COCOMO Charts
Transcript of COCOMO Charts
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
1/136
Help ontentsCOCOMO Impo rt & Analy ze Too l (Versio n II.2000)
Copy righ t (C) 1998-2000 University of Sou thern Cali forn ia
great extent the process of importing the Comma Separated Values (CSV) files, the file format used by
COCOMO to export the project and modules information, and the phase distribution information.
COCOMO Import & Analyze Tool also automates the process of generating charts which are useful for
software project management, in particular software project planning, tracking and oversight. Although
COCOMO Import & Analyze Tool will generate most of the charts that the novice user is interested in, it
also provides you with maximum flexibility to perform your own analysis of the data. And for that
purpose, a good understanding and working knowledge of Excel will greatly enhance your capability to
interpret the data and generate additional charts on your own. In particular, skill with graph formatting
would be useful to customize the automatically generated charts. For help on Microsoft Excel features,
refer to the Excel User's Manual and the Excel On-Line Help or many of the excellent 3rd-party books
available.
Using COCOMO Analyze Import ToolTo be able to generate charts, the worksheet should have the following two sheets: Main, which contains
Project and Modules information, and Phases, which contains the phase distribution information. DO
NOT rename those worksheets.Note the following Microsoft Excel limitation: Excel does not allow you to
open two workbooks with the same name, even if the workbooks are in different folders. To open the
second workbook, you can either close the workbook that's currently open, or rename one of the
workbooks. The COCOMO Import&Analyze Tool will keep working, even if you rename the
COCOMO_Chart.xls workbook. However, it is recommended that you do not rename COCOMO_Chart.xls
to a filename containin the am ersand & character, as the latter is known to cause roblems.
Step 1: Import Files generated by COCOMOClick on Import COCOMO Files. The Browse For Folder dialog box will appear. Select the folder
containing the Comma-Separated Values Files (CSV) generated by USC-COCOMO. If COCOMO
Import&Analyze can find the files it is looking for ('Main.csv' and 'Phases.csv') in the folder you specify, it
will open each file, read its contents, and place it in the appropriate worksheet, 'Main' and 'Phases'
respectively. For instance, if the worksheet 'Main' does not already exist, it will be created. Otherwise, its
content will be overwritten with the contents of the file 'Main.csv'.Similarly, click on Import Phase Information File, to select the CSV File containing the Phase information.
This will open the CSV file, read its contents, and write them to the sheet 'Phases'. If the sheet 'Phases'
does not already exist, it will be created. Otherwise, its content will be overwritten.
Step 2: Generate ChartsOnce the sheets 'Main' and 'Phases' have been correctly initialized, you can generate meaningful
analyses of the data, with the click of a button. For specific help on each chart, refer to the appropriate
section of this Help sheet.
t e s eet correspon ng to t e c art you are try ng to create as een a rea y create , t en t e
existing sheet will be activated, and get the input focus. If you want to overwrite the existing sheet, you
will have to delete it by selecting the 'Delete Sheet' command from the Edit menu.
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
2/136
Performing your own analysesThe charts that the COCOMO Import and Analyze tool can generate for you are just a subset of what you
can do with the data imported into the 'Main'and 'Phases'sheets. COCOMO Import and Analyze Tool
provides you with maximum flexibility by:
Copying the relevant parts of 'Main' and 'Phases' sheets into the sheet for the purpose of the generation
of graphsUsing references to the values entered in 'Main' and 'Phases sheets, so that if you update the values in
those sheets, the changes will be reflected in all the other 'calculated' sheets, as well as the charts. Note
however, that if you introduce changes in any 'calculated' sheet, the changes won't be carried over to
'Main' or 'Phases'.Allowing you to change some values. In particular, the sheets 'Project Cum ulative Cost'and 'Project
Cost per Phase'allow you to enter the Cost per Person-Month per Phase. The provided value is just an
average computed from the COCOMO values. However, you can use the value which reflects more
accurately your organizational process.If you click on the button marked Delete All Generated Sheets, and you select OK, all the 'calculated'
sheets will be deleted. If you introduce changes to one of the 'calculated' sheets, and to prevent the sheet
from being deleted, it is recommended that you rename the sheet: e.g., rename 'Project Cumulative Cost'
to 'My Project Cumulative Cost'. You can also make a copy of any sheet by choosing 'Move or Copy
Sheet...' from the Edit menu, and checking 'Create a Copy': e.g., Excel will copy 'Project Cumulative Cost'
to 'Project Cumulative Cost (2)'
The 'Menu' sheet is protected to avoid accidental displacement of the various buttons. It also disables
resizing rows and columns, as well as selecting a range of cells. If you need to make changes to the
'Menu' sheet, toggle the 'Protect Sheet'/'Unprotect Sheet' from the Protection command under the Tools
Chart ExplanationsScheduleProject Schedule per Phase
This chart is useful for determining the total calendar time required for the completion of the project.
COCOMO computes the schedule as the calendar time in months from the determination of a product's
requirements baseline to the completion of an acceptance activity certifying that the product satisfies its
requirements. Time spent in requirements is computed as an additional 20%.
CostCost per Phase
This chart is useful for determining the cumulative cost as the project moves from one phase to another.
It also displays the milestones between the phases (using the assumption of the Waterfall Model).
o o ta n t e ost per ase, g ven t at t e computes on y t e ort per ase, t s
necessary to compute the average Cost per Person-Month as Total Cost for entire project (excludingrequirements) / Total Effort in Person-Months (excluding requirements). Effort for requirements is
assumed at an additional 7% of the Total Effort, and with the same Cost per Person-Month as the overall
project. If your organization uses other Costs per Person-Month, you can use those values instead.
Cumulative Cost
This chart is useful for determining the cumulative cost of a project over time. It also displays the
milestones between the phases (using the assumption of the Waterfall Model).
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
3/136
o o ta n t e ost per ase, g ven t at t e computes on y t e ort per ase, t s
necessary to compute the average Cost per Person-Month as Total Cost for entire project (excluding
requirements) / Total Effort in Person-Months (excluding requirements). Effort for requirements is
assumed at an additional 7% of the Total Effort, and with the same Cost per Person-Month as the overall
project. If your organization uses other Costs per Person-Month, you can use those values instead.
Cost per ModuleThis chart is useful for determining the cost of every module, and comparing which modules are
accounting for the highest part of the cost. The cost of the entire project is the sum of the costs of the
individual modules. Since these are only estimates, error bars are used to display the range within which
the actual cost will fall, with a very high probabilityCOCOMO generates only the Optimistic (as 0.8xMost Likely) and the Pessimistic bound (as 1.25xMost
Likely) for the cost of the entire project. The Optimistic/Pessimistic bounds on the cost estimates of the
individual modules are similarly computed. This assumes that the error on the cost estimate for the
entire project is the sum of the errors on the cost of the component modules.You can modify the Optimistic/Pessimistic bounds on the individual modules to match your
organizational experience. The error bars will be adjusted accordingly.
EffortProject Effort per Phase
This chart displays how the total effort for the overall project is distributed across phases.
The Effort percentages computed by COCOMO, that are displayed under 'Percentage' exclude the effort
spent on requirements. However, the percentages displayed on the chart include the effort spent on
Requirements, hence the slight difference.
Effort per Phase and Module
This chart displays the effort spent on every module, during the phases of the project. It can be used to
quickly identify the modules which are the most effort-intensive.
Effort for requirements is assumed at an additional 7% of the Total Effort,
StaffingProject Personnel per Schedule
This chart displays the staffing levels of the project over its duration. The cutoff points between the
various phases are also clearly displayed. Staffing levels are assumed to remain constant during a given
phase, and to experience a sharp increase/decrease at the beginning/end of a phase.
Project Personnel per Phase
This chart displays the staffing levels of the project during the various phases. Staffing levels are
assumed to remain constant during a given phase, and to experience a sharp increase/decrease at the
beginning/end of a phase.
Personnel per Module
This chart displays the staffing requirements for every module. It is useful for identifying the most labor
intensive modules, and to appropriately plan for the staffing of teams which are typically responsible for
modules within the project.
ActivityProject Activity per Phase
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
4/136
This chart displays the effort spent by activity during the project lifetime. The activities correspond to the
ones associated with a waterfall model.
The effort spent per activity is computed as a percentage from the total effort spent during a phase. Refer
to the EFFORT (%) section of the 'Phases' sheet to view the percentages used. The same percentages are
used for the overall project, and for the individual modules. If you think from your organizational
experience that some modules may require different activity distribution than others, you can recomputethe effort spent by activity for those modules.
Project Personnel per Activity and Phase
This chart displays the personnel required for every activity during each phase of the project. The
activities correspond to the ones associated with a waterfall model.
The personnel required for every activity is computed from the effort spent per activity. The effort spent
per activity is computed as a percentage from the total effort spent during a phase. Refer to the EFFORT
(%) section of the 'Phases' sheet to view the percentages used. The same percentages are used for the
overall project, and for the individual modules. If you think from your organizational experience that
some modules may require different activity distribution than others, you can recompute the effort spent
by activity for those modules.
General AssumptionsThe general assumptions behind COCOMO are briefly listed below. For further details, please refer to the
COCOMO Model Manual.
For all the analyses, it is assumed that the waterfall model is used; in particular, a phase does not start
until the previous one has been completed.
COCOMO treats the effort and the schedule spent on plans and requirements as separate from the effort
and the schedule spent on the other phases (Product Design, Programming, Integration and Test).
The Effort percentages computed by COCOMO, exclude the effort spent on requirements
COCOMO computes the schedule as the calendar time in months from the determination of a product's
requirements baseline to the completion of an acceptance activity certifying that the product satisfies its
requirements. Time spent in requirements is computed as an additional 20%
COCOMO uses a single labor rate for a given module within the project, and therefore, does not use Cost
per Person-Month for a phase.To compute the cumulative cost per phase, or over time, the Average Cost per Person-Month is
computed as Total Cost for entire project (excluding requirements) / Total Effort in Person-Months
(excluding requirements)
Total Effort = Effort (Product Design) + Effort (Programming) + Effort (Integration and Test)
Effort for requirements is assumed at an additional 7% of the Total Effort, and with the same Cost per
Person-Month as the overall project
Known ProblemsIf the project does not have any cost information (I.e., cost-related data has not been entered and
defaults to zero), some charts may be incorrectly displayed, and some cells may have a 'Division by Zero'
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
5/136
For unusually large COCOMO data sets, e.g. 50 modules, the predefined graphs may not display
correctly. However, by disabling the labeling of the data points, resizing the graphs, you may be able to
achieve an acceptable display.
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
6/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
7/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
8/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
9/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
10/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
11/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
12/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
13/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
14/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
15/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
16/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
17/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
18/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
19/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
20/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
21/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
22/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
23/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
24/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
25/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
26/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
27/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
28/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
29/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
30/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
31/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
32/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
33/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
34/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
35/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
36/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
37/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
38/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
39/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
40/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
41/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
42/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
43/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
44/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
45/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
46/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
47/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
48/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
49/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
50/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
51/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
52/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
53/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
54/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
55/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
56/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
57/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
58/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
59/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
60/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
61/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
62/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
63/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
64/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
65/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
66/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
67/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
68/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
69/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
70/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
71/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
72/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
73/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
74/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
75/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
76/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
77/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
78/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
79/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
80/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
81/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
82/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
83/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
84/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
85/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
86/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
87/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
88/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
89/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
90/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
91/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
92/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
93/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
94/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
95/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
96/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
97/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
98/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
99/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
100/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
101/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
102/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
103/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
104/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
105/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
106/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
107/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
108/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
109/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
110/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
111/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
112/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
113/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
114/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
115/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
116/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
117/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
118/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
119/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
120/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
121/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
122/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
123/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
124/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
125/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
126/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
127/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
128/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
129/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
130/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
131/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
132/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
133/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
134/136
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
135/136
COCOMO Import Analyze ToolImport COCOMO Files Options
Help
Schedule Staffing
Project Schedule per Phase Project Personnel per Schedule
Cost Project Personnel per Phase
Cost per Phase Personnel per Module
Cumulative Cost Activity
Cost per Module Project Activity per Phase
Effort Project Personnel per Activity and Phase
Project Effort per Phase
Effort per Phase and Module Delete All Generated Sheets
-
8/14/2019 COCOMO Charts
136/136
OptionsPath C:\Users\user\Documents\
Project and Module Information Filename: Main.csv
Phase Information Filename: Phases.csv