Colorado River, AZ Mary Beth Dougherty Sedona, AZ Ryan Conlon.
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Transcript of Colorado River, AZ Mary Beth Dougherty Sedona, AZ Ryan Conlon.
Colorado River, AZMary Beth Dougherty
Sedona, AZRyan Conlon
Red Rock Canyon, CAHilary Neff
SEDIMENTATION AND SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
SEDIMENT TRANSPORT AND TEXTURE
Most sediment is clastic.Individual grains are called CLASTS.
Produced by mechanical weathering and erosion.
During transport, clasts move from high elevation to low, generally by influence of gravity.
Gravity is assisted by a transport medium, water, wind,or ice.
Clasts are deposited when transporting medium losesenergy.
SEDIMENTATION AND SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
GRAIN-SIZEUsually dependent upon energy and nature of the
transporting medium.Also related to the medium’s ability to carry them.
Hopewell RocksProvincial ParkNew Brunswick
Courtesy of Warren Poulin
SEDIMENTATION AND SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
SORTING
Process by which a transport medium “selects” particles of different sizes, shapes and densities.
Wind is most selective.Produces well sorted sediment.
Glacial ice and flooding rivers are unselective.Produce poorly sorted sediments.
SEDIMENTATION AND SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
SORTING
Sorting provides evidence as to what medium transported the sediment.
Heaviest particles are usually deposited first, close tosource.
Lightest particles are carried further away from source.
SEDIMENTATION AND SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
SORTING
SEDIMENTATION AND SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
GRAIN SHAPE
Clastic particles usually start out angular.Abrasion through transport rounds particles.
Rivers are effective at rounding particles.Greater abrasive activity, the more rounding occurs.Softer minerals tend to round faster than hard
minerals.
SEDIMENTATION AND SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES
Clastic sediments often contain SEDIMENTARYSTRUCTURES.
SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES are physical indicators, preserved in the rocks that provideinformation as to how the the particles weredeposited and what type of environment it was.
SEDIMENTATION AND SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES
BEDDING OR STRATIFICATION
Deposition of sediments is arranged into distinct layersof different composition or grain-size.
These layers are called BEDS or STRATA.One bed is a STRATUM, two are STRATA.Layers are separated by BEDDING PLANES.
BEDDING PLANES usually indicate changes insediment type or environment.
SEDIMENTATION AND SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES
Cape Liptrap, AustraliaCourtesy of Lorraine Beane
SEDIMENTATION AND SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES
GRADED BEDDING
Results in rapid deposition of particles of varying sizes in still water.
Different sized particles settle out at different rates.Generally largest first at the base and then get smaller.Produces GRADED BEDS.
SEDIMENTATION AND SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES
GRADED BEDDING
SEDIMENTATION AND SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES
GRADED BEDDINGGraded bedding is usuallyfound on ocean floors asSUBMARINE LANDSLIDES.Sediment is carried to thecontinental shelf and depositedas an unstable mass.When dislodged (earthquake) a
TURBIDITY CURRENT is produced.
TURBIDITY CURRENTS
SEDIMENTATION AND SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES
Are a dense mixture ofsea water and sediment.
Cascade down thecontinental slope.
Lose energy when theyreach the oceanfloor and velocitydecreases and sediment is deposited rapidly.
Also produced by lahars and mudflows.
SEDIMENTATION AND SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES
CROSS-BEDDINGConsists of sedimentary layers deposited at an angle to
the underlying set of beds.
Navajo SandstoneUtah
Coconino SandstoneArizona