Artistic ability is required in making home made pictures.

Can be used only for a small group

May create confusion if sequence of picture is changed

Not useful for abstract learningc.CHARTS

Charts are visual displays arranged on thick sheets,poster paper,newsprintor card board.Visual display could be a pictorial,graphic and numerical or written material.Charts may be arranged as single sheet charts or as a series of sheets.Purposes of chart:

a. For presenting material symbolically.b. For summarising information

c. For showing continuity in process.

d. For presenting abstract ideas in visual form.

e. For showing development of structure.

f. For stimulating critical thinking.

g. For motivating the students.

Principles of Preparation and effective use of charts:

Usual materials required to prepare charts are sheets of white or light coloured paper,fibre tipped round-point and chisel-point colour markers(black,blue,red and orange),graphic materials,scissors,drawing aids and adhesives. Before making a chart,one should plan the contant and layout. The standard size of chart paper is 9060cm.and 7055cm is suitable for most purposes.The size of letters for captions,labels and keywords should be between 2 and 3cm for a classroom of depth 6m.

The thickness of lines should be 2 and 3 m.

Flat pictures and other material from books should be enlarged sufficiently before placing on charts.

One chart should convey just one idea or one principle. Charts crowded with information are less effective.

Charts can be arranged to create one or more of the following visual effects: Revelation: The whole chart can be covered with three or more paper strips. During display,the strip must be removed one by one in the desired sequence.

Overlay effect:Apart of the chart may be overlaid by another chart or by acellophene paper chart.

Flow effect: Single charts can be displayed one by one.

Magical effects: the outlines of a complicated diagram in advance by using monochromatic harmony. Then trace the diagram quickly with bright colours during the class. Numerical data should be presented in the form of tables.Relationship between variables can be better demonstrated by means of drawing graphs.

Every detail in chart should be visible to all pupil in the class.

Maintain a neat appearance

There is provision for hanging the chart at a vantage point

Types of charts:

The following are the types of charts in terms of arrangements and the kinds of ideas which they may express:i. Tree chart:

A chart made in the form of several branches from the trunk of a tree such that the trun represents the main idea while the branches represents various developments,relationships or subparts of the main idea.

ii. Stream charts:

A stream chart is the graphic aid showing the main thought,idea,concept in the form of a main river and its subparts in the form of tributaries coming out of it.A stream chart is quite akin the tree chart.-it gives a pictorial representation to an abstract idea and can be frequently used for a variety of teaching subjects at the schools.-They are easy to draw with free hand drawings.iii. The narrative chart:

It is an extended left to right arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing: - the events in a process such as water purification. - the events in the development of a significant issue to its point of resolution or to present status. eg. Development of cosuer protection act and its impact on present day health care system.- technological improvement over a period of years such as innovations in cardiac monitoring.iv. Flow chart:

These are helpful in learning situations that require the study of organisational or hierarchical structures.In these,lines/rectangles/circles or other graphic representations are connected by lines showing the directional flow.

While designing a flow chart,care must be taken to preserve a sense of order and sequence.v. The tabulation chart: It is a left to right, top to bottom arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing

- numerical data for making comparisons

-list of antenatal mothers,under-fives or other specific groups in a selected area.vi. The cause and effect chart:

It is usually a limited left to right arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing:- relationship between lifestyle and predisposing factors of various diseases

vii. The chain chart:

It is a circular or semicircular arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing :

-transitions such as transitions from raw materials to finished products

-cycles such as citric acid cycle

viii. The evolution chart:

It is a left to right arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing changes in specific items from beginning to date,perhaps with projections into future. Eg.evolution of manix. Strip Tease chart:

It enables the speaker to present the information step by step.it has great suspense value which aids in holding attention and building interest.

- the information of the chart is covered thin paper strips to which it has been applied either by wax,tape or sticky substances or pins,tags can also be used.-As the speaker wishes to visually reinforce a point with words or symbols,he removes the appropriate strip or paper.

It increases learning and aids recall.

x. Pull chart:

It consists of written messages which are hidden by strips of thick paper.

Advantages:

Charts are effective tool for learning.

They arouse interest in the students

They are prepared in a very low-cost

Portable and available for use and reuse

Easily prepared and maintained

Used to explain,clarify,and simplify the complicated subject matter.

They attract attention and reduce the amount of verbal explanations given by the teacher. Disadvantages:

Charts cannot be used for large groups

They cannot be used for illiterate audience.

Aftercare: Charts should be carefuly stored and preserved for future use.

Donot fold the charts instead roll it and keep.

d.GRAPHS: Graphs are flat pictures which employ dots,lines,or pictures to visualise numerical and statistical data,to compare and contrast different variables.

Purposes: They make a more lasting impression than detailed numbers.

They convey an idea forcefully

They help us to have a real grasp of the overall picture rather than the details

They capture attention and stimulate thinking

They are easily understandable and interpretableTypes of graphs:

There are mainly four types of graphs:a) Line graphs:

Line graphs are used when a considerable quantity of data is to be plotted or when the data are continuous.

Features:

-The concepts are represented with the help of simple lines vertically or horizontally drawn

-it is usually a free hand smooth line through various points indicating the instantaneous values of two variables at various movements.

-the line may be straight line or curved line indicating the relationship between the two variables.

-pictorial illustrations and cartoons can also be occasionally used on the line graphs to increase their interest and readability.

b) Bar graphs: A bar graph consists of bars arranged horizontally or vertically from a zero base.

Features:

-Two perpendicular lines from a point(called origin) works as the reference lines

-The size,length and colour of the bars represents different values.

-the length of the graph represents the magnitude of a given attribute,while the spaces between the bars represents magnitude of a given attribute,while the spaces between bars represent second variable which should be uniformly changing.-key to the various colours has to present at the right corner of the graph

-The width of the bars and interspace between the bars are to be equal.

Uses: -in comparing and contrasting two variables or two groups of the same attributeTypes: Simple bar graph: may be vertically or horizontally arranged.suitable scale must be used to present bar length. Multiple bar graph: Two or more bars can be grouped together Component bar graph: The bar may be divided in to two or more parts,each parts representing a certain item and proportional to the magnitude of that particular item.c) Pie graphs: The pie graph is usually drawn in a circle,the sections of which are used to represent component part of a whole.Features:

-The circle resembles a disk,is divided in to sectors of different angles to represent the fractions or percentages of the divisions of a distributive attribute

-Method of construction of pie graphs:

The surface area of the circle is to cover 360 degrees.

The total frequencies or values are equated to 360 degrees and then the angles equalling the component parts are calculated

After determining their angles,the required sectors in the circle are drawn

The numerical data may be converted into angles of the circle.

d) Pictorial graphs

Pictorial graph is the outstanding method of graphic representation.In this type,graphic pictures are used for the expression of ideas,thus more attractive and understandable.

Advantages of graphs:

More attractive and easy to understand Effective in explaining the difficult concepts and are more appealing to the viewers,especially children.Disadvantages of graphs:

Too many representations are difficult to follow

If percentages are very small fractions-it may be difficult to represent clearly

If there are too many slices in the pie,the observer may become confused

If percentages are too similar,an individual may have trouble in making distinctions

Carefull,concentrated,tie consuming effort is needed to prepare the graphs.

e.POSTERS

It is good substitute for first hand experience.It varies from a simple printed card to a complicated and artistic design. It should be always a part of the campaign,it will serve first to inspire the people, and lastly it will serve as a reminder to the group.

Rules to prepare a poster :

To do a special job

To promote one point

To support local demonstration and local exhibits

Planned for the specified It should stop the people and make them to look

Tell the message in a single glance

Use bold letters(2030)

Use simple, few words which coveys one idea

Use pleasing orders

Must be timely

It contains:

i. 1st division-announces the purposes of the project

ii. 2nd division-set out conditions

iii. 3rd division-recommends actions.

It should be placed,where people pass or gather together.

Uses of poster: To make an instant appeal To motivate the students to learn

To convey information quickly and easily

To create an aesthetic effect To convey single idea or few ideas.

To be understood at a glance.

Comprehensive at a distance and sufficiently clear.

Suitable for patient education, presenting scientific facts,showing safety measures and many other facts relating to health.

Features of a good poster:Brevity: Message conveyed should be concise.

Simplicity: Message should be easily understandable.

Concept: Should be based on a single and relevant idea.

Layout: Should be siple and attracyive

Colour: Poster should be attractive and eye-catching with suitable colours and colour combinations. Advantages:

Complex ideas and concepts can be conveyed more easily through posters.

Posters are very attractive and hence they convey the message more quickely.

Posters create students skill in creativity

They can stand alone and are self explanatory

Assessment of the students critical thinking abiliyies can be done through posters.

Posters provide students with feed back from peers and faculty

Evalution of posters can be done immediately. Disadvantages:

Posters involve faculty time to develop assignment and evalution techniques Can be frustrating to students who are not visual learners

Posters always maynot give enough information

When a poster is seen too often,it becomes a part of the environment and then no longer attracts attention. f. FLASHCARDS

Flash cards are a set of compact,pictured,paper cards of the same size,that are flashed one by one in a logical sequence.Flash cards are called so because,they are flashed before the class for a short time to bring any idea.

They can be self-made or commercially prepared and are made up of chart paper,drawing paper,plain paper using colurs or paintings.

Features: - size is 10 12 or 22 28

-used for small groups not over 30 people.

-provides variety and activity in the class

-The messages can be brief,it may be simple line drawing or photographs or cartoons, and the contents will be written in few lines at the back of each flashcard. - Adapted to local condition,use plenty of colours.

- 10-12 cards for one talk can be used.

- Prepare a picture for each idea,which gives visual impact to the idea. -It can be either individually or in combination with other charts.

Principles of preparation and use of flashcards:

Preparation: The cards should be prepared in such a manner that they are simple,attractive and colourful

Bold letters and illustrations can be used on the card

The message conveyed should be brief and to the point

They should be numbered and arranged in a sequential manner

The numer of cards should not be 15-20.

Important points should be written back side,if the trainer forgets any relevant matter.

The presenter should be thorough with the content of flash cards. Presentation:

The presenter should give a brief introduction to the audience Must use simple words and local terminology. Hold the card at chest level where people can see clearly,hold against body and not in air, face different part of the group,to show cards to all. Glance down at card,as you are ready to explain and make sure to give correct information.

Explanation or commentary should follow flashing of each card.

Sequence should be followed while explaining cards

Use pointer.Donot cover the matter with hand.

Be enthusiastic and enjoy explaining the matter.

Evaluation: Questioning and discussion may be encouraged at the end of section. Important points may be explained again and doubts cleared. Advantages:

They can be used easily for illiterate group

They attract attention and convey messages quickely

They are easy to prepare, portable and economic

They are dynamic and flexible and maintain continuity

They are helpful in overcoming the language barrier

They are very effective to convey important messages in areas where people gather.

They can be used to introduce,present and review a topic

Disadvantages:

Ways of presentation influences the effectiveness of flashcards

Maintanence of the flashcards for a longer tie may be difficult

They cannot be used for a bigger audience

Viewers may lose interest when too many cards are used

Literate and high class people maynot be attracted by this method.

g. LEAFLET, PAMPHLETS and BOOKLETS

Leaflets,pamhlets and leaflets are printed materials containing relevant information in a crisp and concise manner.Leaflets are Single sheet of paper folded to make a full page of printed matter on single side.Leaflet is simple sheet crrying helpful information on usefull themes. Pamphlets are Paper can be folded into two or three or five, the matter will be printed either single side or both sides. A booklet is a small book with a cover page.It is particularly useful for topics which have a high degree of public interest like,controlling obesity,care during pregnancy,diabetic care etc. Purposes:

They may be used to supplement any classroom teaching method,especially lecture.

To disseminate information to the community in a short period

They provide opportunity for reading,learning and referring a specific topic or subject. Features: They should be: Colourful

Attractive

Illustrated with pictures

Simple and precise

Informative

Self explanatory

Useful

Advantages: Information can be reached to a large group with in a short time

They are highly economic,flexibleand portable

Facilitates individualized learning

Can be reproduced in any language

Can be utilised for any group of people at any context

Stimulates interest on the part of the learnerDisadvantages; Presentation is very important,if not found to be attractive,will be easily thrownout

Receiving feedback from al those who got the pamphlet or leaflet is not possible

It cannot be used for illitrates

It cannot be preserved for a long time

Printed teaching material is sometimes described as a frozen language,which maynot serve its objective.

g.HAND OUT/HAND BILL

The briefing of a session in a single sheet.Use simple,clear language with short sentences.if needed sketches,graphs,should be drawn and labelled.Give titles,underline the key words.Suitable colours can be used.Handouts may be given well in advance to orient interested groups about purpose,aim s and objectives of the presentation,or after completion of presentation to leave a record of lesson and for follow-up. h.CARTOONS

The cartoon is a visual graphic aid in the form of pictorial representation of an object, person, organisation, idea or situation which uses symbolism ,humour, satire, and some bold exaggeration to convey a message or point of view as quickly as possible.

Features:

The main sources of cartoons are periodicals.News papers ,Magazines,special periodicals etc.

For a cartoon to attract attention;

The quality of drawing should be high Suitable to the level of the learner It should be meaningfull and intelligible It should be based on the educational objectives and background of students Should be simple and clear Explain the concept without too much explanation or too long a caption,or excessive dialogue. The symbols used should be familiar Should be intellectual through sarcasing and ridiculing. Educational uses of cartoons:

It is a good attention capture device and a source of motivation to the learner in the process of teaching and learning. It reveals the reality and truth about the people,organisation,events and situation in a very forcefull and interesting way. It helps in the desirable modification of behaviour and development of character. A good cartoon provides proper illustrations for teaching and clarifying many ideas and concepts related to various subjects in a very interesting and humorous way. Cartoon making ,also provides opportunity for the expression and development of creative talents among children. A glance at a cartoon is enough to produce a lasting effect that it aims to produce. Advantages of cartoon:A cartoon must be effectively used:

To initiates lessons To motivate students to start discussions For making teaching lively and interesting To reveal truth or reality about the people,events and incidents To modify the behaviour and develop positive attitude in the learner Disadvantages of cartoon:

The instructor has to choose them wisely,as certain cartoons can injure the personal feelings of the students.

The amount of sarcasm and ridicule has to be carefully watched so that it doesnot hurt anybody,s feelings.

i.THREE-DIMENSIONAL AIDS

Three dimentional aids representations of real things ,they reduce large object to a size convenient for observation and produce interior view of objects which are normally covered or invisible. This include:

i. Model: Models are substitutes for real things.models are concrete objects to explain clearly the structure or functions of real things. Models made up of clay,pulp,plaster of paris,cotton, cardboard,thermocole,cloth,wood etc.

Essential qualities of a model:

Accuracy Simplicity

Utility

Solidity

Ingenuity

Useful

Functions of a model:

It simplifies reality. Concretizes abstract concepts

Enables us to reduce or enlarge objects to an observable size.

It provides the correct concept of an real object like dam/bridge etc.

A working model explains the various processes of objects and machines.

Promotes creative interests among people.

Types of models: Scale model: correct idea of an object can be displayed.

e.g.a dam or project.

Simplified model: gives an idea of an external form of an object.

e.g.animal,birds,fish.

Working model: To demonstrate in a siple way of an operation

or process. E.g. fetal circulation.

Cross-section model: Inside of an object is visible.Immense

value will be observed in sciences.e.g.Cross-section of blood vessel. Advantages:

Models heps in stimulating a real situation The size can be adjusted as needed Distance and time donot become a limitation

It gives the learner visual,tactic, and oral stimuli which increases the learning experience. If it can explain concepts,structures and working of parts

They stimulate interest and capture attention

It enables to have a correct concept of an object

Working model will secure immediate attention and serve as motivation to learn.

Disadvantages: Models are quite costly Needs more storage place

They are useful only for teaching small groups

Requires skills and talents to prepareii. Exibit : It is an arrangement of communication media designed to inform the observer about a subject.iii. Specimen: Part of real objects taken from the natural setting. It is a simple that shows quality or structure. E.g. section of lung.iv. Mock-up:It emphasizes the functional relationship between the device reality and its workability.Certain element of the original reality is emphasized to make it more meaningfull for the purpose of instruction. E.g.an artificial kidney to demonstrate dialysis.v. Moulage: Mould can be made up of plastic material to stimulate some life objects. E.g. body which shows evidence of trauma,infection,disease,surgical intervention.vi. Objects: Brought from its natural setting into the classroom to supply the types of sensory experience that will make instruction more meaningfull,vivid and impressive. They make a direct appeal to senses. E.g. splints,forceps and thermometers.vii. Diorama: It is a three-dimensional scene indepth incorporating a group of modelled objects and figures in natural setting. A diorama scene is setup on a small stage with a group of modelled objects kept on the foreground,which is blended in to a plastic realistic background. j. PHOTOGRAPHS Exact visual recordings of things which will occur in real life situation. It may be black and white or coloured mounted or un mounted photographic prints. They may be used : -In personal teaching situations

-as display type visuals in exhibition or bulletin board

For effective teaching,a photograph must: - tells a story

- illustrate only one point,give accurate results

-have plain and simple background

-shows the main subject prominently

-shows action,emotion,and usefull for easy understanding.ROLE OF A TEACHER IN PROCURING AND MANAGING NON-PROJECTIONAL INSTRUCTIONAL AIDS The teacher has to play a key role in storage,borrowing,retrieval and monitoring of the use of AV aids. The teacher should follow the principles of AV aids for the effective use and presentation.

At the college level,a nursing faculty can manage these aids in AV aids room which is an essential part a college of nursing as per INC norms.

Models and charts can be permanently installed on the walls in the particular classrooms.

Those AV aids which are fragile and costly should be kept carefully.

The teacher has to involve the students in preparation of AV aids.It will enhance their creativity;as well as help them to learn the concerned study material while preparing. MAJOR TECHNOLOGIES IN EDUCATION

TELECONFERENCING

Teleconferencing stands for the conferencing made possible among the participants even by remaining at alarge distance from each other.It was first introduced in the 1960s with American Telephone and Telegraphs picture phone.Today,it has vast potentiality on account of great advances made in the field of communication through modern hardware and software technologies.

DEFINITION: Teleconferencing is defined as an interactive group communication or a real time interaction between two or more people in two or more locations through an electronic medium.

TYPES OF TELECONFERENCING:

1.Audio conferencing

2.Video-tele conferencing 3.Computer conferencing

Audio conferencing:

It is nothing but a natural extension of the person-to-person telephone call for enabling communicayion and conversation among more than two persons at a time.

Video-tele conferencing: It helps to communicate both orally and with face-to-face dialogue by making use of television and audio system.Here we can listen and view the faces and actions of the people interacting with us in conferencing.Computer conferencing:

It helps the participants communicate with each other by making use of computer technology.here we can communicate texts and graphics to participants who may access it with the help of their own personal computers.we can also view the faces and actions of the people under conversation through web cameras.It has an extra advantage as it permit people to participate at different ties according to their convenience.ORGANISATION OF TELECONFERENCING SESSIONS The process of teleconferencing consists of four stages:

Planning:

Advanced planning is very important for the success of teleconferencing.This requires the number of students and the duration of each session.Preparation of materials:

Educational teleconferencing requires the use of printed materials including charts and diagrams.Preparing the students:

Preparing students for an active participation is a pre-requisite for the success of teleconferencing.The student should know in advance about the content to be discussed and the objectives to be achieved.Conduct the actual session:

The session should be interactive so that all the students can actively participate and learn as much as they can from the conference session.

After the conference is over,the necessary feedback should be obtained from the students.This will also recorded so that it could help the students who could not participate in the conference. USES/ADVANTAGES OF TELE CONFERENCING : Teleconferencing claims to offer a variety of educational advantages as below;

It saves money,time and energy of the participants by allow them to participate in the conference from their own places.

It offers a good source of communication for a number of students or institutions scattered in a wide region.

It can help the students and the teachers for getting up-to-date information and experiencies related to their topics and areas of interest by communicating with the people.

Itreduces the chances of wastage of time and other resources as usually happends in fulfilling social formalities during the face-to-face traditional conferencing. Here contacts are shorter and primarily purpose oriented.

The members can participate more freely and equally with their adequate preparation in comparison to traditional face-to-face conferencing. It has made possible a unique collaboration and cooperation among subject experts,teachers and students of diversified capabilities and interests for enriching their thirst of knowledge and sharing their contribution in the field of knowledge.

In this way,it can be safely conclude that telecommunication posseses a vast potential for increasing the communication among the group of leaners and teachers.Benefits:

Expands learning opportunities

Adds excitement to traditional methods

Teaches planning and organisational skill

Improves students memory retention

Enhances students understanding

Minimal investment

Time savingLimitations:

Teleconferencing is a costly technique of instruction

It requires efficient telephone and television network throughout the country.

The chances of technical failure is high.

CONCLUSION Audio-visual aids/instructional aids are a part of subject of educational technology. It consists of hardware(audio aids,projected aids and audiovisual aids) and software (non-projected aids)components. Knowledge regarding the corresponding aids to be use is essential for the essential utilisation of them. Instructionl aids should be used as a supplement to the classroom teaching and nit as a substitute for teaching methods. BIBLIOGRAPHY

KP Neeraja, Textbook of Nursing Education (2003),First edition, JAYPEE Publications,Page no.206-222. S.K Mangal Uma mangal, Essentials of Educational Technologies(2011),Published by Ashoke K Gosh,Page No.73-118,679-683.

B.Shankaranarayan,Learning Teaching Nursing(2009), Third edition, Brainfill publications,Page no.194-213. R.Sudha, Nursing Education Principles and Concepts (2013), First edition, published by Jaypee Brothers,Page No: 119-135. BT Basvanthappa, Nursing EDUCATION(2013),First Edition, Published by Jaypee Brothers,Page No:428-439.

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