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Transcript of Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 2 Chapter 2: Cognitive...
Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 2
Chapter 2: Cognitive Neuroscience
Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 2
Some Questions of Interest
• What are the fundamental structures and processes of the human brain?
• How do researchers study the major structures and processes of the brain?
• What have researchers found as a result of studying the brain?
Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 2
Anatomy of the Brain
Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 2
• Forebrain– Cerebral cortex– Basal ganglia
• Motor movement– Limbic system
Anatomy of the Brain
Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 2
• Septum & Amygdala– Involved in anger, aggression, fear
• Hippocampus– memories
• Thalamus– Relays sensory information to the cerebral cortex
• Hypothalamus– 4 F’s
Anatomy of the Limbic System
Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 2
• Helps to control eye movement and coordination
• Reticular activating system– Controls respiration, cardiovascular
function, digestion, alertness, and sleep
• Brain stem– Vital in basic attention, arousal, and
consciousness
Midbrain
Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 2
• Medulla Oblongata– Breathing,
swallowing, and digestion
• Pons– Relay station
• Cerebellum– Motor coordination,
posture, and maintaining balance
Hindbrain
Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 2
Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex
Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 2
• Contralaterality
• Corpus Callosum– Neural fibers
connecting left and right lobes
– Allows communication between right and left side
Cerebral Cortex
Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 2
Cerebral Cortex: localization and specialization
Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 2
Hemispheric Activity Interferes With Ability to Work a Counter
Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 2
• Wernicke’s area vs. Broca’s area
Specialization of Left Hemisphere
Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 2
What would a split-brain patient say they saw? What would a split-brain patient point to with their left hand?
Split-Brain Demonstration
Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 2
• http://www.ted.com/talks/vilayanur_ramachandran_on_your_mind.html
Brain Disorders
Capgrass syndromePhantom limb
Synesthesia
Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 2
Structure of a Neuron
Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 2
Neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers •Acetylcholine = associated with Alzheimer’s disease
•Dopamine = associated with schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease
•Serotonin = associated with anorexia
Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 2
Group Reaction Time and Neural Speed
Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 2
Viewing Structures and Functions of the Brain
Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 2
• Single-cell recordings
• Selective lesioning
• Genetic knockout procedures• Create animals that lack certain kinds of cells or
receptors in the brain
Animal Studies
Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 2
Human Studies
• Electrical recordings• Event-related potential (ERP)
Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 2
Human Studies
• Static imaging techniques– Angiogram CT
scan; MRI scan
Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 2
• Positron emission tomography (PET)– Radioactive material is injected or inhaled– Participant is then scanned to produce an
image of the brain’s activity
Metabolic Imaging
Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 2
• Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)– Takes a series of images of the brain in
quick succession– Brain areas with more blood flow have
been shown to have better visibility
Metabolic Imaging
Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 2
• Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)– Temporarily disrupt functioning of a particular brain
area– An electrical current passes through a coil on person’s
head, generating a magnetic field
Metabolic Imaging
Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 2
Magnetoencephalography
(MEG)– Measures activity of
the brain from outside the head by picking up magnetic fields emitted by changes in brain activity
Metabolic Imaging
Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition, Robert J. SternbergChapter 2
Brain Disorders
• Stroke
• Brain tumor
• Head injuries
http://www.ted.com/talks/jill_bolte_taylor_s_powerful_stroke_of_insight.html