Cold War Answers

7/26/2019 Cold War Answers

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1. After WW2 which two countries emerged as the world’s biggest superpowers? USA and USSR

2. Why were they united during WW2? hey both feared !acism so were "oined# despite the

differneces in ideologies and economic systems

$. After the defeat of %ermany and &apan what happened? he common enemy was destroyed and

they no longer had to be united

'. Why did a political (acuum in )urope pro(ide a catalyst to trigger the cold war? USSR wanted

complete control and a lac* of political security enabled Stalin to begin to achie(e this# whereas

the USA wanted to ma*e )urope stable and feared the spreading of communism

+. ,escribe at last four differences between communism and capitalism -apitalism is based on a

democratic system# property and business privately owned# divide between rich and poor#

freedom of choice. Communism is based on a dictatorship, people’s li(es were controlled and

they had few rights# government owned everything, guaranteed jobs with a lower living

standard

. Why did the USA follow a policy of isolationism between 1/20s and $0s? they did not wish to

get in(ol(ed with the politics of other countries if they could a(oid it# howe(er the spread of

communism forced them to reconsider

. Why did Stalin want to control the countries on the borders of the USSR? e belie(ed that

the USSR would only be safe if the countries on its borders were under Stalins control

3. ,escribe 4AR) Beliefs5 Russia was communist# USA was capitalist

Aims5 stalin wanted %ermany to pay for damage and USA wanted %ermany to reco(er

Resentment5 USSR did not trust the USA as they had tried to pre(ent the Russian re(olution

and USA did not trust the USSR after they signed the 6a7i8So(iet 9act

E(ents turned into war

/. What happened during the :alta -onference of 1/'+ and how did the three men get along?

-hurchill# Stalin and Roose(elt got on well and agreed to di(ide %ermany into four 7ones# di(ide

4erlin into four 7ones; gi(e people in )astern )urope the right to hold free elections# USSR



would "oin the war against &apan in return for territory in <anchuria and Sa*halin =sland#

agreed to mo(e the 9olish frontier westward in return for Stalin lea(ing %reece alone

10. When did Roose(elt die? April 1/'+

11. ow was ruman different to Roose(elt? <uch less tolerant of communism

12. What happened at 9otsdam in 1/'+? Attlee# Stalin and ruman disagreed. ruman informed

Stalin about the new >atom bomb’ and after the test’s success an arms race was triggered.

After %erman defeat 4ritain and US began to withdraw forces but Stalin didn’t and ignored

protests about remaining in 9oland. hey agreed to try the 6a7i leaders as war criminals and

use the der 6eisse ri(er line to form 9oland8%erman border

1$. Why did tensions between USSR and USA rise? Stalin wanted a <editerranean na(al base but

the US disagreed as they didn’t see a need and this resulted in Stalin belie(ing the allies

distrusted him. Stalin wanted more reparations but the USA did not want to cripple %ermany

after the results of the reaty of @ersailles and Stalin became suspicious of their moti(es

1'. Why did the alliance brea* down? An American ambassador in Russia reported Stalin had gi(en

a speech calling for a destruction of capitalism and the impro(ement of USSR Red Army. A

Russian ambassador in America reported ruman desired to dominate the world and American’s

were being prepared for war.

1+. What and when was the =ron -urtain speech by Winston -hurchill? 1/' depicted how the state

of peace >fought to build’ would be disallowed in -ommunist’s were allowed to create a

totalitarian state. =n response Stalin li*ened -hurchiull to itler

1. What is a satellite state? A state controlled by another country

1. ow did Salami tactics enable USSR more control? he free elections promised at :alta were

rigged so USSR had complete control of the communist states

13. ow had opponents of communism been >dealt’ with? =n 4ulgaria# 9oland and Romania opponents

had been o(erthrown# murdered or frightened into submission

1/. 4y what date did all eastern )uropean states ha(e communist go(ernments? <ay 1/'3

20. What is cominform and why was it set up? Set up in respons to <arshall Aid in 1/'3 to help

tighten Stalin’s control by restricting contact with the West



21. What was -ominform’s aim? o spread communist ideology under Stalin’s influence

22. What is -omecon and when was it set up? 1/'/ to co8ordinate the production of trade of

)astern )uropean countries and economies

2$. What happened after Stalin attempted to o(erthrow %reece in 1/'? he USA supported

%reece to defeat communists in 1/'/

2'. What was the ruman ,octrine and what did it offer and why? 9roposed in 1/' to pre(ent the

spread of communism in a policy of containment. he USA offered money# euipment and ad(ice

to any country they belie(e to be threatened by a communist ta*eo(er in order to pre(ent it

from spreading

2+. What was the <arshall 9lan# when was it set up and why? <arshall 9lan of 1/'3 B )urope owed

C1.+billion to USA. %eorge <arshall suggested C1billion to help rebuild )urope’s economy as

ruman belie(ed communism succeeded when faced with po(erty

2. What pre(ented )astern )uropean countries from accepting <arshall 9lan and what did Stalin

nic*name it as? Stalin forbade )astern )uropean countries from ta*ing the money offered and

called it >dollar imperialism’

2. What and when was the 4erlin 4loc*ade? =n 1/'3 !rench# US and 4ritish 7ones merged to

become ri7onia and with economic aid western %ermany began to reco(er. =n )astern %ermany

and )astern 4erling there was po(erty and hunger so many fled to the west. Stalin saw this as

threatening# especially after the introduction of new currency so cut off )ast and West

%erman’s physical lin*.

23. ow long did the Airlift go on for? he allies airlifted supplies into 4erlin for a period of ten

months

2/. When did Stalin re8open communications? <ay 1/'/

$0. What happened as a result of the 4erlin bloc*ade? 1/'/ ri7onia became !ederal Republic of

%ermany# and in ctober the So(iet 7one became the %erman ,emocratic republic

$1. What was 6A and when was it set up? A military alliance between USA# -anada and most of

western )urope to defend members from attac* in 1/'/



$2. Why and when was the Warsaw 9act set up? 1/++ the so(iet eui(alent of 6A in order to

support USSR

$$. ow far from America is -uba and name three things that the US needed from -uba? 1''*m

from mainland B US business dominated -uba for sugar and tobacco so needed the income#

a(ana was a popular tourist (enue and had a large na(al base in %uantanamo

$'. Who was !ulgencio 4atista and why did the USA support him? A corrupt and unpopular dictator#

supported because of his anti communist (iews

$+. When did !idel -astro come to power and how? !rom 1/+ -astro led a campaign of guerrilla

warfare against 4atista and was successful in 1/+/.

$. What did he do? oo* o(er US owned land and ga(e it to -uban farmers# forged close lin*s with

new USSR leader Dhrusche(# nationalised businesses

$. Why did the 4ay of 9igs happen and when? 1/1 president *ennedy supplied 1#+00 cuban eEiles

with weapons to land in -uba and o(erthrow -astro# but were met by 20#000 -ubans and were

crushed

$3. What was the effect on Dennedy and how did Dhrusche( percei(e him? Dennedy was humiliated#

strengthened -astro’s position and Dhrusche( dedcied Dennedy was wea* and when they met in

1/1 in @ienna D was gi(en the (iew that the USA would not bac* up its policy of containment

$/. Why did Dhrusche( put missiles on -uba? -lose >missile gap’# America had missiles in western

)urope and tur*ey and this would restore balance# the USSR’s missiles were medium range and

cheaper so -uba was an ideal place# missiles in -uba would strengthen bargaining position# -uba

was the only communist country in the western hemisphere

'0. ow did the USA *now there were missiles on -uba? 1/2 1'th ctober US spy plane

photographed missile base

'1. What were Dennedy’s options and what pressure was he under? e could5 do nothing as the USA

had larger nuclear force and a reaction would spar* a war# but it was a sign of wea*ness. e

could ha(e a surgical air stri*e# which would destroy missiles before they became operational

but if not all were destroyed the USSr would launch an attac* and allies would see it as

aggressi(e. e could in(ade which would remo(e missile bases and -astro but pro(o*e and



in(asion of western 4erlin. e could in(ol(e allies which would force so(iet to remo(e missiles

but USSR would ignore diplomacy. r he could ha(e a bloc*ade which would show firm action

without immediate force but would be threatening

'2. What did he do? 4loc*ade because he wanted a means of communicating with Dhrusche( without

causing a war or humiliating him

'$. State a day by day analogy of what happened in -uba

• /th ctober 1/2 B spy plane delayed due to weather

• 1'th ctober 1/2 B spy plane captures construction of missile site

• 1th ctober B )F8-<< formed by Dennedy

• 13th ctober B So(iet !oreing <inister %romylo denises missiles when met by Dennedy

• 22nd ctober B *ennedy announces bloc*ade to American citi7ens

• 2'th ctober B 4loc*ade begins# so(iet ships turn around or slow down# eEcept for one.

American’s put on alert and go to ,)!-6 2 Gstep short of warH

• 2th ctober B Dhrusche( sends a pri(ate letter to Dennedy saying he will remo(e

missiles if Dennedy promises ne(er to in(ade -uba

• 2th ctober B Dhrusche( sends letter proposing remo(al of -uban misiles in eEchange

for US ur*ish missiles remo(al. An American u2 pilot shot down and *illed o(er cuba

and *ennedy openly agrees to first letter and secretly agress to second

• 23th ctober B Dhrusche( announces remo(al of missiles

''. What were the general conseuences of the missile crisis? An agreements that this had been

close to nuclear conflict so an impro(ement in US8So(iet relations made. A direct telephone lin*

between <oscow and Washingont ,- was set up and in 1/$ the est 4an reaty signed

'+. What were the conseuences on the USA? Dennedy’s repputations impro(ed as he had stood up

to a strong communist threat and tough critics in his own go(ernment. 4ut missiles in ur*ey

should ha(e been agreed by 6A# -astro was still in power and Dennedy made enemies with

*ey generals and eEiles

'. What were the conseuences of the USSR? 9re(ented a US in(asion of -uba and ensured it

would remain communist# Dhrusche( was percei(ed to be a peace ma*er and he had persuaded

the remo(al of the ur*ey missiles. 4ut ussr was now distrusted by united nations# so(iet



missiles being remo(ed made them loo* wea*# Dhrusche( couldn’t publicise his success without

openly pro(ing that he had had missiles on cuba and in 1/' he was o(erthrown

'. What were the conseuences on -uba? Iost support from USSr and USA and became poor and

supported communism in south America

'3. 4efore the second world war who ruled @ietnam? !rance

'/. =n 1/'2 who in(aded? &apan

+0. Who defeated them in 1/'+? o -hi <inh

+1. =n 1/+' why were the !rench defeated? ,espite US assistance -hi <inh’s army was too

strong and they were defeated in ,ien 4ien 9hu# and then signed a peace treaty for !rench

withdrawal. As a conseuence @ietnam was di(ided into two

+2. Why did the US get in(ol(ed? Although the peace treaty stated elections would be held in two

years# 9resident )isenhower feared a communist ma"ority so helped 6go ,inh ,iem financially

and militarily.

+$. Who did they support and why was he not popular? ,iem detested peasants and treated them

badly# had a familial go(ernment and refused to hold elections. -onseuently south @ietnames

reisistance @iet -ong were formed

+'. What was the domino theory and who suggested it? president )isenhower said that if one

country fell under communism# it would influence its neighbouring countries to follow the same

path; *nown as the domino theory

++. ow many Jad(isorsK were sent to @ietnam in 1/1 Dennedy sent 1#000 ad(isors

+. What happened in August 1/' and what did it lead to? 9resident &ohnson sent large nu mbers

of combat troops into @ietnam. he %ulf of on*in was where US ships were attac*ed# and

&ohnson was gi(en powers to send weapons and men to fight in @ietnam

+. ,escribe the @ietcong tactics between 1/08+ the @ietcong had about 10#000 soldiers

against the +00#000 American troops# with weapons supplied by -ommunist -hina and USSR.

he @ietcong used %uerilla Warfare after the success of <ao Ledong in -hina# with the

methods including5

•

Retreating after enemy attac*

• Iaunch surprise attac*s on enemy camps



• 9ursue enemy during their retreats

• Ambush troops# lay booby traps etc

• Use local terrain to hide

• Ii(e amongst ci(ilians wearing their clothing

hese tactics were effecti(e and US troops li(ed in constant fear of attac* and ambush# running their

morale low. he @ietcong used -ambodia and laos as a retreat and us troops couldn’t follow

+3. ,escribe the US tactics between 1/08+

• -hemical weapons5 much of the "ungle in South @ietnam was bombed using chemical

weapons# agent orange used to destroy "ungle# napalm highly inflammable and burnt

e(erything it came into contact with

• Search and destroy5

o Us %eneral Westmoreland de(eloped this tactic using helicopters to land

uic*ly o(er (illage and *ill hiding @ietcong

o 4ut @ietcong set traps for ineEperienced soldiers

o

Wrong (illages attac*ed due to out of date intelligence

o Iots of @ietnamese ci(ilian casualties

o 9oor us tactics led to @ietcong support

• 4ombing @ietcong strong holds# supply lines and *ey 6orth @ietnamese cities

• meant @ietcong supply lines were disrupted# industry and military production

was damaged and encourage communists to negotiate and end to war

• but the 6orth @ietnames effort was not completely halted# guerrilla warfare

and tunnels meant bombing didn’t hugely impact# cost og bombing was huge B

1'#000 aircraft destroyed

+/. Why did the American’s withdraw from @ietnam. Iist and describe at least things in 1/

troops were conscripted with a(erage age of 1/ who came from immigrant or poor bac*grounds.

=n 1/3 &ohnson introduced a one year term of ser(ice which meant that eEperienced soldiers

were replaced. <any of the American troops did not belie(e in what they were fighting for#



many Americans too* drug doses# deserted or shot commanding officers >fragging’. +3#000

americans died# &ohnson did not see* reelection and 6iEon began (ietnamisation

0. What was the media influence o(er @ietnam? =n 1/+80 less than 20M of reports contained

co(erage of the dead and wounded. 4y 1/3 well respected Walter -ron*ite publicly suggested

the @ietnam war was unwinnable and initially the US army created the <ilitary Assistance

command @ietnam# in order to liaise with "ournalists so they could be transported into war areas

so long as no info to help @iet -ong was gi(en out

1. What was the et ffensi(e in 1/3? ,uring the et new year @iet -ong attac*ed o(er 100

cities and military targets# around '#+00 (iet cong tied down US and south @ietnamese troops

for two days# losing about 10#000 (iet cong fighters.

2. Was it a turning point and why? :our opinion5 consider 5 C20billion being spent per year on

@ietnam# ci(ilians being *illed# remo(ing positi(e media co(er# ,on berdorf saying >rec*oned

the conclusion that @ietnam War would reuire greater effort for a far longer period of time

than is worth’

$. ,escribe the e(ents at <y Iai in <arch 1/3 and what happened as a conseuence march 1/3

search and destroy mission was informed that @- were hiding in <y Iai (illage in Nuang 6gai

pro(ince. Within ' hours '00 ci(ilians had been *illed and now @ietcong found. he incident was

found out after a soldier ga(e an account of the e(ent in 1//. Iieutenant WWilliam -alley was

found guilty for war crimes# but only ser(ed $years of his 20years sentence. =t undermined the

war effort further

'. Who protested against @ietnam? <any blac* americans# as more African americans were forced

into the fighting with 22.+M of casualties being blac* contrasted to only 11M white..

+. What happened at the Dent State Uni(ersity in 1/0 ner(ous US guardsmen opened fire into a

group of unarmed students protesting about the eEtension of the war itno -ambodia# *illing

four and in"uring 11

. )Eplain what is meant by the term @ietnamisation Remo(al of American troops so that only

@ietnamese were in(ol(ed

. When did US troops fully withdraw? 1/+ under 6iEon



3. %i(e a year by year analysis of the @ietnam war

• 1/05 @ietcong formed in South @ietnam for communism

• 1/15 Iyndon 4 &ohnson (ice president tours Saigon

• 1/25 America’s first combat mission against @ietcong

• 1/$5 &ohnson becomes president B south (ietnames 4uddhist mon*s set themsel(es on

fire in protest of ,iem

• 1/'5 %ulf of on*in B US declares war

• 1/+5 (er 200#000 US troops sent to @ietnam# bombing raids under >peration Rolling

hunder’ code name

• 1/5 American 48+2 hea(y bombers stri*e @ietnam

• 1/5 us secretary of defence admits US bombing raids failed to meet ob"ecti(e

• 1/35 et ffensi(e and <y Iai# peace tal*s in 9aris between 6orth @ietnamese and Us

• 1//5 Anti war demonstrations in respone to <y Iai <assacre

• 1/05 6iEon eEpands ware to -ambodia to pre(ent @ietcong using it as a base

• 1/25 pressure to remo(e US troops B US bomb anoi and aiphong to pressurise o

-hi <inh into ma*ing a decision

• 1/$5 -easefire agreement signed in 9aris

• 1/'5 6orth @ietnames offensi(e against South @ietnam

• 1/+5 Saigon falls to the communists

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