Cognitive development theory substages
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Transcript of Cognitive development theory substages
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Cognitive Development Theory
Sensorimotor Motor Stage6 Substages1. Simple Reflexes-basic means of coordinating sensation and action is through reflexive behaviors such as rooting and sucking.First Habits and Primary Circular Reactions
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2. First Habits and Primary Circular Reactions- 1 to 4 months
Habit – is a scheme based on a simple reflex such as sucking.Primary Circular Reactions – is a scheme based on the infants attempt to reproduce an interesting or a pleasurable event that initially occurred by chance.
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3. Secondary Circular Reactions- 4 to 8 months- the infant becomes more object-oriented or focused
on the world, moving beyond preoccupation with the self in sensorimotor interactions.
-infants imitate simple actions of others
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4. Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions- 8 to 12 months- infants combine and recombine previously learned
schemes in a coordinated wayIntentionality - the separation of means and goals in accomplishing simple feats.
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5. Tertiary Circular Reactions, Novelty and Curiosity- 12 to 18 months- infants become intrigued by the variety of properties
that objects possess and by the many things they can make happen to objects
- are schemes in which the infant purposely explores new possibilities with objects, continually changing what is done to them and exploring the results
- starting point of human curiosity and interest in novelty.
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6. Internalization of Schemes- 18 to 24 months- infant’s mental functioning shifts from a purely
sensorimotor plane to a symbolic plane- infants develop the ability to use primitive symbols.
Symbol – is an internalized sensory image or word that represents an event
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Object Permanence - infant’ most important accomplishment in the
sensorimotor stage- is the understanding that objects and events continue
to exist, even when they cannot directly be seen, heard or touched.
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Conditioning- if an infant behavior is followed by a rewarding
stimulus, the behavior is likely to recur.Habituation -repeated presentation of the same stimulus, which
causes reduced attention to the stimulusDishabituation - is an increase in responsiveness after a change in
stimulation
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Deferred Imitation- imitation which occurs after a time delay of hours
or days- does not occur until infants are 18 months of age.
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Memory- a central feature of cognitive development,
pertaining to all situations in which an individual retains information over time
Implicit memory – retention of a perceptual motor variety that is involve in conditioning tasks
Explicit memory – the ability to consciously recall the past
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Infantile Amnesia – adults cannot remember anything from the first three years of their life.
Language – is a form of communication based on a system of symbols. In humans, is characterized by infinite generativity and rule systems.
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Infinite Generativity- is the ability to produce an endless
number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules.
- this quality makes language a highly creative enterprise
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Language Milestone
Age MilestoneBirth Crying1 to 3 months Cooing begins6 months Babbling begins8 to `12 months Use gestures, such as showing and
pointing, comprehension of words appear
13 months First word spoken18 months Vocabulary spurt starts18 to 24 months Uses two -word utterances
Rapid expansion of understanding of words
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Phonology -is the language sound system= provide a basis for constructing a large and
expandable set of words/sp/ /ch/ /ba/
Vocabulary spurt – is a label that has been given to the rapid increase in an infant’s vocabulary
18 months – can speak 50 words2 –year old – can speak about 200 words
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Telegraphic Speech
- is the use of short and precise words to communicate, young children’s two to three- word utterances are characteristically telegraphic.
Language Production- refers to the words and sentences that children use.
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Language Comprehension- refers to the language children
understandIn infancy – receptive vocabulary (words
the child can understand) exceeds spoken vocabulary (words the child uses)
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Noam Chomsky- believes that humans are biologically
prewired to learn a language in a certain time and in a certain way.
- children are born into this world with LADLanguage Acquisition Device (LAD) – a
biological endowment that enables the child to detect certain language categories, such as phonology, syntax, and semantics.
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Infant-directed Speech- speech often used by parents (parentese) and other
adults when they talk to babies.- it has a higher than normal pitch and involves the use
of simple words and sentences
Other strategies:1. Recasting – is rephrasing something the child has
said in different way perhaps turning it into a questionEx. The dog was barking. When was the dog barking?
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2. Echoing – is repeating what a child says, especially if it is an incomplete sentence
3. Expanding – is restating in a linguistically sophisticated form what a child has said.
4. Labeling – is identifying the names of objects.
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Goodness of fit – refers to the match between the child’s temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope up with.
Attachment – is a close emotional bond between an infant and a caregiver
Secure attachment – the infant uses caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment
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3 Types of insecurely attached infants1. insecure avoidant babies – babies that
show insecurity by avoiding the caregiver2. insecure resistant babies – babies that often
cling to the caregiver, then resist her by fighting against the closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away
3. insecure disorganized babies – babies that show insecurity by being disorganized and disoriented
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