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College of Basic Education-Department of History

Paper title: English Scripts Class: Fourth Year

Assis.Lect. Bushra M.K.Khudhair

Renaissance in Europe

The School of AthensThe school of Athens (1510-1511) is one of several frescoes that Italian

Renaissance artist Raphael painted in the Vatican Palace’s Stanza della Segnatura. The fresco, which depicts ancient Greek philosophers and scholars, such as Plato and Aristotle, is considered a masterpiece in the portrayal of the artistic ideals of the Renaissance. It also illustrates the importance of classical studies to literary and cultural achievements of the era.

The word Renaissance means “rebirth” the idea of rebirth originated in he belief that Europeans had rediscovered the superiority of Greek and Roman culture after many centuries of what they considered intellectual and cultural decline. The preceding era, which began with the collapse of the Roman Empire around the 5th century, became known as the Middle Ages to indicate its position between the classical and modern world.




Geographical Discovers and European Expansion

Columbus, Christopher (1451-1506), was Italian Spanish navigator who sailed west across the Atlantic Ocean in search of a route to Asia, but achieved fame by making landfall in Americas instead.

Christopher was sailing west in an attempt to find a shorter route to India and China. He based his calculations for the journey on Biblical Scripture. On August 3, 1492, he departed from Palos de la Fonterra, Spain, on the first of several voyages to what he later called “The new world”.

On October 12, 1492, two worlds unknown to each other met for the first time on a small island in the Caribbean Sea. While on a voyage for Spain in search of a direct sea route from Europe to Asia, Columbus unintentionally discovered the Americas. However, in four separate voyages to the Caribbean from 1492 to 1504, he remained convinced that he had found the lands that Marco Polo reached in his overland travels to China at the end of the 13th century. To Columbus it was only a matter of time before a passage was found through the Caribbean islands to the fabled cities of Asia.

Columbus made four voyages from Spain to lands he later called the “New World”. On his first voyage, he explored parts of Cuba and Hispaniola in 1492 and 1493. From 1493 to 1496, he continued to explore these regions and also ventured to Puerto Rico and Jamaica. On his third voyage, from 1498 to 1500, he sailed along the northern coast of South America. On his final journey in 1502, Columbus explored the coast of Central.

Columbus was not the first European to reach the Americas, Vikings from Scandinavia had settled on the North American Coast, in what is now known as Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, In the late 10th or early 11th century. However, Columbus explorations had a profound impact on the world. They led directly to the opening of the western hemisphere to European colonization; to large scale exchanges of plants, animals, cultures and ideas between the two worlds; and on a darker note to the deaths of millions of indigenous American peoples from war, forced labor, and disease.

VOCABULARY

Italy ايطاليا cities مدنItalian ايطالي Cuba كوباSpain اسبانيا Hispaniola هسبانيلوSpanish اسباني regions مناظق




navigator بحار ventured غامرsailed ابحر Puerto Rico بيرتوريكوAtlantic Ocean االطلسي المحيط Jamaica جامايكاroute طريق along امتداد علىachieved fame شهره انجز northern coast الساجل

الشماليmaking landfall يرسو coast of central المركزي ساحلexplorer مكتشف European اوروبيan attempt محاولة reach يصلbased اسس Scandinavia اسكمدنافيهcalculations حساباته briefly باختصارBiblical scripture المقدسة الكتابات settled اقامAugust اغسطس / اب North American Coast امريكا ساحل

الشماليةdeparted from من غادر Newfoundland نيوفاندالندvoyage رحلة Labrador البرادورunknown مجهول Canada كنداa small island صغيرة جزيرة profound impact كبير تاثيرCaribbean Sea الكاريبي البحر led/ p. of lead الى أدتEurope اوروبا directly مباشرةAsia اسيا western hemisphere الكرة نصف

الغربيunintentionally مسبقة نية بدون European colonization االستعمار

االوروبيdiscovered اكتشف large scale exchanges صخمة تبادالتseparate voyages متفرقة رحالت plants نباتاتremained convinced

مقتنعا الزال animals حيوانات

found/ find وجد cultures ثقافاتlands اراضي ideas افكارChina الصين deaths امواتoverland اراضي عبر millions ماليينtravels رحالت indigenous American

peoplesامريكا شعوباالصليين

explore يكتشف war حربa matter of time وقت مسالة forced labor القسري العملpassage عبور/ ممر disease مرض




fabled اسطوري

TRANSLATION

Columbus, Christopher (1451-1506), was Italian Spanish navigator who sailed west across the Atlantic Ocean in search of a route to Asia, but achieved fame by making landfall in Americas instead.

األوروبي والتوسع الجغرافية االكتشافات

) كولومبس عبر) 1505-1451كريستوفر غربا أبحر اسباني ايطالي بحار هو ، األمريكيتين يابسة ببلوغه شهرة انجر لكنه ، آسيا إلى طريقا عن باحثا األطلسي المحيط

. ذلك عن بدالChristopher was sailing west in an attempt to find a shorter route to India and China. He based his calculations for the journey on Biblical Scripture. On August 3, 1492, he departed from Palos de la Fonterra, Spain, on the first of several voyages to what he later called “The new world”.

. ولقد والصين الهند إلى طريق اقصر إليجاد محاولة في غربا كريستوفر أبحر لقد . عام أغسطس من الثالث في المقدس الكتاب على رحلته حسابات في ،1492استند

بعد فيما عليها أطلق رحالت عدة أول في اسبانيا في فرونتيرا دي بالوس ميناء من غادر." الجديد" بالعالم

On October 12, 1492, two worlds unknown to each other met for the first time on a small island in the Caribbean Sea. While on a voyage for Spain in search of a direct sea route from Europe to Asia, Columbus unintentionally discovered the Americas. However, in four separate voyages to the Caribbean from 1492 to 1504, he remained convinced that he had found the lands that Marco Polo reached in his overland travels to China at the end of the 13th century. To Columbus it was only a matter of time before a passage was found through the Caribbean islands to the fabled cities of Asia.

عام من أكتوبر من عشر الثاني ألول, 1492وفي األخر احدهما يجهل عالمان التقى . عن باحثا اسبانيا إلى رحلته في هو وبينما الكاريبي البحر في صغيرة جزيرة في مرة

. أية على األمريكيتين صدفة كولومبس اكتشف آسيا، إلى أوروبا من مباشر بحري طريق




من الكاريبي البحر إلى متفرقة رحالت أربع في كولومبس, 1504إلى 1492حال بقىنهاية في الصين إلى تنقالته في بولو ماركو إليها سبقه التي األراضي وصل بأنه مقتنعا

. األسطورية بالمدن الكاريبية الجزر يوصل ممر كولومبس وجد وقد عشر الثالث القرن. آسيا في

Columbus made four voyages from Spain to lands he later called the “New World”. On his first voyage, he explored parts of Cuba and Hispaniola in 1492 and 1493. From 1493 to 1496, he continued to explore these regions and also ventured to Puerto Rico and Jamaica. On his third voyage, from 1498 to 1500, he sailed along the northern coast of South America. On his final journey in 1502, Columbus explored the coast of Central.

," في " اكتشف حيث الجديد العالم اسم األربعة رحالته على كولومبس أطلق لقدفي وهاسبانيلو كوبا من أجزاء األولى من. 1493و 1492رحلته الثانية رحلته في واكتشف

, 1496إلى 1493 الثالثة رحلته في اما ريكووجامايكا بيرتو ووصل غامر حيث أخرى أجزاءعام . 1500إلى 1498من وفي أمريكا جنوب من الشمالي الساحل امتداد على أبحر فقد

في األخيرة .1502رحلته المركز اكتشفساحلColumbus was not the first European to reach the Americas, Vikings from Scandinavia had settled on the North American Coast, in what is now known as Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, in the late 10th or early 11th century. However, Columbus explorations had a profound impact on the world. They led directly to the opening of the western hemisphere to European colonization; to large scale exchanges of plants, animals, cultures and ideas between the two worlds; and on a darker note to the deaths of millions of indigenous American peoples from war, forced labor, and disease

البحار ذلك في سبقه بل األمريكتين وصل الذي األول األوروبي كولومبس يكن لمنيوفاوند بـ أالن يعرف الذي الشمالية أمريكا ساحل على أقام الذي فيكنز االسكندينافي

. أية على عشر الحادي القرن وبداية العاشر القرن أواخر في كندا في والبرادور الندمباشرة قادت حيث بأسره العالم على العميق األثر لها كولومبس اكتشافات فان حال،والنباتات الحيوانات وتبادل األوروبي االحتالل أنظار أمام الغربي الكرة نصف فتح إلى

أمريكا شعوب من الماليين موت غموضحول وهناك العالمين بين كبير بشكل والثقافات. والمرض القسري والعمل الحرب بسبب األصليين




QUESTIONS

1. Who was Columbus?- He was Italian Spanish navigator who sailed west across the Atlantic ocean

in search of a route to Asia but achieved fame by making landfall on the Americas instead.

2. What did Columbus discover in his first voyage? And when?- He discovered parts of Cuba and Hispaniola in 1492 and 1493.

3. What did Columbus discover in his second voyage? And when?- He continued to discover other regions and ventured to Puerto Rico and

Jamaica from 1493 to 1496.4. What did Columbus discover in his third voyage? And when?

- He discovered the northern coast from 1498 to 1500.5. What did Columbus discover in his final {fourth) voyage? And when?

- He discovered the coast of Central in 1503.6. Was Columbus the first European to reach the Americas? Then who?

- Columbus was not the first European to reach Americas; Vikings from Scandinavia reached the North Americas Coast.

7. When did Vikings reach the Americas?- He reached the Americas in the late 10th and early 11th century.

8. What did Columbus voyages lead to?- Columbus voyages led to openings of western hemisphere to European

colonization and to large exchanges of plants, animals and cultures between two worlds.

9. What were reasons behind deaths of millions of Indigenous American people?- Reasons were war, forced labor and disease.

VOCABULARY

understanding فهم quickly realized ادركوا ما سرعانa century of change التغيير قرن nation أمةevents أحداث very wealthy جدا ثريةoccurred حدثت monopolizing تبادل




profoundly بعمق highly profitable جدا مربحةaffected اثرت Asian trade االسيوية التجارةEuropean society االوروبي المجتمع actively بفعاليةlong conflict الطويل الصراع seeking عن باحثاfollowers اتباع a sea route بحري طريقreligion دين Portugal البرتغالfar reaching effects المدى بعيدة اثار Portuguese البرتغاليونfall of Constantinople اسطنبول سقوط exploring اكتشافOttoman Empire االمبراطوية

العثمانيةAfrica افريقيا

Orthodox Christians طائفة االروثودكسالمسيحية

invaded غزت

Byzantine Empire االمبراطويةالبيزنطية

commercial center التجاري المركز

trade تجارة Ceuta وامليلة سبتهconquered دحرت The Striate of

Gibraltarطارق جبل

southeastern Europe جنوبشرقي اوروبا

lucrative African trade

االفريقية التجارةالمكسبة

captured طوقت ، حاصرت dominated على سيطرAsian goods االسيوية البضائع tutelage وصايةAlexandria االسكندرية invasion غزوlonged for الى تلهف western coast الغربي الساحلallow them لهم يسمح the riches ثرواتbypass بالمرور southern tip الجنوبية القمةpurchase شراء full of excitement بالمتعة مليءdirectly مباشرة continent قارة

TRANSLATION

The first European nation to begin actively seeking a sea route to Asia was Portugal. The Portuguese had already begun exploring Africa in the early 1400s, and in 1415 they invaded northern Africa and conquered the Muslim commercial center of Ceuta on the Strait of Gibraltar. This gained the Portuguese access to the lucrative African trade, which, until that time, had been dominated by the Muslims. Under the




tutelage of the Prince Henry the navigator, who established a school for the navigators in the southern Portugal shortly after the Ceuta invasion. The Portuguese began exploring the western coast of Africa, hoping to find a route to the riches of Asia by going around the southern tip of the continent. Other nations, not wanting to be left behind, began sponsoring voyages of exploration as well. Into this world, full of the excitement of exploration and discovery, Christopher Columbus was born.

. اكتشف حيث البرتغال كانت بجد اسيا الى بحري طريق عن البحث بدات دولة اول إن , ففي عشر الخامس القرن بدايات في افريقيا افريقيا 1415البرتغاليون بغزو قاموا

. هذا طارق جبل مضيق في وامليله سبته للمسلمين التجاري المركز ودحروا الشماليةذلك في الزالت التي المربحة التجارةاالفريقية الى الوصول من البرتغاليين مكن االمر . الذي البحار وهو هنري االمير نفوذ وتحت المسلمين قبل من عليها مسيطر الوقت

. ان وامليله سبته غزو من وجيزة فترة بعد البرتغال جنوب في للمالحيين مدرسة اسس , اسيا ثروات الى طريق ايجاد املين الفريقيا الغربي الساحل باكتشاف بدأو البرتغاليين , . بدأت بل تتخلف ان تريد تكن فلم االخرى االمم أما للقارة الجنوبية القمة حول بالمرور

. كريستوفر ولد االستكشافات بمتعة المليء العالم هذا في مشتركة استكشافية برحالتكولومبس.

QUESTIONS

1. Which century was a century of change?- The 15th century was a century of change.

2. By what were many events driven and affected European society?- Many events were driven by the centuries long conflict between Christians

and Muslims.3. Who are Muslims?

- Muslims are followers of Islam.4. What was the event that had far reaching effects on Europe in 15th century?

- The fall of the city of Constantinople was the event that had far reaching effects on Europe in 15th century.

5. What had Constantinople been?- Constantinople had been the capital of the Orthodox Christian Byzantine

Empire for centuries, and it was an important center for trade between Europe and Asia.




6. When did the Ottoman Empire conquer much of southeastern Europe?- In 1453, the Ottoman Empire conquered mush of the southern Europe.

7. From where could European merchants buy Asian goods from Muslims?- European merchants could buy Asian goods from Alexandria, Egypt.

8. Why did Europeans long for a sea route to Asia?- Europeans longed for a sea route to Asia that would allow them to bypass

the Muslims and purchase Asian products directly.9. What did European princes and kings quickly realize?

- European princes and kings quickly realized that the first nation to find such a route could become very wealthy by monopolizing the highly profitable Asian trade.

10. What was the first nation seeking a sea route to Asia.- Portugal was the first nation seeking a sea route to Asia.

11. Who established a school for navigators?- Prince Henry established a school for navigators.

12. When did Portuguese conquer Muslim commercial center of Ceuta?- Portuguese conquered Muslim commercial center of Ceuta in 1415.

Early Seafaring Career

Beginning his seagoing career at age of 14, Columbus served on various ships in various roles, including messenger, common sailor and perhaps even as a 21 years old as privateer. Columbus's son stated in History of the Life and Deeds of Christopher Columbus that in 1472, he was given command of a ship on a privateer expedition to Tunis in Northern Africa. In a lost letter, Columbus supposedly related to his son how Rene I, duke of the French province of Anjou, had commissioned Columbus to make




a surprise attack on a large Spanish ship sailing off the coast of north Africa. Most historians doubt, however, that Columbus ever received command of the expedition.

Much more credible, though, is a subsequent expedition. In 1474, Columbus was hired as a sailor on a ship bound for the Island of Khios in the Aegean Sea, an arm of the eastern Mediterranean Sea. This was his first long voyage and must have proved profitable, because after spending a year on the island he was able to become economically independent from his family. This voyage also represents a great Irony in the life of Columbus, the trip to this small island in the Aegean brought him the closest he would ever get to Asia.

On August 13, 1476, a Genoese commercial expedition of five ships bound for England gave Columbus his first opportunity to leave the Mediterranean Sea and sail into the Atlantic Ocean. But it was an inauspicious beginning for Columbus: According to tradition, the entire fleet was attacked by French privateers off Cape Saint Vincent on the southern tip of Portugal. Both sides lost ships , Columbus, one of the unfortunate ones whose ship was burned, had no escape other than to swim for the Portuguese coast. He made the 10 km (6 miles) to shore by clinging to wreckage. After regaining his strength in the port of Lagos. Columbus made his way to Lisbon and its large community of Genoese merchants and shipbuilders.




Expansion of Arabs into Southern Europe

Spread of Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries: the religion of Islam spread through conversion and military conquest throughout the Middle East and North Africa. By 733, just 100 years after the death of Mohammad, the founder of Islam, an ordered Islamic state stretched from India in the East to Spain in the west.

By 719 Muslims controlled most of Iberian Peninsula. The Moors, as the Muslim Conquerors came to be known, pushed northward into France, where their advance was repelled by Frankish leader Charles Martin in 732 near Poitiers. The Moors then retreated south of the Pyrenees, and for the next several centuries they dominated nearly all of Spain.

At first, Islamic Spain or Al-Andulus, as it was known, was ruled as part of the province of North Africa, a division of the caliphate of Damascus. At that time, Damascus, in modern Syria, was the capital of the Islamic world and the residence of the powerful Umayyad caliphs (religious and secular leaders). The power of the caliphate in Spain was weak, however, and governors (emirs) appointed by Damascus had little real authority. In 750, the Abbasids deposed the Umayyad ruling family in Damascus and claimed their caliphate.

The Moorish influence in Cordoba, Spain, dates from the 8th century, when it became a Muslim caliphate. This city includes the cathedral, originally an impressive mosque.

Abd-al-Rahman I, a member of the Umayyad family, fled from Syria and established an independent emirate at Cordoba in southern Spain in 756. His Iberian Umayyad dynasty centralized power and ruled Al-Andulus for almost 300 years.

Cordoba reached its peak under Abd-al-Rahman III, who established the caliphate of Cordoba in 929. By then Cordoba was one of the largest and most cosmopolitan cities in the Mediterranean world.

Over time, ruling elites across Muslim Spain Cordoba and other Muslim cities, challenged to became independent. This trend accelerated in 1036 with the death of last Umayyad caliphs. Spain fragmented into a mosaic of small, independent Muslim




kingdoms, known as taifas. The most important of these were Cordoba, Seville, Granada, Toledo, Lisbon, Zaragoza, Murcia and Valencia.

VOCABULARY

spread of Islam االسالم انتشار ruling family العائلةالحاكمة

religion دين claimed ادعىconversion The Moorish

influenceالتأثير

military conquest عسكري فتح Cordoba قرطبةMiddle East االوسط الشرق architecture هندسة

معماريةThe founder of Islam

مؤسساالسالم originally باالصل

Islamic state االسالمية الدولة impressive لالعجاب مثيرstretched اتسعت mosque مسجدIndia الهند member عضوSpain اسيانيا fled من هربeast شرق an independent

Emirateمستقلة امارة

west غرب dynasty ساللةnorth شمال centralizedsouth جنوب power سلطةeastern الشرقي reached its peak ذروتها وصلتwestern الغربي largest اكبرsouthern الجنوبي cosmopolitan عالميnorthern الشمالي Mediterranean البحر

المتوسطcontrolled على سيطر over time الزمن بمرورIberian Peninsula جزيرة شبه

ابيرياelites

the Moors challenged نافس, بارزpushed northward باتجاه اندفع

الشمالtrend اتجاه

repelled صدت accelerated تسريعPyrenees البيرينيه death موت




dominated سيطرعلى,على هيمن

fragmented الى تجزء

Al-Andulus االندلس taifas ملوكالطوائف

ruled ٍ حكم Seville اشبيلياprovince والية Granada غرناطةcaliphate خليفة Toledo توليدوDamascus دمشق Lisbon الشبوناSyria سوريا Zaragoza سرقسطةcapital عاصمة Murcia موريسياIslamic world االسالمي العالم Valencia فالنسياresidence اقامة appointed by قبل من عينpowerful قوي real authority حقيقية سلطةUmayyad caliphs امويين الخلفاء deposed عزل , انهىreligious دينيsecular مدنيgovernors حكام

TRANSLATION

أوروبا جنوب إلى العرب توسع

Spread of Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries: the religion of Islam spread through conversion and military conquest throughout the Middle East and North Africa. By 733, just 100 years after the death of Mohammad, the founder of Islam, an ordered Islamic state stretched from India in the East to Spain in the west.

: التحول خالل من االسالمي الدين انتشر والثامن السابع القرنين في االسالم انتشار . عام وفي افريقيا وشمال االوسط فيالشرق العسكرية النبي 733والفتوحات وفاة وبعد

, اسبانيا, الى شرقا الهند من االسالمية الدولة امتدت عام بمئة االسالم مؤسس محمدغربا.

By 719 Muslims controlled most of Iberian Peninsula. The Moors, as the Muslim Conquerors came to be known, pushed northward into France, where their advance




was repelled by Frankish leader Charles Martin in 732 near Poitiers. The Moors then retreated south of the Pyrenees, and for the next several centuries they dominated nearly all of Spain.

عام . 719وفي او المغاربة وجاء االبيريه الجزيرة شبه معظم على المسلمون سيطرقاومهم حيث فرنسا الى الشمال باتجاه واندفعوا حينها عرفوا كما المسلمين الفاتحين

عام بواتير من بالقرب مارتن جارلس الفرنسي الى. 732القائد المغاربة تراجع حيث . , قرون لعدة تقريبا اسبانيا كل على وهيمنوا البراينس جبال جنوب

At first, Islamic Spain or Al-Andulus, as it was known, was ruled as part of the province of North Africa, a division of the caliphate of Damascus. At that time, Damascus, in modern Syria, was the capital of the Islamic world and the residence of the powerful Umayyad caliphs (religious and secular leaders). The power of the caliphate in Spain was weak, however, and governors (emirs) appointed by Damascus had little real authority. In 750, the Abbasids deposed the Umayyad ruling family in Damascus and claimed their caliphate.

, , شمال والية من كجزء وحكمت االندلس ببالد االسالمية اسباتيا عرفت البداية في , . العالم عاصمة كانت حديثا سوريا في دمشق االموية الخالفة من جزء هي التي افريقيا .( سلطة ( مدنيين وقادة دين علماء هم الخلفاء االقوياء االمويين للخلفاء ومقرا االسالميسلطة ولديهم دمشق قبل من يعينون والحكام ضعيفة كانت اسبانيا في الخليفة قوة او

. عام وفي ما نوعا وادعوا 750قليلة الحاكمة االموية العائلة وعزلوا العباسيون جاءخالفتهم.

The Moorish influence in Cordoba, Spain, dates from the 8th century, when it became a Muslim caliphate. This city includes the cathedral, originally an impressive mosque.

, , تحت اسبانيا اصبحت حيث الثامن القرن من يؤرخ اسبانيا في قرطية في المغاربة نفوذالروعة غاية مسجدا باالساسكان هو الذي الكاثديرل تضم وقرطبة االسالمية .الحالفة

Abd-al-Rahman I, a member of the Umayyad family, fled from Syria and established an independent emirate at Cordoba in southern Spain in 756. His Iberian Umayyad dynasty centralized power and ruled Al-Andulus for almost 300 years.




, مستقلة امارة واسس الشام بالد من فر االموية، العائلة افراد هواحد االول الرحمن عبدعام اسبانيا جنوبي في قرطبة االندلس. 756في بالد حكمت الحاكمة االموية ساللته وان

.300لمدة عام Cordoba reached its peak under Abd-al-Rahman III, who established the caliphate of Cordoba in 929. By then Cordoba was one of the largest and most cosmopolitan cities in the Mediterranean world.

, كانت الذي الثالث الرحمن عبد حكم تحت كانت عندما ذروتها اوج الى قرطبة وصلتفي .929خالفنه المتوسط. البحر حوض في العالمية المدت اكبر احد قرطبة كانت عندها

Over time, ruling elites across Muslim Spain Cordoba and other Muslim cities, challenged to became independent. This trend accelerated in 1036 with the death of last Umayyad caliphs. Spain fragmented into a mosaic of small, independent Muslim kingdoms, known as taifas. The most important of these were Cordoba, Seville, Granada, Toledo, Lisbon, Zaragoza, Murcia and Valencia.

, , تنافست اخرى اسالمية ومدن قرطبة السبانيا الحاكمة النخب وتحت الزمن بمرور . في تسارع الميول هذا مستقلة , 1036لتصبح تجزأت حيث االمويين الخلفاء اخر وفاة مع

. ومن الطوائف بملوك عرفت مستقلة صغيرة اسالمية لمماليك فسيفساء الى اسباتياوفالنسيا وموريسيا وسرقسطة ولشبونا وتوليدو واشبيليا وغرناطة قرطبة اهمها

QUESTIONS

1. When did religion of Islam spread?- Islam spread in 7th and 8th centuries.

2. How did religion of Islam spread?- The religion of Islam spread through conversion and military conquest.

3. Who is the founder of Islam?- Prophet Mohammed is the founder of Islam.

4. When did Islamic state stretch from India to Spain?- The Islamic state stretched from India to Spain in 733.

5. When did Muslims control most of Iberian Peninsula?- They controlled most of Iberian Peninsula in 719.

6. What were Muslims conquerors known as?




- Muslims conquerors were known as the Moors. 7. Who repelled Muslim conquerors? And where? And when?

- Muslims conquerors repelled by Frankish Leader Charles Martel near Poitiers in 732.

8. What was Damascus?- Damascus was the capital of the Islamic world and the residence of the

powerful Umayyad caliphs.9. Had governors (emirs) real authority?

- Emirs had little real authority.10.When did Abbasids depose the Umayyad family?

- Abbasids deposed the Umayyad family in 750.11.What was Cathedral?

- Cathedral was an impressive masque.12.Who was Abd-al-Rahman I?

- Abd-al-Rahman I was a member of the Umayyad family.13.When did Abd-al-Rahman I establish an independent emirate?

- Abd-al-Rahman I established an independent emirate in 756.14.How many years did Umayyad dynasty centralize and rule Al-Andualus?

- Umayyad dynasty centralized and ruled Al-Andualus for 300 years.15.Who reached Cordoba its peak?

- Abd-al-Rahman III reached Cordoba its peak.16.When did Abd-al-Rahman III establish Cordoba?

- Abd-al-Rahman III established Cordoba in 929. 17.Was Cordoba one of the largest and most cosmopolitan cities in the

Mediterranean world?- Yes, Cordoba was one of the largest and most cosmopolitan cities in the

Mediterranean world18.What did Spain fragment into?

- Spain fragmented into a mosaic of small independent Muslim kingdoms known as taifas.




Life in Muslim Spain

Alhambra in Granada, Spain:. The Alhambra complex sits on a hill at the base of the Sierra Nevada mountain range in Granada, Spain. The Alhambra is made up of three distinct areas: a fortress known as the Alcazaba, extensive gardens called Generalife, and the royal palace. The Alcazaba, parts of which date to the 11th century, is the oldest part of the complex. During the 13th and 14th centuries, Spain’s Moorish rulers built the Generalife and the royal palace in the Islamic architectural style. This photo faces the Alcazaba, with parts of the royal palace showing an impressive background.

Spanish society became increasingly complex under Muslim rule. This is partly because Islamic conquest did not involve the systematic conversion of the conquered population to Islam. Islam restricted the ability of Muslim rulers to tax other Muslims. At the same time, Christians and Jews were recognized under Islam as "peoples of the book" Christianity and Judaism shared with Islam the tradition of the Old Testament, and Islam considered Jesus Christ as a major prophet. Thus, Christians and Jews were free to practice their religion, but they had to pay a prescribed poll tax. Conversion to Islam therefore proceeded slowly. In many areas




Muslim rulers found it easier to rely on the existing Christian network of the local authority.

The Roman Catholic church in Muslim Spain continued to function, although it lost contact with religious reforms in Rome. Muslim Spain came to include a growing number of Mozarabic Christians, people who adopted Arabic language and culture and followed forms of religious service different from those of Rome. In addition, Jews held prominent positions in government, commerce, and the professions under Muslim rule.

The Muslim Community in Spain was itself diverse and beset by social tensions. From the beginning the Berber tribes people of North Africa clashed with the Arabs of Egypt and the Middle East. The Berbers, who were comparatively recent converts to Islam. Accounted for the largest share of Moors in Spain and they resented the sophisticated and aristocratic pretension of the Arab elite. Meanwhile, many Christians in Spain, including Visicothic nobles, converted to Islam. Conversion was commonplace among merchants, large landowners, and other local elites. Drawn into the politics of Islamic power, many Christians found that conversion made it easier to maintain their influence. Despite being Muslim, however, former Christians often faced discrimination. These tensions led to struggle between the established Muslim leadership and local lords from once Christian families.

Spain was wealthy and sophisticated under Islamic rule. Mediterranean trade and cultural exchange flourished. Muslims imported a rich intellectual tradition from the middle East and North Africa, including knowledge about mathematics, science and philosophy, and they continued to build open it in Spain. Crops and farming techniques introduced by the Arabs, including new irrigation practices, led to a remarkable expansion of agriculture. In towns and cities, the Muslims constructed magnificent mosques, palaces, and other architectural monuments, many of which still stand today. Outside the cities the mixture of large estates and small farms that existed in Roman times remained largely intact, because Muslim leaders rarely dispossessed landowners. The Muslim conquerors were relatively few in number and they generally tried to maintain to maintain good relations with their subjects.




Roman, Jewish and Muslim culture interacted in complex ways. A large part of the population gradually adopted Arabic. Even Jews and Christians often spoke Arabic, while Hebrew and Latin were frequently written in Arabic script. These diverse traditions interchanged in ways that gave Spanish culture- religion, literature, music, art and architecture and writing systems, a rich and distinctive heritage0.

Vocabulary

Alhambra complex الحمراء مجمع Mozarabic Christians المسحيينالمستعربيين

sits on يقع adopted تبنىhill تل Arabic language العربية اللغةmountain جبل culture ثقافةdistinct areas مميزة مناطق prominent دائمfortress غابات positions وظائفAlcazaba القاضبة government حكومةextensive gardens غتاء حدائق commerce تجارةthe royal palace الملكي القصر professions مهنoldest part جزء اقدم diverse تنوعface يواجه beset به تحدقbackground خلفية social tensions التوتورات

االجتماعيةshowing تظهر Berber البربرincreasingly complex بتزايد معقد tribes people قبيليين اناسinvolve يتضمن North Africa افريقيا شمالsystematic conversion منظم تحول clashed with مع اشتبكتrestricted محددة Arabs of Egypt مصر عربtax ضريبة comparatively نسبياChristians المسيحيون recent converts المتحولون

حديثاJews اليهود resented استاءfinancially advantageous

ماليا مستفيد accounted for ب استاثر

peoples of the book الكناب اهل sophistication التطورChristianity المسيحية الديانة aristocratic pretensions المظاهر




االرستقراطيةJudaism اليهودية الديانة Visigoth nobles القوط النبالء

الغربيينmajor prophet اولي من نبي

العزمcommonplace مألوف

Jesus Christ المسيح عيسى merchants تجارpractice يمارس large landowners االراضي مالك

الكبيرةpay يدفع local elites المحلية النحبprescribed المشرعة Drawn into االنجرارpoll tax الجزية ضريبة politics السياسة existing الموجود Islamic power السلطة

االسالميةChristian network من شبكة

المسيحيونmaintain المحافظة

local authority المحلية السلطة their influence نفوذهمRoman Catholic Church

الكنيسة الكاثولوكيةالرومانية

discrimination تمييز

continued استمر struggles نضاالتfunction يوظف Muslim leadership المسلمين قيادةlost contact االتصال فقد local lords السادة

المحليينreligious reform الديني االصالح wealthy ثريRome روما architectural

monumentsمعمارية معالم

sophisticated متطوره still stand today موجودة التزالاليوم

Islamic rule االسالمي الحكم large estates كبيرة دولtrade and cultural exchange

التجاري التبادلوالثقافي

small farms صغيرة مزارع

flourished ازدهر intactimported استورد Muslim leaders القادة

المسلمونa rich intellectual tradition

الفكري التقليدالعريق

dispossessed جردوا

knowledge المعرفة generally عموما




mathematics الرياضيات علم tried حاولscience العلوم good relations جيدة عالقاتphilosophy الفلسفة population سكان عددCrops and farming techniques

واساليب محاصيلزراعية

frequently written مرارا كتبت

introduced by the Arab من المقدمةالعرب

Arabic scripts نصوصعربية

new irrigation practices

جديدة ممارساتالراي في

diverse traditions متنوعة تقاليد

led to الى قادت interchanged متبادلremarkable expansion ملحوظ توسع a rich and distinctive

heritageغنيا ارث

ومتميزاagriculture الزراعةconstructed شيدتmagnificent mosques رائعة مساجدpalaces قصور

TRANSLATION

Life in Muslim Spain

Alhambra in Granada, Spain:. The Alhambra complex sits on a hill at the base of the Sierra Nevada mountain range in Granada, Spain. The Alhambra is made up of three distinct areas: a fortress known as the Alcazaba, extensive gardens called Generalife, and the royal palace. The Alcazaba, parts of which date to the 11th century, is the oldest part of the complex. During the 13th and 14th centuries, Spain’s Moorish rulers built the Generalife and the royal palace in the Islamic architectural style. This photo faces the Alcazaba, with parts of the royal palace showing an impressive background.

المسلمة اسبانيا في الحياة

. , في سيرانيفادا جبل أعتاب على تل على الحمراء مجمع يقع اسبانيا غرناطة في الحمراء : . بالقاضبة تعرف غابات مميزة مناطق ثالث من مؤلف المجمع وهذا باسبانيا غرناطة

. عشر الحادي القرن الى تعود القاضبة ان الحكم وقصر بالجنرااليف تدعى غناء وحدائق




. الحكم وقصر الجنرااليف شيدوا المغاربة الحكام بينما المجمع هذا في جزء اقدم وهي . طراز ان إسالمي معماري هندسي بطراز عشر والرابع عشر الثالث القرنين خالل

رائعة لخلفية صورة تظهر القصر من واجزاء .الحدائقSpanish society became increasingly complex under Muslim rule. This is partly

because Islamic conquest did not involve the systematic conversion of the conquered population to Islam. Islam restricted the ability of Muslim rulers to tax other Muslims. At the same time, Christians and Jews were recognized under Islam as "peoples of the book" Christianity and Judaism shared with Islam the tradition of the Old Testament, and Islam considered Jesus Christ as a major prophet. Thus, Christians and Jews were free to practice their religion, but they had to pay a prescribed poll tax. Conversion to Islam therefore proceeded slowly. In many areas Muslim rulers found it easier to rely on the existing Christian network of the local authority.

. بشكل يعود ذلك االسالمي الحكم ظل في متزايد بشكل معقدا االسباني المجتمع اصبح . ان كما االسالم الى للسكان منظم تحول يتضمن لم االسالمي الفتح ان الى جزئي

. الوقت في المسلمين غير على الضريبة لفرض المسلمين الحكام امكانية حدد االسالماليهودية " " الديانة تشترك حيث الكتاب اهل هم والنصارى اليهود اعتبر االسالم نفسه، , المسيح عيسى االسالم يعتبر كما منزلة سماوية اديان بانها االسالم مع والمسيحية

. بحرية الدينية طقوسهم يمارسون والنصارى اليهود كان هكذا العزم اولي من رسول . ببطء يمضي االسالمي الدين الى التحول كان لذلك المحددة الجزية دفع عليهم لكن

النصارى شبكة على االعتماد السهل من انه عديدة مناطق في المسلمين القادة ووجد. المحلية السلطة في الموجودة

QUESTIONS

1. Where does Alhambra complex sit on?- The Alhambra complex sits on a hill at the base of the Sierra Nevada mountain range in Granada, Spain

2. What is Alhambra complex made of?- The Alhambra is made up of three distinct areas: a fortress known as the

Alcazaba, extensive gardens called Generalife, and the royal palace.




3. What is Alcazaba?- The Alcazaba, parts of which date to the 11th century, is the oldest part of

the complex,4. When did Moorish rulers build the Genralife and the royal palace?

- Moorish rulers built the Generalife and the royal palace during the 13th and 14th centuries.

5. What were Christians and Jews recognized under Islam?- Christians and Jews were recognized under Islam as "peoples of the book".

6. Who should pay the tax to Muslims?- Christians and Jews should pay the tax to Muslims.

7. Were Christians and Jews free to practice their religion?- Yes, they were.

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