Cold War: The Early YearsCold War: The Early Years

Chapter 26 Section 2Chapter 26 Section 2

The Long TelegramThe Long Telegram Long Telegram – American Embassy in Long Telegram – American Embassy in

Moscow attempt to explain Soviet b/hMoscow attempt to explain Soviet b/h Written by George Kennan – explained his Written by George Kennan – explained his

views of Soviet goalsviews of Soviet goals Long Telegram stated:Long Telegram stated:

– Soviet views came from a traditional Russian Soviet views came from a traditional Russian sense of insecurity and fear of the Westsense of insecurity and fear of the West

– Intensified by the ideas of Lenin and StalinIntensified by the ideas of Lenin and Stalin– B/l they were in a long term struggle against B/l they were in a long term struggle against

capitalismcapitalism– It was impossible to reach any permanent It was impossible to reach any permanent

settlement w/ the Sovietssettlement w/ the Soviets

The Long TelegramThe Long Telegram Kennan proposed what b/c the basic American Kennan proposed what b/c the basic American

policy throughout the Cold Warpolicy throughout the Cold War– A long term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of A long term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of

Russian expansive tendenciesRussian expansive tendencies– If the US could keep the Soviets from expanding their If the US could keep the Soviets from expanding their

power it was only a matter of time until the Soviet power it was only a matter of time until the Soviet system would fall apartsystem would fall apart Communism could be beaten w/o going to warCommunism could be beaten w/o going to war

The Long Telegram gave rise to the policy of The Long Telegram gave rise to the policy of containmentcontainment– Containment – keeping communism w/i its present Containment – keeping communism w/i its present

territory through the use of diplomatic, economic, and territory through the use of diplomatic, economic, and military actionsmilitary actions

The Truman DoctrineThe Truman Doctrine

March 1947 – Truman went b/f congress to March 1947 – Truman went b/f congress to ask for $400 million to fight Communist ask for $400 million to fight Communist aggression in Greece and Turkeyaggression in Greece and Turkey

Goals of the Truman DoctrineGoals of the Truman Doctrine– Aid free peoples who are resisting attempted Aid free peoples who are resisting attempted

subjugation by armed minorities or by outside subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressurespressures

– Immediate effect – to stabilize the Greek govt. Immediate effect – to stabilize the Greek govt. and ease Soviet demands in Turkeyand ease Soviet demands in Turkey

– Long run effect – it pledged the US to fight Long run effect – it pledged the US to fight communism world widecommunism world wide

The Marshall PlanThe Marshall Plan

June 1947 – Secretary of State George C. June 1947 – Secretary of State George C. Marshall proposed the European Recovery Marshall proposed the European Recovery ProgramProgram– B/c known as the Marshall PlanB/c known as the Marshall Plan

Marshall PlanMarshall Plan– Give European nations American aid to rebuild their Give European nations American aid to rebuild their

economies after the destruction of WWIIeconomies after the destruction of WWII To prevent them from b/c communist out of desperationTo prevent them from b/c communist out of desperation

– Soviet Union and it’s satellite nations in E. Europe Soviet Union and it’s satellite nations in E. Europe rejected the offer and developed their own economic rejected the offer and developed their own economic programprogram While America pumped money into Western EuropeWhile America pumped money into Western Europe

– Western Europe’s recovery weakened the appeal of Western Europe’s recovery weakened the appeal of communism and opened new markets for tradecommunism and opened new markets for trade

The Formation of West GermanyThe Formation of West Germany The US, Britain, and France announce they were The US, Britain, and France announce they were

merging their zones of Germany and allowing the merging their zones of Germany and allowing the Germans to have their own govt.Germans to have their own govt.

They also merged their zones in BerlinThey also merged their zones in Berlin– Which was located in the Soviet zone of GermanyWhich was located in the Soviet zone of Germany

New nation – Federal Republic of GermanyNew nation – Federal Republic of Germany– B/c known as West GermanyB/c known as West Germany– Economy completely separate from the SU zoneEconomy completely separate from the SU zone– Not allowed to have a military, but other than that it was Not allowed to have a military, but other than that it was

independentindependent

The Soviet zone of Germany b/c known as East The Soviet zone of Germany b/c known as East GermanyGermany

The Berlin CrisisThe Berlin Crisis June 1948 – Stalin cut all road and rail traffic to June 1948 – Stalin cut all road and rail traffic to

West BerlinWest Berlin– The creation of West Germany had convinced Stalin The creation of West Germany had convinced Stalin

that he would never get the reparations he wantedthat he would never get the reparations he wanted– Truman then sent long-range bombers w/ atomic Truman then sent long-range bombers w/ atomic

weapons to bases in Britainweapons to bases in Britain The challenge – to keep West Berlin alive w/o The challenge – to keep West Berlin alive w/o

provoking war w/ the Soviet Unionprovoking war w/ the Soviet Union June 1948 – Truman ordered the Berlin Air Lift to June 1948 – Truman ordered the Berlin Air Lift to

b/gb/g– For 11 months cargo planes supplied Berliners w/ food, For 11 months cargo planes supplied Berliners w/ food,

medicine, and coalmedicine, and coal– Stalin finally lifted the blockade in May of 1949Stalin finally lifted the blockade in May of 1949– America was determined to stand by BerlinAmerica was determined to stand by Berlin

The Creation of NATOThe Creation of NATO

Berlin blockade convinced many Americans that Berlin blockade convinced many Americans that the Soviets were bent on conquestthe Soviets were bent on conquest

April 1949 – agreement to create the North April 1949 – agreement to create the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)– A mutual defense allianceA mutual defense alliance

NATO members agreed to come to the aid of any NATO members agreed to come to the aid of any member who was attackedmember who was attacked– 11stst time America had committed itself to maintaining time America had committed itself to maintaining

peace in Europepeace in Europe– 6 years later NATO allowed West Germany to rearm 6 years later NATO allowed West Germany to rearm

themselves and join its organizationthemselves and join its organization

Soviet Response to NATOSoviet Response to NATO

Allowing West Germany to rearm and join Allowing West Germany to rearm and join NATO upset the SovietsNATO upset the Soviets

The Soviet Union responded by organizing The Soviet Union responded by organizing the Warsaw Pactthe Warsaw Pact– Alliance b/w Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Alliance b/w Czechoslovakia, East Germany,

Hungary, Poland, Romania, etcHungary, Poland, Romania, etc– Now Europe was once again divided into hostile Now Europe was once again divided into hostile

alliancesalliances

The Korean WarThe Korean War At the end of WWII US and Soviet forces entered At the end of WWII US and Soviet forces entered

Korea to disarm the Japanese troops stationed Korea to disarm the Japanese troops stationed therethere

Korea was divided at the 38Korea was divided at the 38thth parallel line of parallel line of latitudelatitude– The Soviet Union controlled the NorthThe Soviet Union controlled the North

North Korea had a communist govt.North Korea had a communist govt.– The US controlled the SouthThe US controlled the South

South Korea had an American-backed govt.South Korea had an American-backed govt.– Both govt. claimed authority over all of KoreaBoth govt. claimed authority over all of Korea

June 25, 1950 – N. Korean troops invaded S. June 25, 1950 – N. Korean troops invaded S. KoreaKorea– They quickly drove back the poorly equipped S. Korean They quickly drove back the poorly equipped S. Korean

forcesforces

Korean War: US IntervenesKorean War: US Intervenes

Truman saw the invasion of S. Korea as a test to Truman saw the invasion of S. Korea as a test to America’s containment policy America’s containment policy – Truman ordered the US navy and airpower into actionTruman ordered the US navy and airpower into action– Truman then called on the UN to actTruman then called on the UN to act

He succeeded b/c the Soviet delegate was boycotting the He succeeded b/c the Soviet delegate was boycotting the Security CouncilSecurity Council

Under the leadership of General MacArthur, Under the leadership of General MacArthur, American troops were sent from Japan to the American troops were sent from Japan to the Korean peninsulaKorean peninsula– The troops fought the N. Koreans back across the 38The troops fought the N. Koreans back across the 38thth

parallel and beyond all the way to the border w/ Chinaparallel and beyond all the way to the border w/ China

Korean War: China EntersKorean War: China Enters

The Chinese saw the advancing UN troops as a The Chinese saw the advancing UN troops as a threat and warned forces to halt their advancethreat and warned forces to halt their advance– UN troops ignored the warningUN troops ignored the warning

China launched a massive attack across the China launched a massive attack across the border driving the UN forces back across the 38border driving the UN forces back across the 38 thth parallelparallel

MacArthur then demanded approval to expand the MacArthur then demanded approval to expand the war against China, he asked for…war against China, he asked for…– A blockade against Chinese portsA blockade against Chinese ports– The use of Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalist forcesThe use of Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalist forces– Bombing of Chinese cities w/ atomic weaponsBombing of Chinese cities w/ atomic weapons

Korean War: MacArthur is FiredKorean War: MacArthur is Fired

Truman refuses MacArthur’s demands b/c Truman refuses MacArthur’s demands b/c he did not want to expand the war into he did not want to expand the war into China or to use the atomic bombChina or to use the atomic bomb– MacArthur publicly criticized the presidentMacArthur publicly criticized the president– Truman fires MacArthur for insubordination Truman fires MacArthur for insubordination

Truman remained committed to limited warTruman remained committed to limited war– Such as containing communismSuch as containing communism

The Korean War: Cools downThe Korean War: Cools down

Truman chose General Matthew Ridgway to Truman chose General Matthew Ridgway to replace MacArthurreplace MacArthur

By mid 1951, UN forces had pushed the By mid 1951, UN forces had pushed the Chinese and N. Korean forces back across Chinese and N. Korean forces back across the 38the 38thth parallel parallel– The war settled into a series of small battlesThe war settled into a series of small battles

November 1951 – peace negotiations b/g November 1951 – peace negotiations b/g but an armistice would not be signed until but an armistice would not be signed until July 1953July 1953

Armistice Finally SignedArmistice Finally Signed

When Eisenhower becomes president in When Eisenhower becomes president in 1953 he was committed to ending the costly 1953 he was committed to ending the costly and unpopular war in Koreaand unpopular war in Korea– Ike quietly let the Chinese know that the US Ike quietly let the Chinese know that the US

might continue the war “under circumstances of might continue the war “under circumstances of our own choosing”our own choosing” A hint at nuclear attack – Ike’s use of brinkmanship!!!A hint at nuclear attack – Ike’s use of brinkmanship!!!

Korean War: The EndingKorean War: The Ending

July 1953 – negotiators sign an armisticeJuly 1953 – negotiators sign an armistice– The battle line b/w the two sides b/c the border The battle line b/w the two sides b/c the border

b/w N. and S. Korea b/w N. and S. Korea Very near the prewar boundaryVery near the prewar boundary

– A demilitarized zone separated themA demilitarized zone separated them

There was no real victory but…There was no real victory but…– The war had stopped the spread of communism The war had stopped the spread of communism

in Koreain Korea The goal of containment is reached!!!The goal of containment is reached!!!

The Korean War: EffectsThe Korean War: Effects 33,600 American soldiers died in action33,600 American soldiers died in action 2,800 American soldiers died from accidents 2,800 American soldiers died from accidents

or from diseaseor from disease The Korean war…The Korean war…

– 11stst time the US went to war to contain time the US went to war to contain communismcommunism

– After the Korean war the US b/g to buildup the After the Korean war the US b/g to buildup the militarymilitary

– Expanded the Cold War to AsiaExpanded the Cold War to Asia– American aid b/g to flow to the French forces American aid b/g to flow to the French forces

fighting Communist guerillas in Vietnamfighting Communist guerillas in Vietnam