CO2 Capture Technology Options for Coal Fired Power Plant

Stanley SantosIEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme

Lecture GHGT-10 Student Mentorship

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Presentation Outline• Background

• Role of CCS in the Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the Power Generation Sector

• Technology Pathway of CCS – Importance of Power Plant Efficiency

• Overview• Post Combustion CO2 Capture• Oxyfuel Combustion CO2 Capture• Pre-Combustion CO2 Capture

• Overview to Economics• Concluding Remarks

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WHAT IS ROLE OF CCS IN THE POWER GENERATION SECTOR?

Background Information

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40% in 2007

Total Electricity Generation (17 408 TWh)

Coal39%

Oil7%

Gas20%

Nuclear16%

Hydro*16%

Other Renewables2%

Total Generation Capacity(4 054 GW)

Oil11%

Gas26%

Nuclear9%

Hydro*21%

Other Renewables2%

Coal31%

Source: IEA Energy Outlook 2006

World’s Source of Power Generation

Doubling of capacity by 2030

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Growth in the Power Generation Sector

Cumulative power sector investment by the region for 2005 -2030

Source: IEA Energy Outlook 2006

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Type of Investment in Power Generation between 2005 and 2030

An opportunity for the developing countries to adapt and use more energy efficient and less GHG emission technologies…

Source: IEA Energy Outlook 2006

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Source: IEA ETP 2008

Emissions challenge (-50% of 2005) in 2050

8Source: IEA ETP 2008

Average Annual Power Generation Capacity Additions in the 450 ppm CO2 Stabilisation Case, 2013-2030

A large amount of capacity would need to be retired early, entailing substantial costs

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POST-COMBUSTION CAPTURE TECHNOLOGYOXYFUEL COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGYPRE-COMBUSTION CAPTURE TECHNOLOGY

Overview to the Leading CO2 Capture Technologies for Power Generation

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EPRI 2007

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POWER PLANT EFFICIENCY AND PATHWAY TO CO2 CAPTURE AND STORAGE

Important Pre-Requisite of CCS

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CO2 Abatement from Coal Fired Power Plants Requires a Twin Track Approach…

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POST COMBUSTION CAPTUREOverview of CO2 Capture Technology for Power Generation

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Post-Combustion Capture

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CO2 Based Solvent Scrubbing• Use of Amine scrubbing to capture CO2 is the most mature

among the 3 mostly considered capture technology options for the power generation.

• Amine based solvent is currently the commonly used for CO2

capture• widely used in food processing (ie. carbonated drinks) and chemical

industries (ie. Urea plant, natural gas processing)• Large scale demonstration (> 1 MT/yr of scale) – mostly in oil and gas

fields applicationso For example in Snohvit, Sleipner (Norway) and In Salah (Algeria)

• Current R&D Focus• Development of new type of solvents (improving efficiency)• Development of Absorption Tower Design (reducing CAPEX)• Development for application to coal fired power plant

Animated representation of CO2 removal from natural gas

Animated representation of CO2 removal from flue gas

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Post-Combustion CO2 Capture (Kedah, Malaysia)

• 200 TPD CO2

separation plant using MHI KS1 Solvent (amine mixture).

• CO2 is captured from a UREA plant.

• This is operated by Petronas

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Bellingham COGEN Power Plant (Flue Gas from Cogeneration Plant – Boston, USA)

Courtesy of Flour Daniel

350 TPD Liquid CO2 Plant using Flour Econamine FG SM* (proprietary MEA based solvent)

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Oxy-Coal Combustion Technology

21•2

Oxy-Combustion Technology

• Use of oxygen instead of air in a boiler – “Oxy-Combustion” is the least mature among the 3 mostly considered capture technology options for the power generation.

• 3 key development issues• Boiler and burner development• Air Separation Unit – “Cost of oxygen production”• CO2 processing – “Removal of impurities”

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1980’s

ANL/Battelle/EERC completed the first industrial scale pilot plant

1990 - 1995

EC Joule Thermie Project - IFRF / Doosan Babcock / Int’l Combustion

NEDO / IHI / Jcoal Project

First large scale 35MWt Oxy-Coal Burner Retrofit

Test done by International Combustion

1998 – 2001

CANMETUS DOE Project / B&W / Air Liquide

2003 - 2005

Vattenfall (ENCAP ++)CS Energy / IHI Callide Project

B&W CEDF 2008 30MWth CoalAlstom Alstom CE 2010 15MWth CoalDoosan Babcock DBEL - MBTF 2009 40MWth Coal

Alstom Schwarze Pumpe 2008 30MWth LigniteHitachi Babcock Schwarze Pumpe 2010 30MWth LigniteIHI Callide 2011 30MWeAlstom / AL Lacq 2009 30MWth Gas/Oil?CIUDEN El Bierzo CFB Facility 2011 30MWth Coal

El Bierzo PC Facility 2011 20MWth Coal

Coal

CIUDENBrindisi Test Facility 2012 48MWth CoalENEL HP Oxyfuel

2007

B&W CEDF (30MWt) large scale burner testing started

Updated by S. Santos (05/09/09)

2008

World’s FIRST 30 MWtfull chain demonstration

at Schwarze Pumpe Pilot Plant

By the end of 2010/2011, Users (i.e. Power Plant Operators) will have 6 burner manufacturers fully demonstrating “Utility Size

Large Scale Burners” which should give a high level of confidence

toward demonstration

2009 – Lacq – World’s first 30MWt

retrofitted Oxy-NG boiler

2011 – CIUDEN –World’s first 30MWt Oxy-CFB Pilot Plant

2011 – Callide –World’s first 30MWe retrofitted Oxy-coal

power plant

By 2014-2018

Demonstration of 50– 300MWe full scale power plant.

Target :“Commercialised by 2020”

Vattenfall - Janschwalde (PC -250MWe)KEPCO/KOSEP - Yongdong (PC - 100MWe)

FutureGen2 – Illinois (PC – 200 Mwe)Endesa/CIUDEN - El Bierzo (CFB - 300MWe)

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ANL - EERC StudyWorld’s 1st Oxy-Coal Pilot Scale StudyTower Furnace (~ 3MWth)

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Vattenfall’s Effort in Leading Oxyfuel Development

2009 2010 20112005 2006 2007 2008

Pre- and Order planning

Permission planning

Execution planning

Commissioning

Erection

Operation

Time Table for Implementation of Oxy-Fuel Project

Courtesy of Vattenfall

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Artist’s View

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Jänschwalde demonstration plant(view from south east)

Fuel feeding

Lignitedryer

Oxyfuelboiler

ASU

Flue gas cleaning

CO2-compressionPreparation and cleaning ofLignite condensate

PCC

Cooling waterpump

CO2-transport

CO2-compression

NH3-storage

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Jänschwalde demonstration plant. 500 MW with oxyfuel and post combustion capture

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Pre-Combustion Capture(IGCC with CO2 Capture)

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Pre-Combustion CO2 Capture(IGCC with CO2 Capture)

• Pre-combustion capture process is not a new concept. - It is primarily based on production of synthetic gas, separating the CO2 and using the decarbonised gaseous fuel for the gas turbine

• One of the main elements is the gasification of the fuel feedstock to produce your syngas.

• Gasification technologies could produce, in addition to a range of energy products, a waste gas stream, which is high in CO2 and at moderate pressure. This offers an opportunity to capture the CO2 using physical solvent.

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Integrated Gasification Combine Cycle with CO2

CaptureShift & CO2

Capture

CO2

Shift & CO2

Capture

CO2

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Coal IGCC in Operation Worldwide

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IGCC – Currently in OperationNuon – Buggenum250 MWel

JPower – Fukushima 250 MWel

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Dakota Synthetic Natural Gas Production Plant

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CO2 Delivery to Weyburn

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Rectisol Units of Dakota Gasification Plant

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WHAT ARE THE CHALLENGES OF CCS FOR THE POWER GENERATION INDUSTRY

Impact of CO2 Capture Technology to Efficiency and Economics

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Power Generation Efficiency

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Post-comb

IGCCslurry

IGCC dry Oxyfuel Post-comb

Oxyfuel

Without capture With capture

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Efficiency, % LHV

Source: IEA GHG studies

Coal Natural gas

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Capital Cost

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

PostFluor

PostMHI

IGCCslurry

IGCCdry

Oxyfuel PostFluor

PostMHI

Oxyfuel

Without capture With capture

Source: IEA GHG studies

US $/kW

Coal Natural gas

Based on 1 US $/Euro

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7.5

5.4

4.9

610 700 1000

Extra cost for CO2capture

Extra cost for

FGD

Power plant, excluding FGD

Capital cost, M$

Cost of electricity, c/kWh

Extra cost for FGD

New 500MW Power Plants

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HEADLINE MESSAGESConcluding Remarks

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Concluding Remarks• CCS will play an important role in reducing greenhouse gas

emissions from the power generation sector.• Several activities have been initiated worldwide in the

development of Carbon Capture for Power Generation industry.

• There are two set of horse race among the three options for newly build and retrofit plant. There is no leader at the moment!

• We need large scale demonstration of the carbon capture technology to build the confidence necessary for a rapid deployment.

• We need to overcome the challenges that CCS should face toward its path to commercialisation.

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Sleipner capturing and injecting 1Mt/y CO2 since 1996

Weyburn capturing and

injecting 1.6 Mt/y CO2 since 2000

In-Salah capturing and injecting 0.8 Mt/y CO2 since 2004

Snohvit capturing and injecting 0.7Mt/y

CO2 since 2008

Rangeley injecting

0.8 Mt/y CO2since 1980’s

Total Anthropogenic CO2 captured and injected currently 5 Mt/y

Largest CO2 Storage Projects

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