Comfy cotton clothes and their genetics khanal 2013
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Transcript of Comfy cotton clothes and their genetics khanal 2013
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swicofil.com
Comfy Cotton Clothes
and their Genetics
loveandlavender.comSameer Khanal
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Fable of veggie lamb
houstonpress.compaulchong.net
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Cultivated cotton
Cotton breeding
World of cotton
washington131.pbworks.comehow.com
ChallengesOp
portu
nitie
s123rf.com
Comfy cotton clothes and their genetics
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From field to cotton gin
mavensphotoblog.com
Harvest Modules
Gin Gin
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Cotton gin
mavensphotoblog.com
Ginning
Bale
Products
Seeded cotton
Cleaned cotton (still seeded)
Seeds
Fibers
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Cotton seeds
planetnatural.com wholesale.wfplastic.com.aucsc-world.com baumwollboerse.de
Feed
Medicine
made-in-china.com
Pulp
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What can you make from a bale?
Cotton fibersBale
123rf.com
200 Jeans
480lbs
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What can you make from a bale?
Cotton fibers
gabanigroup.com
Bale
123rf.com
200 Jeans
480lbs
700 Shirts
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Cotton fibers
$31 million
What can you make from a bale?
culpeppercleaners.com
3 parts cotton: 1 part linen
en.wikipedia.orghuffingtonpost.com
Bale
480lbs
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cotton.org
Cotton world
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USAChina BrazilIndia
Australia
Pakistan Uzbekistan
33
28
16
11 96
4
11 12
5 52.5
cottoninc.com
Who’s who in cottonProduction (in million bales)Export (in million bales)
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cotton.org
The cotton belt
• 12 million acres• 4th biggest crop• $6 billion industry • $3 billion from export
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The state of Georgia
2000
1200
1000
800
600
400
1600
1400
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Area planted (in thousand acres)
georgiaagforecast.com
Cotton
Peanut
Corn
SoybeanWheat
Georgia
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Cultivated cotton
Cotton breeding
World of cotton
washington131.pbworks.comehow.com
ChallengesOp
portu
nitie
s123rf.com
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Cultivated cotton
carolinafiberfest.orgalibaba.comthefibercloset.com
Domestication:
Old world cotton
New world cotton
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Old world cotton Tree cotton:
G. arboreum Levant cotton:
G. herbaceum
photozou.jpgeolocation.ws
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Old world cotton
26 chromosomes
“A” genome
Old world wilds:
- “B”, “E”, and “F”
- Where are “C” and “D”?
Wang et al., 2007
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cotton.org
New world cotton
“D” genome “A” genome
“A” genome
“AD” genome
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New world cotton
Hybrids between “A” and “D” genomes
52 chromosomes
“A” genome “D” genome
Wang et al., 2007Konan et al., 2007
“AD”genome
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New world cotton
Upland Cotton:G. hirsutum
Pima/Egyptian:G. barbadense
flickr.combotanicalgarden.ubc.ca
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US cotton types
EasternAcala DeltaPlains
cotton.org
Pima
Upland cotton:Pima/Egyptian cotton:
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Cultivated cotton
Cotton breeding
World of cotton
washington131.pbworks.comehow.com
ChallengesOp
portu
nitie
s123rf.com
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Yield
flickr.com
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Insect-pest resistance
clemson.edusripmc.orgflickr.com http://iowabuglife.blogspot.com
Boll worm Spider mites
Stink bug Plant bug
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Disease resistance
mississippi-crops.comhttp://today.agrilife.org
Boll rot Target leaf spot
Wilt Nematodes
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Herbicide tolerance
www.invasive.org
Cotton row
Weeds row
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Fiber quality traitsDetermination:
Samples from bales
Inspector determination:
- Leaf grade- Preparation - Extraneous materials
Bale
480lbs
culpeppercleaners.com
Instrument determination - Fiber color, length, strength, fineness
cottoninc.com
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Instrument determination
uster.com
High volume instrument
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How garments are made?
BaleYarn
Cloth Garments
forbes.com
Spinning
Weaving
culpeppercleaners.comzhenhuatex.com123rf.com
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Fiber quality affects yarn quality
Long, strong, and fine fibers:
Full, strong, even yarns
studyblue.comtextilefabric.com
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Fiber quality affects yarn quality
Long, strong, and fine fibers:
Full, strong, even yarns
Less hairiness in threads
denimhunters.com
Hairs
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Fiber quality affects yarn quality
Long, strong, and fine fibers:
Full, strong, even yarns
Less hairiness in threads
Maximum thread count Soft, light, and lustrous
1worldsarongs.blogspot.com
Low thread count
High thread count
propercloth.com
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Fibers – threads- product quality
Long, strong, and fine fibers:
Full, strong, even yarns
Less hairiness in threads
Maximum thread count Soft, light, and lustrous
Expensive!Craig Taylor220 thread count$395-$525
Thomas Pink170 thread count$350
us.thomaspink.com craigtaylor.com
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Fiber color
mavensphotoblog.comdoa.go.th cottonindia.com
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Fiber length
Upper half mean length (inch)Below 0.99 Short0.99-1.10 Medium1.11-1.26 LongAbove 1.26 Extra Long
uster.com cottoninc.com
Beard
Sample
Sensor
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Fiber strength
Fiber strength (grams/tex)20 and below Very Weak21-25 Weak26-29 Base30-32 Strong
uster.com cottoninc.com
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Fiber fineness
Fiber fineness (micronaire)Premium 3.7-4.2Base Range 3.5-3.6, 4.3-4.9Discount Range <3.5, >4.9
cottoninc.com swicofil.com
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Increase in yield from Bt
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Bt
Non Bt
0
900
720
540
360
180
3,080
1,080
Fibe
r yie
ld (l
bs/a
cre)
Hake, 2013
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New varieties: fiber length
cotton.org
DP 1311
DP 1359DP 1321
Upper Half Mean Length (inch)Below 0.99 Short0.99-1.10 Medium1.11-1.26 LongAbove 1.26 Extra Long
Variety Length (inch)DP 1359 1.14DP 1321 1.14DP 1311 1.12
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New varieties: fiber strength
cotton.org
DP 1311
DP 1359DP 1321
VarietyStrength
(grams/tex)DP 1359 31.5DP 1321 31.2DP 1311 29.1
Fiber Strength (grams/tex)<20 Very Weak21-25 Weak26-29 Base30-32 Strong>33 Very Strong
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New varieties: fiber fineness
cotton.org
DP 1311
DP 1359DP 1321
VarietyStrength
(grams/tex)DP 1359 4.6DP 1321 4.8DP 1311 4.5
Fiber Fineness/Maturity (Mic)Premium 3.7-4.2Base 3.5-3.6,
4.3-4.9Discount <3.5, >4.9
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Cultivated cotton
Cotton breeding
World of cotton
washington131.pbworks.comehow.com
ChallengesOp
portu
nitie
s123rf.com
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Challenges Negative association
between yield and fiber quality
Narrow genetic diversity in cultivated cotton
Genetically complex trait
Yield Quality
Yield Quality
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Clement et al., 2012
1,000 2,000 3,000lbs/acre
1.04
1.12
1.20
1.28
1.36
1.44
Leng
th
(inch
)Negative association
Yield and fiber lengthUS
1999-2009Australia2004-2009
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Clement et al., 2012
1,000 2,000 3,000
lbs/acre
260
280
300
320
360
340
380
400
Stre
ngth
(KN
m K
g-1)
Negative associationYield and fiber strength
US1999-2009
Australia2004-2009
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Causes of reduced genetic diversity
1st: “A” x “D” 2nd : Domestication 3rd : Distributioneeob.iastate.edu
“D”
“AD” “A”
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Complex trait
Many genes control the trait
Each gene makes small contribution to the trait
Genes interact among themselves
Also influenced by the environment
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Parent’s generation
F1 generation(Children)
F2 generation (Grand children)
Simple trait
X
X
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Parent’s generation
X
F1 generation X
F2 generation
Simple trait
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Parent’s generation F1 generation F2 generation
Complex trait
X
X
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Complex trait
X
Parent’s generation
X
F1 generation
F2 generation
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20
30
10
Length
F2 generation
Complex trait
0Yellow
200
300
Cream
100
Simple trait
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Number of complex trait genesTrait Chee et al., 2005 Sun et al., 2012
Fiber length 28 10 Fiber strength 22 10 Fiber fineness 9 10
Number of genes
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Opportunities
Negative association between yield and fiber quality
Positive association between different fiber quality traits
Yield Quality
Yield Quality Fiber length Fiber strength
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Opportunities
Narrow genetic diversity of cultivated cotton
50 different species with tremendous genetic diversity
crops.organbg.gov.au 128.192.141.98/CottonFiber/pages/iiPopulations/overview.aspx
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Opportunities
Genetically complex trait
Novel tools and techniques
Whole genome sequence available
scientificamerican.com
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Opportunities
Genetically complex trait
Novel tools and techniques
Genetic blueprint available
Useful genes introduced from related species into upland cotton
Pima Hawaiian
flickr.com
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Opportunities
Genetically complex trait
Novel tools and techniques
genetic blueprint available
Useful genes introduced from other species into upland cotton
Mutant lines of upland cotton
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Mutations create new genes
Parent Mutant Mutant trait1.2 1.4 Extra long
Upper Half Mean Length (inch)Below 0.99 Short0.99-1.10 Medium1.11-1.26 LongAbove 1.26 Extra Long
Fiber length
Patel et al, 2011
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Mutations create new genes
Parent Mutant Mutant trait
31.6 42.5 Extra strong
Fiber strength
Fiber Strength (grams/tex)<20 Very Weak21-25 Weak26-29 Base30-32 Strong>33 Very Strong
Patel et al, 2011
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Mutations create new genes
Parent Mutant Mutant trait
5.3 4.0 Premium
Fiber fineness
Fiber Fineness/Maturity (Mic)Premium 3.7-4.2Base 3.5-3.6,
4.3-4.9
Discount <3.5, >4.9
Patel et al, 2011
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Better fibers – quality yarns – comfy cotton clothes
Market demands better fiber quality in upland cotton
Simultaneous improvement in both the yields and fiber quality is desirable, but challenging
Novel tools and techniques offer new avenues of improvement of fiber quality traits
Summary
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Thank you
swicofil.com
cotton.org