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![Page 1: Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 1 Chapter 1: Introduction to Cognitive Psychology.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061315/56649da85503460f94a94813/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 1
Chapter 1: Introduction to
Cognitive Psychology
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Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 1
Some Questions of Interest
• What is cognitive psychology?
• How did psychology develop as a science?
• How did cognitive psychology develop from psychology?
• How have other disciplines contributed to the development of theory and research in cognitive psychology?
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Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 1
Some Questions of Interest
• What methods do cognitive psychologists use to study how people think?
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Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 1
• http://viscog.beckman.illinois.edu/flashmovie/15.php
• http://viscog.beckman.illinois.edu/flashmovie/23.php
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Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 1
Cognitive Psychology Is…
• The study of how people perceive, learn, remember, and think about information.
Memory
Attention
Perception
Reasoning
Problem Solving Decision
Making
Language
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Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 1
Philosophical Antecedents
Rationalist•Acquire knowledge through thinking and logical analysis
Empiricist •Acquire knowledge via empirical evidence
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Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 1
Rationalism (Plato):René Descartes (1596–1650)
– dualism between a material body and immaterial mind or soul
– mechanistic explanations for the body’s functions
– highest functions of consciousness, will and reasoning, were non-mechanistic
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Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 1
Descartes’s
Early Life
and the
Development
of
His
Method
– Analytic Geometry—integrating algebra and geometry: numerical relationships of algebraic equations are expressed visually through the use of a coordinate graphing system (“cartesian” coordinates)
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Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 1
Pineal Gland
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Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 1
Empiricism (Aristotle)John Locke (1632–1704)—An English philosopher who theorized that the human mind was a tabula rasa at birth, and that all human knowledge comes through experience
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Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 1
Immanuel Kant 1724-1804
•Two domains of reality: noumenal and phenomenal
•Kant’s noumenal world is indirectly “knowable” by the senses, but can it be scientifically studied?
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Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 1
Psychology as science– It can be described spatially– It is not too transient to observe/measure– It can be manipulated experimentally– It can be described mathemetically so Kant provided the question,
Helmholtz’ mechanistic models and Fechner’s math provided the solutions!
•The younger Wundt would follow these two…
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Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 1
Psychological Antecedents:the two “fathers” of psychology?Structuralism•What are the elementary contents (structures) of the human mind?
Functionalism•How and why does the mind work?
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Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 1
•William James (1842–1910)—A Harvard professor who established the first psychology laboratory in America
•1890 textbook The Principles of Psychology
•Philosophy of pragmatism
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Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 1
Edward Lee Thorndike (1874–1949)
• —An American comparative psychologist who studied with James and went on to become the country’s best-known psychologist after James’s death. Thorndike became famous for his studies of trial-and-error learning and formulation of the law of effect, and his studies with Woodworth on the transfer of training.
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Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 1
Law of Effect—Thorndike’s assertion that when certain stimulus-response are followed by pleasure, they are strengthened, while responses followed by annoyance or pain tend to be “stamped out.”
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Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 1
Structuralism(Wundt)
Functionalism(James)
Synthesis:
Associationism(Ebbinghaus & Thorndike)
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Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 1
Psychological Antecedents
Associationism•How can events or ideas become associated in the mind?
Behaviorism•What is the relation between behavior and environment?
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Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 1
Psychological Antecedents
Gestalt Psychology- Cognitions should play an active role in psychology (Wertheimer, Kohler)
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Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 1
Emergence of Cognitive Psychology
• 1950s: development of computers
• artificial intelligence
• A cognitive revolution occurred and increased interest in the study of mental processes (cognitions)
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Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 1
Psychobiology:Karl Spencer Lashley (1890–1959)
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Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 1Alan Turing
•Founder of computer science, mathematician, philosopher, – Broke German
Enigma code in WWII– Openly gay in 1950s
•Arrested and convicted •Likely committed suicide as
a result
(1912-1954)
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Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 1
Ada, Countess of Lovelace• Daughter of the poet, Byron
– Gifted mathematician – wrote first computer program –
calculated sequence of Bernoulli numbers
– The Lovelace Objection
(1815-1852)
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Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 1
Then and Now
CHARLI-2 2012Witch (Wolverhampton Instrument for Teaching Computation from Harwell) 1951
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Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 1
Research Methods
• Controlled experiments
• Psychobiological research
• Self reports
• Case studies
• Naturalistic observation
• Computer simulations and artificial intelligence
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Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 1
In an Experiment…
• Manipulate the independent variable– The “cause”
• Measure the dependent variable– The “effect”
• Control all other variables– Prevent confounds
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Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 1
Typical Independent Variables
•Characteristics of the situation– Presence vs. absence of a stimulus
•Characteristics of the task– Reading vs. listening to words for
comprehension
•Characteristics of participants– Age differences
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Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 1
Typical Dependent Variables
• Percent correct/error rate – Accuracy of mental processing
• Reaction time (milliseconds)– Speed of mental processing
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Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 1
• Cannot infer causation
• Nature of relationship– Positive correlation
– Negative correlation
• Strength of relationship– Determined by size of “r”
Correlational Studies
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Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 1
• An examination of the relationship between confidence and accuracy of eyewitnesses
• What do you think the relationship is?Positive? Negative?
Strong? Weak?
It is not a strong positive correlation!Many studies indicate that high confidence does not mean high accuracy
Example: Correlational Study
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Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 1
Psychobiological Studies
• Postmortem studies– Examine cortex of dyslexics after death
• Brain-damaged individuals and their deficits– Study amnesiacs with hippocampus damage
• Monitor a participant doing a cognitive task– Measure brain activity while a participant is reciting
a poem
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Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 1
Other Methods
• Self-reports– An individual’s own
account of cognitive processes• Verbal protocol, diary
study
• Case studies– In-depth studies of
individuals• Genie, Phineas Gage,
H.M.