Phil Brandhuber PhDHDR EngineeringKarla Kinser PE

MWH

Colorado ZLD Pilot An Update

Concentrate Disposal Options

Surface water body Municipal sewer Deep well injection Land application Evaporation pond Brine minimization/zero

liquid discharge

Project Update

Colorado Project- Demonstration of Membrane Zero Liquid

Discharge for Drinking Water Systems Pilot test brine minimization technologies at two

locations in Colorado Poster at this conference last year Today discuss technology assessment and

selection process.

What Minimization Technologies are Available?

Thermal Pressure Driven Electric Potential Alternative

Technology Claimed Overall Recovery

Comments

Brine Concentrator

90% to 95% • Mature technology• High capital and energy cost

Brine Crystallizer Up to 98% • Mature technology• High capital and energy cost

Spray Dryers None • Seasonal use• Low capital • Energy usage similar to brine concentrator

Thermal Technologies

Pressure Driven Technologies

Technology Claimed Overall Recovery

Comments

Dual RO with Intermediate Chemical Demineralization

90% - 98% • Combination of mature technologies.• Increased chemical dosage and sludge disposal required.

Dual RO with Pellet Softener (PS) or Fluidized Bed Crystallizer (FBC)

90% - 98% • Combination of mature technologies.• Increased chemical dosage and sludge disposal required.

Seeded Slurry Precipitation and Recycle (SPARRO)

90% - 95% • Proprietary technology.• Limited full-scale applications for municipal water treatment.

Technology Claimed Overall Recovery

Comments

High Efficiency RO (HERO)

95% - 99% • Proprietary technology.• High capital and O&M cost

High Efficiency Electro-Pressure Membrane (HEEPM)

95% - 99% • Proprietary technology.• No applications for municipal water treatment.

Advanced Reject Recovery of Water (ARROW)

Up to 95% • Proprietary technology.• No applications for municipal water treatment.

Optimized Pretreatment and Separation (OPUS)

90% - 98% • Proprietary technology.• High capital and O&M cost.

Pressure Driven Technologies

Pressure Driven Technologies

Technology Claimed Overall Recovery

Comments

Vibratory Shear Enhanced Process (VSEP)

Up to 90% • Proprietary technology.• Insufficient capacity for municipal water treatment.

Dist Tube (DT) Filtration

Up to 93% • Proprietary technology.• No applications for municipal water treatment.

Electric Potential Driven Technologies

Technology Claimed Overall Recovery

Comments

Electrodialysis (ED) and Electrodialysis Reversal (EDR)

Up to 95% • Effective for high silica content. • Limited effectiveness with high calcium sulfate saturation

Electrodialysis Metathesis (EDM)

Up to 98% • Effective for high silica content. • Effective for operation of water with high calcium sulfate saturation.

Advanced Technologies

Technology Claimed Overall Recovery

Comments

Forward Osmosis (FO) Up to 90% • Emerging technology.• High energy efficiency.

Membrane Distillation (MD)

Up to 90% • Emerging technology.• No applied pressure.

Dewvaporation Up to 80% • Emerging technology.• No applied pressure.

Eutectic Freeze Crystallization

Up to 97% • Emerging technology.• No applied pressure.

Technologies Selected for Detailed Evaluation

Membrane-based- Dual Reverse Osmosis with Intermediate Demineralization

Electric Potential-based- Electrodialysis Metathesis (EDM)

Electrodialysis Metathesis (EDM)Conc.Na2SO4,NaCl

+ -A A AC C

Na+

Cl-

SO42-

Ca2+

Cl-

Na+

Cl-

SO42-

Dilute Feed

Dilute NaCl

Conc.CaCl2,NaCl

Feed FeedNaClSupply

Dual RO with Intermediate Treatment

Brine Concentrator

Concentrate

Groundwater

Permeate

Primary RO

Secondary RO

50 mm Bag Filter

HoldTank

CartridgeFilter

Overflow

LPPump

HPPump

BoosterPump

Antiscalant

Intermediate Treatment

Chemicals Antiscalant

Sand Filter

Acid

Sludge

Evaporation Pond

Distillate

Implementation of EDM for Brine Minimization

FeedWater

Reject

Salt

RO

NaCl

Product Water

EDM

Pond, WAIV, or Thermal

NaOH

Recycled NaCl

Salt

Water Quality OverviewParameter Units Brighton

(raw)

Brighton (concentrate 80%

recovery)

La Junta (raw)

La Junta (concentrate 75%

recovery)Calcium (Ca++) mg/L 107 533 181 1065Magnesium (Mg++) mg/L 24 120 60 353Sodium (Na+) mg/L 121 605 103 606Potassium (K+) mg/L 4.3 21 5 29Iron (Fe+++) mg/L 0.05 0.25Total Manganese (Mn) mg/L 0.13 0.65 0.6Barium (Ba++) mg/L 0.06 0.3 0.05 0.29Strontium (Sr++) mg/L 1.2 6.0 7.6 45Aluminum (Al) mg/L 0.002 0.01Chloride (Cl-) mg/L 125 818 128 753Sulfate (SO4

--) mg/L 213 1065 546 3211Bicarbonate (HCO3

-) mg/L 179 (alkalinity) 895 218 1288Nitrate (NO3

-) mg/L as N 4.5 22.4 2.3 13.5Fluoride (F-) mg/L 1 4.9 3.5 11Silica (SiO2) mg/L SiO2 19 96.25 7.5 44Phosphate (PO4

---) mg/L PO4 0.27 1.33TDS mg/L 634 4260 1258 7419pH units 7.02 7.71 7.6 8.4Conductivity (μS/cm) 1218 6382 11414Temperature (F) 62 59

Modeling Results - RO Based Train

Parameter

Degrees of Saturation in Concentrate as %

Brighton (Concentrate treated

at 53% recovery)

La Junta (Concentrate treated

at 39% recovery)

No Inhibitor MSI310 No

Inhibitor MDC151

CaSO4 133.6 53.5 343.4 98.1

BaSO4 6362.1 97.9 7572.2 72.1

SrSO4 71.3 2.4 646.8 18.5

CaF2 5248.7 0.4 19570.6 1.5

SiO2 163.3 85.3 42.5 42.5

CaPO4 172.6 172.6

CaCO3 94.4 91.0

No Intermediate Treatment

Parameter

Degrees of Saturation in Concentrate as %

Brighton (Concentrate treated

at 81% recovery)

La Junta (Concentrate treated

at 67% recovery)

No Inhibitor MSI310

No Inhibito

rMDC151

CaSO4 148.0 42.3 349.7 99.9

BaSO4 7783.5 74.1 6705.8 63.9

SrSO4 211.0 6.0 1353.4 38.7

CaF2 19045.6 1.5 44549.2 3.4

SiO2 96.1 96.1 50.4 50.4

CaPO4 189.1 101.8

CaCO3 82.3 98.0

With Intermediate Treatment

Summary of Detailed Evaluation

Brine Treatment Process

Brighton La Junta

Brine Treatment Recovery

Overall Recovery

Brine Treatment Recovery

Overall Recovery

RO 53% || 81% 91% || 96% 39% || 67% 85% || 92%

EDM 95% || N/A 99% || N/A 95% || N/A 99% || N/A

• Key: Without Intermediate Treatment || With Intermediate Treatment• Current overall recovery without brine treatment: Brighton 80%, La Junta 75%

Recommendations for Brine Minimization Technologies

Technology Recommendation

Dual Reverse Osmosis Model performance for Brighton and La Junta;

Electrodialysis Metathesis (EDM)

Project team supervised pilot test at Brighton and La Junta.

The Ideal ZLD Solution…

Badwater Salt FlatsDeath Valley, CA