CO2 capture and geological CO2 capture and geological storage - state of the art, storage - state of the art,

ongoing projects ongoing projects EC FP6 EC FP6

EU GEOCAPACITY EU GEOCAPACITY CO2 EASTCO2 EAST

and prospects for the Baltic and prospects for the Baltic regionregion

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION CO2 capture and storage is a pioneer for Estonia CO2 capture and storage is a pioneer for Estonia

research and applied area started by Institute of research and applied area started by Institute of Geology, TUT in 2006 by two projects funded by 6th Geology, TUT in 2006 by two projects funded by 6th Framework Programme of European ComissionFramework Programme of European Comission

1) Assessing European Capacity for Geological Storage 1) Assessing European Capacity for Geological Storage of Carbon Dioxide (2006-2008), 26 participants from 23 of Carbon Dioxide (2006-2008), 26 participants from 23 countries (EUGEOCAPACITY) countries (EUGEOCAPACITY)

2) CO2 capture and storage networking extension to 2) CO2 capture and storage networking extension to new member states (1.10. 2006-31.03. 2009), 8 countries new member states (1.10. 2006-31.03. 2009), 8 countries (CO2EAST)(CO2EAST)

Both projects were organised by Both projects were organised by ENeRG, ENeRG, the European Network for Research in Geo-the European Network for Research in Geo-energyenergy, established in 1993 and , established in 1993 and represented by 24 countriesrepresented by 24 countries

http://energnet.nextnet.ro/http://energnet.nextnet.ro/

Assessing European Capacity for Geological Storage of Assessing European Capacity for Geological Storage of Carbon Dioxide (2006-2008), Carbon Dioxide (2006-2008),

Euroopas süsinikdioksiidi geoloogilise ladustamisvõime hindamine Euroopas süsinikdioksiidi geoloogilise ladustamisvõime hindamine

(2006-2008)(2006-2008) 11Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS)Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) – Co-ordinator – Co-ordinatorDenmarkDenmark 22Sofia University "St. Sofia University "St. KlimentKliment OhridskiOhridski" (" (US)US)BulgariaBulgaria 33University of Zagreb - Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering (University of Zagreb - Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering (RGN)RGN)CroatiaCroatia 44Czech Geological Survey (Czech Geological Survey (CGS)CGS)CzechCzech Republic Republic 55Institute of Geology at Tallinn University of Technology (Institute of Geology at Tallinn University of Technology ( IGTUT)IGTUT)EstoniaEstonia 66Bureau de Bureau de RecherchesRecherches GéologiquesGéologiques et et MiniéresMiniéres ( (BRGM)BRGM)FranceFrance 77Institute Institute FrancaisFrancais dudu PetrolePetrole ( (IFP)IFP)FranceFrance 88Bundesanstalt Bundesanstalt fürfür GeowissenschaftenGeowissenschaften und und RohstoffeRohstoffe ( (BGR)BGR)GermanyGermany 99Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration (Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration (IGME)IGME)GreeceGreece 1010Eötvös Eötvös LorándLoránd Geophysical Institute of Hungary ( Geophysical Institute of Hungary (ELGI)ELGI)HungaryHungary 1111Istituto Istituto NazionaleNazionale didi OceanografiaOceanografia e e didi GeofisicaGeofisica SperimentaleSperimentale ( (OGS)OGS)ItalyItaly 1212Latvian Environment, Geology & Meteorology Agency (Latvian Environment, Geology & Meteorology Agency (LEGMA)LEGMA)LatviaLatvia 1313Institute of Geology & Geography (Institute of Geology & Geography (IGG)IGG)LithuaniaLithuania 1414Geological Survey of the Netherlands (TNO-Geological Survey of the Netherlands (TNO-NITG)NITG)NetherlandsNetherlands 15EcofysNetherlands15EcofysNetherlands 16Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute - Polish Academy of Sciences (MEERI)Poland16Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute - Polish Academy of Sciences (MEERI)Poland 17Geophysical Exploration Company (PBG)Poland17Geophysical Exploration Company (PBG)Poland 18National Institute of Marine Geology and Geo-ecology (GeoEcoMar)Romania18National Institute of Marine Geology and Geo-ecology (GeoEcoMar)Romania 19Dionýz Štúr State Geological Institute (SGUDS)Slovakia19Dionýz Štúr State Geological Institute (SGUDS)Slovakia 20GEOINŽENIRING d.o.o. (GEO-INZ)Slovenia20GEOINŽENIRING d.o.o. (GEO-INZ)Slovenia 21Instituto Geológico y Minero de Espana (IGME)Spain21Instituto Geológico y Minero de Espana (IGME)Spain 22British Geological Survey (BGS)United Kíngdom  22British Geological Survey (BGS)United Kíngdom   23EniTecnologie (Industry Partner)Italy23EniTecnologie (Industry Partner)Italy 24Endesa Generación (Industry Partner)Spain24Endesa Generación (Industry Partner)Spain 25Vattenfall AB (Industry Partner)Sweden/Poland   25Vattenfall AB (Industry Partner)Sweden/Poland    26Tsinghua University (TU)P.R. China26Tsinghua University (TU)P.R. China

http://nts1.cgu.cz/portal/page/portal/geocapacityhttp://nts1.cgu.cz/portal/page/portal/geocapacity

The objectives of the projectThe objectives of the project

• • To To make an inventory and mapping of major CO2 emission point make an inventory and mapping of major CO2 emission point sources in 13 European countries (Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech sources in 13 European countries (Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain), and review of 4 Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain), and review of 4 neighbouring states: Albania, Macedonia (FYROM), Bosnia-neighbouring states: Albania, Macedonia (FYROM), Bosnia-Herzegovina, Luxemburg) as well as updates for 5 other Herzegovina, Luxemburg) as well as updates for 5 other countries (Germany, Denmark, UK, France, Greece)countries (Germany, Denmark, UK, France, Greece)

• • conduct assessment of regional and local potential for conduct assessment of regional and local potential for geological storage of CO2 for each of the involved countriesgeological storage of CO2 for each of the involved countries

• • carry out analyses of source-transport-sink scenarios and carry out analyses of source-transport-sink scenarios and conduct economical evaluations of these scenariosconduct economical evaluations of these scenarios

• • provide consistent and clear guidelines for assessment of provide consistent and clear guidelines for assessment of geological capacity in Europe and elsewheregeological capacity in Europe and elsewhere

• • further develop mapping and analysis methodologies (i.e. GIS further develop mapping and analysis methodologies (i.e. GIS and Decision Support System) and Decision Support System)

• • develop technical site selection criteriadevelop technical site selection criteria• • initiate international collaborative activities with the P.R. China, initiate international collaborative activities with the P.R. China,

a CSLF member, with a view to further and closer joint a CSLF member, with a view to further and closer joint activitiesactivities

CO2 capture and storage networking extension to CO2 capture and storage networking extension to new member states (1.10. 2006-31.03. 2009)new member states (1.10. 2006-31.03. 2009)

CO2 hoidlate võrgu laiendamine uutele liikmesriikideleCO2 hoidlate võrgu laiendamine uutele liikmesriikidele No. Participant organisation name Country

1 Czech Geological Survey (CGS) Czech Republic

2 University of Zagreb - Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering (RGN)

Croatia

3 Eötvös Loránd Geophysical Institute of Hungary (ELGI) Hungary

4 Dionýz Štúr State Geological Institute (SGUDS) Slovakia

5 Institute of Geology, Tallinn University of Technology (IGTUT)

Estonia

6 Geophysical Exploration Company (PBG) Poland

7 National Institute for Marine Geology and Geoecology (GeoEcoMar)

Romania

8 Statoil Norway

The detailed objectives of the The detailed objectives of the project are:project are:

Provide membership support to new CO2NET member Provide membership support to new CO2NET member organisations from EU new Member States and Associated organisations from EU new Member States and Associated Candidate Countries by covering their annual membership fees Candidate Countries by covering their annual membership fees and travel costs to the CO2NET Annual Seminars and enable and travel costs to the CO2NET Annual Seminars and enable them active participation in networking activitiesthem active participation in networking activities

Co-organise one of the CO2NET Annual Seminars and organise 2 Co-organise one of the CO2NET Annual Seminars and organise 2 regional workshops in new Member States and/or Associated regional workshops in new Member States and/or Associated Candidate CountriesCandidate Countries

Disseminate knowledge and increase awareness of CO2 capture Disseminate knowledge and increase awareness of CO2 capture and storage technologies in new Member States and Associated and storage technologies in new Member States and Associated Candidate CountriesCandidate Countries

Establish links among CCS stakeholders in new Member States Establish links among CCS stakeholders in new Member States and Associated Candidate Countries and between them and their and Associated Candidate Countries and between them and their partners in other EU countries using the existing networks like partners in other EU countries using the existing networks like CO2NET and ENeRG (European Network for Research in Geo-CO2NET and ENeRG (European Network for Research in Geo-Energy) as well as links with the newly established Technology Energy) as well as links with the newly established Technology Platform for Zero Emission Fossil Fuel Power PlantsPlatform for Zero Emission Fossil Fuel Power Plants

Participants from Institute of Geogy, TUTParticipants from Institute of Geogy, TUT A. Shogenova (coordination, data A. Shogenova (coordination, data

presentation, publication and reporting)presentation, publication and reporting) K. Shogenov K. Shogenov J. Ivask (WEB-master)J. Ivask (WEB-master) R.Vaher, A. Teedumäe (interpreters)R.Vaher, A. Teedumäe (interpreters) A. Raukas – information dissemination in A. Raukas – information dissemination in

government and mass-mediagovernment and mass-media

CO2NET Lectures on CO2NET Lectures on Carbon Capture and Carbon Capture and

StorageStorage1. Climate Change, Sustainability and CCS2. CO2 sources and capture3. Storage, risk assessment and monitoring4. Economics5. Legal aspects and public acceptance

Prepared by Utrecht Centre for Energy research

Sustainable Sustainable developmentdevelopment

People (Social dimension)People (Social dimension) Profit (Economic dimension)Profit (Economic dimension)

Planet (Ecological dimension)Planet (Ecological dimension)

“a development that fulfills the needs of the present generation without endangering the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”

(“Our Common Future”, 1987)

Dimensions of ‘sustainable development’

source: IPCC, Working Group I

“There is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.”

Rule of thumbRule of thumb

Warming rate 1°C / century corresponds to:Warming rate 1°C / century corresponds to: ± ± 20 cm sea level rise20 cm sea level rise ±± 100 km shift of climate zone / century 100 km shift of climate zone / century ±± 150 m upward shift alpine climate 150 m upward shift alpine climate

zone/centuryzone/century

Alpine glacier in 1900

Same place present

International agreementsInternational agreements

preventing "dangerous" human interference preventing "dangerous" human interference with the climate system. (with the climate system. (UNFCCC, 1992)UNFCCC, 1992)

First step Kyoto: binding targets for First step Kyoto: binding targets for industrialised world. (EU -8%, VS -7%, industrialised world. (EU -8%, VS -7%, Japan -6% in 2008-2012 compared to Japan -6% in 2008-2012 compared to 1990)1990)

Origin of anthropogenic CO2 emissions

World annual emissions: 8 Gt C / year, or 30 Gt CO2 / year

6,3 Gt C /an(ou 23 Gt CO2 /an)1,6 Gt C /an

Land use(deforestation, ...)

Energy(fossil fuels)

1,6 Gt C / year6,3 Gt C / year

(or 23 Gt CO2 / year)

Prepared by Utrecht Centre for Energy research

CO2 fluxes between Earth and atmosphere(in billion tons of carbon per year)

Options that can meet demandsOptions that can meet demands1.1. Energy conservation, energy efficiency Energy conservation, energy efficiency 2.2. Renewable sourcesRenewable sources

– WindWind– SolarSolar– BiomassBiomass– Tidal/waveTidal/wave– Geothermal Geothermal

3.3. (New) fossil fuels with CCS(New) fossil fuels with CCS4.4. NuclearNuclear

Why Why COCO22 Capture and Storage? Capture and Storage?

Third option for Third option for COCO22 emission reduction. emission reduction.

Enables continued use of fossil fuel resourcesEnables continued use of fossil fuel resources Potential for large Potential for large COCO22 storage storage/disposal/disposal capacity capacity..

Technology is availableTechnology is available.. CostsCosts CCS are significant, but CCS are significant, but can be reduced.can be reduced. Environmental impact can be limited; further Environmental impact can be limited; further

research required.research required.

Conclusion Conclusion CCS is the third choiceCCS is the third choice

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

2000 2025 2050 2075 2100Year

Wor

ldw

ide

CO

2 em

issi

ons

(bill

ion

ton

CO

2/ye

ar)

Energy efficiency

CO2 capture and storage

Renewable energy

Fossil fuels

Source: GESTCO project, Hendriks, Ecofys

CO2NET Lectures on CO2NET Lectures on Carbon Capture and Carbon Capture and

StorageStorage1. Climate Change, Sustainability and CCS2. CO2 sources and capture3. Storage, risk assessment and monitoring4. Economics5. Legal aspects and public acceptance

Prepared by Utrecht Centre for Energy research

Contents lecture 2:Contents lecture 2:COCO22 sources and sources and

capturecapture COCO22 sources sources

COCO22 capture/decarbonisation routes capture/decarbonisation routes

Separation principlesSeparation principles COCO22 capture technologies in power cycles + capture technologies in power cycles +

consequences on the power cycleconsequences on the power cycle Comparison of different COComparison of different CO22 capture technologies capture technologies

COCO22 transport transport

COCO22 emissions industry and emissions industry and

powerpower

Source: IEA GHG 2002aTotal: 13.44 Gt/y in 2000.

COCO22 emissions by region emissions by region

Source: IEA GHG 2002a

COCO22 source distribution source distribution

Source: IEA GHG 2002b

COCO22 sources and capture sources and capture

COCO22 capture targets: large, stationary plants. capture targets: large, stationary plants. Power productionPower production

– Large sources, representing large share total emissionsLarge sources, representing large share total emissions Industrial processesIndustrial processes

– Large sources, some emitting pure COLarge sources, some emitting pure CO22 Synthetic fuel production (Fischer-Trops Synthetic fuel production (Fischer-Trops

gasoline/diesel, Dimethyl ether (DME), methanol, gasoline/diesel, Dimethyl ether (DME), methanol, ethanol)ethanol)– Target sources in future? Target sources in future?

Power plantsPower plants

Pulverised coal plants (PC) Pulverised coal plants (PC) Natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) Natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) Integrated coal gasification combined cycle Integrated coal gasification combined cycle

(IGCC)(IGCC) Boilers fuelled with natural gas, oil, biomass Boilers fuelled with natural gas, oil, biomass

and ligniteand lignite Future: fuel cellsFuture: fuel cells

COCO22 capture routes: summary capture routes: summary

Post-combustion capture: separation COPost-combustion capture: separation CO22-N-N22

PPre-combustion capture: re-combustion capture: separation COseparation CO22-H-H22

OOxyfuel combustion: xyfuel combustion: separation Oseparation O22-N-N22

Post-Post-comb.comb.

(flue gas)(flue gas)

Pre-comb. Pre-comb.

(shifted (shifted syngas)syngas)

Oxyfuel Oxyfuel comb.comb.

(exhaust)(exhaust)

p (bar) p (bar) ~1 bar~1 bar 10-8010-80 ~1 bar~1 bar

[CO[CO22] (%)] (%) 3-15%3-15% 20-40%20-40% 75-95%75-95%

Separation principlesSeparation principles

Absorption: fluid Absorption: fluid dissolves or permeates into a dissolves or permeates into a liquid or solid. liquid or solid.

Adsorption: attachment of fluid to a surface (solid Adsorption: attachment of fluid to a surface (solid or liquid).or liquid).

Cryogenic (low-temperature distillation): Cryogenic (low-temperature distillation): separation based on the difference in boiling separation based on the difference in boiling points points

Membranes: separation which makes use of Membranes: separation which makes use of difference physical/chemical interaction with difference physical/chemical interaction with membrane (molecular weight, solubility) membrane (molecular weight, solubility)

Absorption versus adsorptionAbsorption versus adsorptionChemical versus physicalChemical versus physical

Chemical Adsorption Physical Adsorption

Chemical Absorption Physical Absorption

Physical adsorptionPhysical adsorption

Van der Waals forcesVan der Waals forces Can be performed at high temperatureCan be performed at high temperature Adsorbents: zeolites, activated carbon and Adsorbents: zeolites, activated carbon and

aluminaalumina Regeneration (cyclic process): Regeneration (cyclic process):

– Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA)Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA)– Temperature Swing Adsorption (TSA) Temperature Swing Adsorption (TSA) – Electrical Swing Adsorption (ESA)Electrical Swing Adsorption (ESA)– Hybrids (PTSA)Hybrids (PTSA)

Chemical adsorptionChemical adsorption

Covalent bondsCovalent bonds Adsorbents: metal oxides, hydrotalcitesAdsorbents: metal oxides, hydrotalcites Example: carbonation (>600Example: carbonation (>600°C) °C) - calcination - calcination

(1000(1000°C) reaction°C) reaction

CaO + COCaO + CO22 CaCO CaCO33

Regeneration (cyclic process): Regeneration (cyclic process): – Pressure Swing AdsorptionPressure Swing Adsorption– Temperature Swing AdsorptionTemperature Swing Adsorption

Cryogenic separation: principles Cryogenic separation: principles (1)(1)

Distillation at low temperatures. Applied Distillation at low temperatures. Applied to separate COto separate CO22 from natural gas or O from natural gas or O22

from Nfrom N2 2 and Ar in air. and Ar in air. substancesubstance Boiling point Boiling point

((°C@°C@pp00))Triple point (Triple point (°C, bar)°C, bar)

COCO22 NA (sublimation)NA (sublimation) -57, 5.18 -57, 5.18

CHCH44 -162-162 -183, 0.12-183, 0.12

OO22 -183-183 -219, 0.0015-219, 0.0015

NN22 -196-196 -210, 0.125-210, 0.125

ArAr -186-186 -199, 0.69-199, 0.69

Membrane absorptionMembrane absorption

Source: Feron, TNO-MEP

Combining capture routes and Combining capture routes and technologies: COtechnologies: CO22 capture matrix capture matrix

Source: Feron, TNO-MEP

Capture method

Post-combustion decarbonisation

Pre-combustion decarbonisation

Denitrogenated conversion

Principle of separation

Membranes Membrane gas absorption Polymeric membranes Ceramic membranes Facilitated transport

membranes Carbon molecular sieve

membranes

CO2/H2 separation based on: Ceramic membranes Polymeric membranes Palladium membranes Membrane gas

absorption

O2-conducting membranes

Facilitated transport membranes

Solid oxide fuel cells

Adsorption Lime carbonation/calcinations

Carbon based sorbents

Dolomite, hydrotalcites and other carbonates

Zirconates

Adsorbents for O2/N2 separation, perovskites

Chemical looping Absorption Improved absorption liquids

Novel contacting equipment Improved design of

processes

Improved absorption liquids

Improved design of processes

Absorbents for O2/N2 separation

Cryogenic Improved liquefaction CO2/H2 separations Improved distillation for air separation

Summary: Post-combustion Summary: Post-combustion capture capture

Chemical absorption is currently most feasible technologyChemical absorption is currently most feasible technology Technology is commercially available, although on a Technology is commercially available, although on a

smaller scale than envisioned for power plants with COsmaller scale than envisioned for power plants with CO22 capture (>500 MWcapture (>500 MWee))

Energy penalty and additional costs are high with current Energy penalty and additional costs are high with current solvents. R&D focus on process integration and solvent solvents. R&D focus on process integration and solvent improvement. improvement.

COCO22 capture between 80-90% capture between 80-90% Power cycle itself is not strongly affected (heat integration, Power cycle itself is not strongly affected (heat integration,

COCO22 recycling) recycling) Retrofit possibilityRetrofit possibility

Summary: Pre-combustion Summary: Pre-combustion capture capture

Chemical/physical absorption is currently most feasible Chemical/physical absorption is currently most feasible technologytechnology

Experience in chemical industry (refineries, ammonia)Experience in chemical industry (refineries, ammonia) Energy penalty and additional costs physical absorption Energy penalty and additional costs physical absorption

are lower in comparison to chemical absorptionare lower in comparison to chemical absorption COCO22 capture between 80-90% capture between 80-90% Need to develop turbines using hydrogen (rich) fuelNeed to develop turbines using hydrogen (rich) fuel No retrofit possibilityNo retrofit possibility Advanced concepts to decrease energy penalty/costs: Advanced concepts to decrease energy penalty/costs:

– sorption enhanced WGS/reformingsorption enhanced WGS/reforming– membrane WGS/reformingmembrane WGS/reforming

Oxyfuel combustion:Oxyfuel combustion:Chemical looping Chemical looping

combustioncombustion

Summary: Oxyfuel combustion Summary: Oxyfuel combustion (1)(1)

Cryogenic air separation is currently most feasible Cryogenic air separation is currently most feasible technologytechnology

Experience in steel, aluminum and glass industryExperience in steel, aluminum and glass industry Energy penalty and additional costs are Energy penalty and additional costs are

comparable to post-combustion capturecomparable to post-combustion capture Allows for 100% COAllows for 100% CO22 capture capture NONOxx formation can be reduced formation can be reduced FGD in PC plants might be omitted provided that FGD in PC plants might be omitted provided that

SOSO22 can be transported and co-stored with CO can be transported and co-stored with CO22

Summary: Oxyfuel combustion Summary: Oxyfuel combustion (2)(2)

Boilers require adaptations (retrofit possible). R&D issues: Boilers require adaptations (retrofit possible). R&D issues: combustion behaviour, combustion behaviour, heat transferheat transfer, fouling, slagging and , fouling, slagging and corrosion.corrosion.

Application in NGCC: new turbines need to be developed Application in NGCC: new turbines need to be developed with COwith CO22 as working fluid (no retrofit) as working fluid (no retrofit)

R&D focus on development of new oxygen separation R&D focus on development of new oxygen separation technologies. Advanced concepts to decrease energy technologies. Advanced concepts to decrease energy penalty/costs: penalty/costs: – AZEP (separate combustion deploying oxygen membranes) AZEP (separate combustion deploying oxygen membranes) – Chemical looping combustion (separate combustion deploying Chemical looping combustion (separate combustion deploying

oxygen carriers).oxygen carriers).

ContentsContents

COCO22 sources sources

COCO22 capture/decarbonisation routes capture/decarbonisation routes

Separation principlesSeparation principles COCO22 capture technologies in power cycles + capture technologies in power cycles +

consequences on the power cycleconsequences on the power cycle Comparison of different COComparison of different CO22 capture technologies capture technologies

COCO22 transport transport

COCO22 transport transport

Pipelines are most feasible for large-scale COPipelines are most feasible for large-scale CO22 transport transport

– Transport conditions: hTransport conditions: high-pressure (80-150 bar) to igh-pressure (80-150 bar) to guarantee CO2 is in dense phase guarantee CO2 is in dense phase

Alternative: Tankers (similar to LNG/LPG)Alternative: Tankers (similar to LNG/LPG)– Transport conditions: liquid (14 to 17 bar, -25 to -30Transport conditions: liquid (14 to 17 bar, -25 to -30°C°C))– Advantage: flexibility, avoidance of large investmentsAdvantage: flexibility, avoidance of large investments– Disadvantage: high costs for liquefaction and need for Disadvantage: high costs for liquefaction and need for

buffer storage. This makes ships more attractive for buffer storage. This makes ships more attractive for larger distances.larger distances.

Pipeline versus ship transportPipeline versus ship transport

Source: IEA GHG, 2004

Pipeline optimisationPipeline optimisation

Small diameter: large pressure drop, increasing Small diameter: large pressure drop, increasing booster station costs (capital + electricity)booster station costs (capital + electricity)

Large diameter: large pipeline investmentsLarge diameter: large pipeline investments

Optimum: minimise Optimum: minimise annual costs (sum of pipeline annual costs (sum of pipeline and booster station capital and O&M costs plus and booster station capital and O&M costs plus electricity costs for pumping).electricity costs for pumping).

Offshore: pipelines diameters and pressures are Offshore: pipelines diameters and pressures are generally higher as booster stations are expensivegenerally higher as booster stations are expensive

COCO22 quality specifications quality specifications

USA: > 95 mol% COUSA: > 95 mol% CO22

Water content should be reduced to very Water content should be reduced to very low concentrations due to formation of low concentrations due to formation of carbonic acid causing corrosioncarbonic acid causing corrosion

Concentration of HConcentration of H22S, OS, O22 must be reduced must be reduced to ppm levelto ppm level

NN22 is allowed up to a few % is allowed up to a few %

COCO22 transport costs transport costs

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

distance (km)

tra

ns

po

rt c

os

ts (

€/t

CO

2)

0.1 Mt/yr

1 Mt/yr

2 Mt/yr

4 Mt/yr

10 Mt/yr

20 Mt/yr

40 Mt/yr

Source: Damen, UU

Risks pipeline transportRisks pipeline transport

Major risk: pipeline rupture. COMajor risk: pipeline rupture. CO22 leakage can be leakage can be reduced by decreasing distance between safety valves.reduced by decreasing distance between safety valves.

COCO22 is not explosive or inflammable like natural gas is not explosive or inflammable like natural gas In contrast to natural gas, which is dispersed quickly In contrast to natural gas, which is dispersed quickly

into the air, COinto the air, CO22 is denser than air and might is denser than air and might accumulate in depressions or cellarsaccumulate in depressions or cellars

High concentrations COHigh concentrations CO22 might have negative impacts might have negative impacts on humans (asphyxiation) and ecosystems. Above on humans (asphyxiation) and ecosystems. Above concentrations of 25-30%, COconcentrations of 25-30%, CO22 is lethal. is lethal.

Safety record pipelinesSafety record pipelines Industrial experience in USA: 3100 km COIndustrial experience in USA: 3100 km CO2 2 pipelines pipelines

(for enhanced oil recovery) with capacity of 45 Mt/yr(for enhanced oil recovery) with capacity of 45 Mt/yr Accident record for COAccident record for CO22 pipelines in the USA shows 10 pipelines in the USA shows 10

accidents between 1990 and 2001 without any injuries accidents between 1990 and 2001 without any injuries or fatalities. This corresponds to 3.2.10or fatalities. This corresponds to 3.2.10-4-4 incidents per incidents per km*yearkm*year

Incident frequency of pipelines transmitting natural gas Incident frequency of pipelines transmitting natural gas and hazardous liquids in this period is 1.7.10and hazardous liquids in this period is 1.7.10-4 -4 and and 8.2.108.2.10-4-4, respectively, with 94 fatalities and 466 injuries, respectively, with 94 fatalities and 466 injuries

Conclusion: CO2 transport is relatively safe.Conclusion: CO2 transport is relatively safe.

CO2NET Lectures on CO2NET Lectures on Carbon Capture and Carbon Capture and

StorageStorage1. Climate Change, Sustainability and CCS2. CO2 sources and capture3. Storage, risk assessment and monitoring4. Economics5. Legal aspects and public acceptance

Prepared by Utrecht Centre for Energy research

Examples of storage Examples of storage projectsprojects

Sleipner, North Sea (saline reservoir)Sleipner, North Sea (saline reservoir) In-Salah, Algeria (gas reservoir)In-Salah, Algeria (gas reservoir) K12B, North Sea (gas reservoir)K12B, North Sea (gas reservoir) Weyburn, Canada (oil reservoir)Weyburn, Canada (oil reservoir) Enhanced Coal Bed Methane projectsEnhanced Coal Bed Methane projects

– Alisson (New Mexico)Alisson (New Mexico)– Recopol (Poland)Recopol (Poland)

2. Storage: examples

Geological storage for CO2

Examples of geological storage of Examples of geological storage of Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide

ZERO EMISSION CONCEPT ZERO EMISSION CONCEPT (by N.P. Chistensen, GEUS, Denmark(by N.P. Chistensen, GEUS, Denmark))

P o w e r P o w e r p l a n tp l a n tP o w e r p l a n tP o w e r p l a n t

C O 2

F l u e g a s w i t h 5 - 1 5 % C O 2

F l u e g a s w i t h o u t C O 2

C O 2 m a y b e u s e d a s a n e ffi c i e n t a d d i t i v e t o i n c r e a s e t h e r e c o v e r y o f o i l . T h i s m e t h o d i s u s e d i n m a n y o i l fi e l d s i n t h e U S A a n d e x p e r i e n c e s h o w s i n c r e a s e d r e c o v e r i e s o f b e t w e e n 8 a n d 1 6 % o f t h e o i l i n i t i a l l y d i s c o v e r e d . E x h a u s t e d o i l a n d g a s fi e l d s m a y p o s s i b l y b e u s e d f o r a d d i t i o n a l s t o r a g e o f C O 2 .

C o n v e n t i o n a l p o w e r p l a n t s u s e f o s s i l f u e l s , c o a l , o i l o r n a t u r a l g a s , f o r p r o d u c t i o n o f e l e c t r i c i t y a n d h e a t . T h e c o m b u s t i o n p r o d u c e s C O 2 w h i c h i s r e l e a s e d t o t h e a t m o s p h e r e . A b o u t 1 / 3 o f D e n m a r k ’ s 6 0 m i l l i o n t o n n e s a n n u a l C O 2 e m i s s i o n s o r i g i n a t e f r o m p o w e r g e n e r a t i o n .

F l u e g a s f r o m a c o n v e n t i o n a l p o w e r p l a n t m a y b e t r e a t e d s u c h t h a t C O 2 i s e x t r a c t e d a n d t r a n s p o r t e d b y p i p e l i n e t o a s u b s u r f a c e s t o r a g e f a c i l i t y .

C OC O 22 c a p t u r e c a p t u r e f a c i l i t yf a c i l i t y

I n d e e p s a l t w a t e r fi l l e d s a n d l a y e r s ( a q u i f e r s ) C O 2 c a n b e s t o r e d i n a f a s h i o n s i m i l a r t o s t o r a g e o f n a t u r a l g a s . T h e r e a r e m a n y s u i t a b l e s i t e s f o r s u c h s t o r a g e t h r o u g h o u t E u r o p e , i n c l u d i n g a h u g e p o t e n t i a l i n s a n d s d e e p u n d e r n e a t h t h e N o r t h S e a .

W a t e r v a p o u r

F u e lF u e l’ r e f i n e r y ’’ r e f i n e r y ’

F l u e g a s

I n c r e a s e d o i l r e c o v e r y :

C O 2 E O R

C O 2

P o w e rP o w e r p l a n t p l a n t

P r i o r t o c o m b u s t i o n n a t u r a l g a s i s t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o h y d r o g e n a n d p u r e C O 2 . C o a l o r h e a v y o i l m a y a l s o b e c o n v e r t e d t o t o w n g a s ( h y d r o g e n a n d m e t h a n e ) a n d p u r e C O 2 . H y d r o g e n o r t o w n g a s i s t h e n c o m b u s t e d i n a g a s t u r b i n e .

H y d r o g e n o r t o w n g a s

o i l

C O 2

S a n d b o d y

H y d r o g e n

H y d r o g e n m a y b e c o m e t h e f u t u r ef u e l f o r t r a n s p o r t , e . g . i n v e h i c l e su s i n g f u e l c e l l s .

E X I S T I N G P O W E R P L A N T S

E X I S T I N G P O W E R P L A N T S p o s t - c o m b u s t i o n C O 2 c a p t u r e

C O 2 s t o r a g e

N P C A p r i l 2 0 0 2

C O 2

Z E R O E M I S S I O N C O N C E P TZ E R O E M I S S I O N C O N C E P TP r o d u c t i o n o f C OP r o d u c t i o n o f C O 22 - f r e e e n e r g y- f r e e e n e r g y

a t p o w e r p l a n t s u s i n g f o s s i l f u e l sa t p o w e r p l a n t s u s i n g f o s s i l f u e l s

C O 2

F U T U R EP O W E R P L A N T Sp r e - c o m b u s t i o nC O 2 r e m o v a l

A q u i f e r s t o r a g e

o f C O 2

Reservoir and sealsReservoir and seals

In general a reservoir consist of:In general a reservoir consist of: Porous and permeable rocks Porous and permeable rocks

that can contain (a mixture of) that can contain (a mixture of) gas and liquid gas and liquid

Rocks with pores of typically 5-Rocks with pores of typically 5-30% of volume of the rock 30% of volume of the rock (with diameters of nm-mm)(with diameters of nm-mm)

A sealing by a non permeable A sealing by a non permeable rock layerrock layer

Typical Reservoir size is Typical Reservoir size is 0.05-50 km^30.05-50 km^3

Map of porosity distribution at cm-scale (right) and corresponding sandstone thin section (left)

1. Geology: reservoirs

Naturally occurring reservoirsNaturally occurring reservoirs

Fresh water aquiferFresh water aquifer Saline aquiferSaline aquifer Oil reservoirOil reservoir Natural gas reservoirNatural gas reservoir COCO22 reservoir reservoir

1. Geology: reservoirs

Natural CO2 fields

Exploited carbogaseous waters (mineral water, spa)

Natural CO2 occurrences in France

Properties of geo-fluidsProperties of geo-fluids

All rocks in the crust contain fluids (water, All rocks in the crust contain fluids (water, oil, natural gas, COoil, natural gas, CO22))

Transport of fluids depends on:Transport of fluids depends on:1.1. DensityDensity

2.2. ViscosityViscosity

3.3. SolvabilitySolvability

4.4. MiscibilityMiscibility

1. Geology: CO2 transport

properties

Desired fluid properties Desired fluid properties for for COCO22 storage storage

High densityHigh density High viscosityHigh viscosity High solvabilityHigh solvability High miscibilityHigh miscibility

So: So: low temperature and high pressurelow temperature and high pressure

1. Geology: CO2 transport

properties

Immobilization and trapping Immobilization and trapping options: options: PhysicalPhysical

Physical blocking by Physical blocking by – structural traps (anticlines, unconformities or structural traps (anticlines, unconformities or

faults)faults)– stratigraphic traps (change in type of rock layer)stratigraphic traps (change in type of rock layer)

Hydrodynamic trapping by extremely slow Hydrodynamic trapping by extremely slow migration rates of reservoir brinemigration rates of reservoir brine

Residual gas trapping by capillary forces in Residual gas trapping by capillary forces in pore spacespore spaces

Negative buoyancy in case Negative buoyancy in case CCOO22 is denser is denser than its host rockthan its host rock

Immobilization and Immobilization and trapping options: trapping options:

ChemicalChemical Adsorption onto coal or organic-rich Adsorption onto coal or organic-rich

shales: permanently reduced mobilityshales: permanently reduced mobility Mineralization into carbonate mineral Mineralization into carbonate mineral

phases: permanently reduced mobilityphases: permanently reduced mobility Solubility trapping: Solubility trapping: CCOO22 dissolved in dissolved in

formation waters forming one single formation waters forming one single phase: phase: greatly reduced mobilitygreatly reduced mobility

1. Geology: trapping

mechanisms

Site selection criteriaSite selection criteria

High storage capacityHigh storage capacity High porosityHigh porosity

High storage capacityHigh storage capacity Large reservoirLarge reservoir

Efficient injectivityEfficient injectivity High permeability High permeability

Safe and secure storageSafe and secure storage Low geoth. gradient & high pressureLow geoth. gradient & high pressure

Safe and secure storageSafe and secure storage Adequate sealingAdequate sealing

Safe and secure storageSafe and secure storage Geological & hydrodynamic stabilityGeological & hydrodynamic stability

Low costsLow costs Good accessibility, infrastructure Good accessibility, infrastructure

Low costsLow costs Source close to storage reservoirSource close to storage reservoir

1. Geology: site selection

Advantages and Advantages and disadvantages of storage disadvantages of storage

sitessites

IEA, GHG, 2004

1. Geology: site selection

2. Storage2. Storage

ExamplesExamples Storage in coal seams: ECBMStorage in coal seams: ECBM Potential storage capacityPotential storage capacity Ocean storageOcean storage

Locations of Locations of CCOO22 storage storage

activitiesactivities

Source: IPCC

2. Storage: examples

Simplified diagram of Simplified diagram of the Sleipner the Sleipner CCOO22 storage storage

projectproject

Source: IPCC

2. Storage: examples

Characteristics SleipnerCharacteristics Sleipner

CCOO22 injection since 1996 (first commercial project) injection since 1996 (first commercial project)

Storage of COStorage of CO22 in (shallower) saline aquifer together in (shallower) saline aquifer together

with production of natural gaswith production of natural gas Aquifer consists of unconsolidated sandstone and thin Aquifer consists of unconsolidated sandstone and thin

(horizontal) shale layers that spreads (horizontal) shale layers that spreads CCOO22 laterally laterally

Seal consists of an extensive and thick shale layerSeal consists of an extensive and thick shale layer ~1Mt ~1Mt CCOO22 removed from gas plant annually removed from gas plant annually

Estimate of total stored Estimate of total stored CCOO22 over entire lifetime: over entire lifetime:

20 MtCO220 MtCO2

Source: IPCC/IPIECA

2. Storage:

examples

Location of In Salah Location of In Salah CCOO22

storage projectstorage project

2. Storage: examples

In Salah In Salah CCOO22 storage storage

projectproject First large scale First large scale CCOO22 storage in a gas reservoir storage in a gas reservoir 1 Mt 1 Mt CCOO22 stored into the Krechba (sandstone) reservoir annually stored into the Krechba (sandstone) reservoir annually

starting in April 2004starting in April 2004 CCOO22 injected into water filled parts of gas reservoir (1.5 km) injected into water filled parts of gas reservoir (1.5 km) Seal consists of thick layer of mudstones (shales)Seal consists of thick layer of mudstones (shales) 4 production and 3 injection wells4 production and 3 injection wells Use of long-reach horizontal wellsUse of long-reach horizontal wells Produced natural gas contains up to 10% Produced natural gas contains up to 10% CCOO22

Estimate of total stored Estimate of total stored CCOO22 over entire lifetime: over entire lifetime: 17 Mt 17 Mt CCOO22

Source: IPCCSource: IPCC

2. Storage: examples

Cross section In Salah Cross section In Salah gas reservoirgas reservoir

Source: IPCC

2. Storage:

examples

Offshore Offshore location K12-B location K12-B

projectproject

K12-B

Amsterdam

Source: TNO/CATO

2. Storage: examples

Characteristics Characteristics K12-B storage projectK12-B storage project

Nearly empty gas reservoir at 4 km depthNearly empty gas reservoir at 4 km depth Reservoir rocks: Aeolian and fluvial sediments, Reservoir rocks: Aeolian and fluvial sediments,

with relatively low permeabilitywith relatively low permeability Tests for enhanced gas recovery: high miscibility Tests for enhanced gas recovery: high miscibility

of gas and COof gas and CO22 results in mixing instead of a results in mixing instead of a

migrating frontmigrating front Annual injection of 20 ktonne of COAnnual injection of 20 ktonne of CO22 to be up- to be up-

scaled to 480 ktonne COscaled to 480 ktonne CO22/yr/yrSource: TNO

2. Storage: examples

Weyburn storage project, Weyburn storage project, CanadaCanada

Sedimentary Williston Basin of Mississippian Sedimentary Williston Basin of Mississippian carbonate oil reservoircarbonate oil reservoir

Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) CCOO22 source is a coal gasification company, source is a coal gasification company,

producing 95% pure producing 95% pure CCOO22

CCOO22 injection since 2000 injection since 2000 Estimate of total stored Estimate of total stored CCOO22 over entire lifetime: 20 over entire lifetime: 20

Mt Mt CCOO22

Seal consists of anhydrite and shaleSeal consists of anhydrite and shale

Source: IPCC

2. Storage:

examples

Location of storage site and Location of storage site and gasification plant and scheme gasification plant and scheme for EOR through for EOR through CCOO22 storage storage

ReginaRegina

EstevanEstevan

BismarckBismarck

North DakotaNorth Dakota

MontanaMontana

ManitobaManitoba

SaskatchewanSaskatchewan CanadaCanada

USAUSA

WeyburnWeyburn

BeulahBeulah

ReginaRegina

EstevanEstevan

BismarckBismarck

North DakotaNorth Dakota

MontanaMontana

ManitobaManitoba

SaskatchewanSaskatchewan CanadaCanada

USAUSA

ReginaRegina

EstevanEstevan

BismarckBismarck

North DakotaNorth Dakota

MontanaMontana

ManitobaManitoba

SaskatchewanSaskatchewan CanadaCanada

USAUSA

WeyburnWeyburnWeyburnWeyburn

BeulahBeulahBeulahBeulah

Source: IPCCSource: IPIECA

2. Storage: examples

Storage in coal seamsStorage in coal seams2. Storage: ECBM

CCOO22 storage in Coal storage in Coal

Coal contains micro-pores (r = 0.4 – 1 nm) suitable Coal contains micro-pores (r = 0.4 – 1 nm) suitable for adsorption of gases, such as COfor adsorption of gases, such as CO2 2 (r = ca. 0.3 nm)(r = ca. 0.3 nm)

Higher affinity to adsorb COHigher affinity to adsorb CO22 than CH than CH44

One methane molecule can be replaced by at least One methane molecule can be replaced by at least two molecules of COtwo molecules of CO22: : Enhanced Coal Bed Methane Enhanced Coal Bed Methane recoveryrecovery (ECBM) of up to 95% extra gas recovery (ECBM) of up to 95% extra gas recovery

Ratio CORatio CO22/CH/CH44 depends on the maturity and type of depends on the maturity and type of coalcoal

Coal plastization and swelling can occur due to the Coal plastization and swelling can occur due to the presence of COpresence of CO22 and this reduces permeability and this reduces permeability

Sources: Siemens Tudelft and IPCCSources: Siemens Tudelft and IPCC

2. Storage: ECBM

Influencing factors Influencing factors on coal adsorptionon coal adsorption

• Coal rankCoal rank– Peat Peat lignite lignite bituminous coal bituminous coal anthracite anthracite– Pore structure and sizePore structure and size– Moist content (rank dependent)Moist content (rank dependent)

• Coal compositionCoal composition– Presence of different macerals and mineralsPresence of different macerals and minerals

• Moisture contentMoisture content– Water molecules block adsorption sites of pore Water molecules block adsorption sites of pore

systemsystem• pH changepH change• TemperatureTemperature

– decreasing adsorption rates with increasing Tdecreasing adsorption rates with increasing TSource: Siemens TUDelftSource: Siemens TUDelft

2. Storage: ECBM

• CO2 acts as a solvent that destroys bonds of the coal macro molecules relaxation of the coal structure

• Under constrained reservoir conditions swelling causes a reduction of porosity and permeability (see figure)

Problems related to COProblems related to CO22 injection injection

Harpalani & Schaufnagel 1990

Swelling

Source Siemens Tudelft

2. Storage: ECBM

Example: Example: Recopol European ECBM Recopol European ECBM

projectproject EU co-funded research & demonstration project EU co-funded research & demonstration project Silesian Coal Basin of PolandSilesian Coal Basin of Poland COCO22 is pumped in coal seam at a depth of ~1km is pumped in coal seam at a depth of ~1km

Simultaneous production of methaneSimultaneous production of methane Injection and production started in 2004Injection and production started in 2004 Stimulation required because coal seam Stimulation required because coal seam

permeability reduces in time, presumably due to permeability reduces in time, presumably due to swelling from contact with the COswelling from contact with the CO22

2. Storage: ECBM

Location of Recopol ECBM project

2. Storage: ECBM

Potential storage capacityPotential storage capacity

Reservoir type

Lower estimate of storage capacity

(GtCO2)

Upper estimate of storage capacity

(GtCO2) Oil and gas fields

675a 900a

Unminable coal seams (ECBM)

3 - 15 200

Deep saline formations

1,000 Uncertain, but possibly 104

a These numbers would increase by 25% if “undiscovered” oil and gas fields were included in this assessment.

Source: IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage.

Compare worldwide CO2 emissions: 25 GtCO2/yr

2. Storage: potential capacity

Ocean storage principlesOcean storage principles Ocean storage is injection of COOcean storage is injection of CO22 into the deep ocean into the deep ocean

water. At a dept of 2700 CO2 has a negative buoyancy.water. At a dept of 2700 CO2 has a negative buoyancy.

2. Storage: ocean

Depth (m)Depth (m) phasephase densitydensity

<500<500 gasgas Less than waterLess than water

500-2700500-2700 liquidliquid Less than waterLess than water

>2700>2700 Crystalline Crystalline hydratehydrate

Higher than Higher than waterwater

Physical properties Physical properties of COof CO22 in water in water

Depth (m)Depth (m) phasephase densitydensity

<500<500 gasgas Less than waterLess than water

500-2700500-2700 liquidliquid Less than waterLess than water

>2700>2700 Crystalline Crystalline hydratehydrate

Higher than Higher than waterwater

2. Storage: ocean

COCO22 and/or CH and/or CH44 leakage from the reservoir to the leakage from the reservoir to the atmosphereatmosphere

Micro-seismicity due to pressure and stress changes in Micro-seismicity due to pressure and stress changes in the reservoir, causing small earth quakes and faultsthe reservoir, causing small earth quakes and faults

Ground movement, subsidence or uplift due to pressure Ground movement, subsidence or uplift due to pressure changes in the reservoirchanges in the reservoir

Displacement of brine from an open reservoir to other Displacement of brine from an open reservoir to other formations, possibly containing fresh waterformations, possibly containing fresh water

Source: Damen et alSource: Damen et al

Risks associated with CORisks associated with CO22 storage in geological storage in geological

reservoirsreservoirs

3. Risks and monitoring

COCO22 and CH and CH44 leakage leakage

Depends on thickness of overlying formations and trapping Depends on thickness of overlying formations and trapping mechanisms and occurs when:mechanisms and occurs when:

Inability of cap rock to prevent upward migration, due to:Inability of cap rock to prevent upward migration, due to: too high permeability (possibility for diffusion of COtoo high permeability (possibility for diffusion of CO22)) dissolving of cap rock by reaction with COdissolving of cap rock by reaction with CO22

cap rock failure (fracturing and faulting due to over cap rock failure (fracturing and faulting due to over pressuring of the reservoir)pressuring of the reservoir)

Escape through (old) wells through:Escape through (old) wells through: Improper pluggingImproper plugging Diffusion through cement or steel casingDiffusion through cement or steel casing

Dissolving of CODissolving of CO22 in fluid that flows laterally in fluid that flows laterally

Source: Damen et alSource: Damen et al

3. Risks and

monitoring

Local and global effect Local and global effect of COof CO22 leakage leakage

Local: Health effects at elevated COLocal: Health effects at elevated CO22 concentration concentration (accumulation of CO(accumulation of CO22 can occur in confined areas) can occur in confined areas)

Local: Decrease of pH of soils and water, causing:Local: Decrease of pH of soils and water, causing: Calcium dissolutionCalcium dissolution Increase in hardness of the waterIncrease in hardness of the water Release of trace metalsRelease of trace metals

Global: leakage reduces the COGlobal: leakage reduces the CO22 mitigation option, mitigation option, effect depends on stabilization of greenhouse gas effect depends on stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrationconcentration

Stabilization targetsStabilization targets Extend and timing of COExtend and timing of CO22 storage (simulation models) storage (simulation models)

Source: Damen et al

3. Risks and monitoring

Purpose of monitoringPurpose of monitoring

To ensure public health and safety of local To ensure public health and safety of local environmentenvironment

To verify the amount of COTo verify the amount of CO22 storage storage

To track migration of stored COTo track migration of stored CO22 (simulation (simulation

models)models) To confirm reliability of trapping mechanismsTo confirm reliability of trapping mechanisms To provide early warning of storage failureTo provide early warning of storage failure

3. Risks and monitoring

Examples of monitoring Examples of monitoring techniquestechniques

Monitoring Monitoring groupgroup

Monitoring technologiesMonitoring technologies CompartmentCompartment

EngineeringEngineering Pressure, temperature, well testsPressure, temperature, well tests WellsWells

GeophysicalGeophysical Seismics (3D), micro seismicity, Seismics (3D), micro seismicity, gravimetry, electro-magnetic, self-gravimetry, electro-magnetic, self-potential, physical well loggingpotential, physical well logging

Reservoir and back -Reservoir and back -ground system, wellsground system, wells

GeochemicalGeochemical Production water & gas analysis, Production water & gas analysis, tracers, overburden fluids, direct tracers, overburden fluids, direct measurementsmeasurements

Reservoir and surface Reservoir and surface systemsystem

GeodeticGeodetic Geodetic, tilt measurements, satellite Geodetic, tilt measurements, satellite interferometry, airborne sensinginterferometry, airborne sensing

Surface systemSurface system

BiologicalBiological Microbial, vegetation changesMicrobial, vegetation changes Surface and Surface and background systembackground system

Measurements are repeated in time or applied continuouslySource: Wildenborg, TNO

3. Risks and monitoring

ConclusionsConclusions There is a high worldwide storage capacity potentialThere is a high worldwide storage capacity potential Different types of reservoirs occur naturallyDifferent types of reservoirs occur naturally COCO2 2 will be stored for a very long time (10000 yr)will be stored for a very long time (10000 yr)

There is a possibility for enhanced recovery of fuel There is a possibility for enhanced recovery of fuel from certain reservoirsfrom certain reservoirs

High pressure and low temperature are preferable for High pressure and low temperature are preferable for effective COeffective CO2 2 storagestorage

Several storage projects have already startedSeveral storage projects have already started Leakage and other risk should be monitored carefullyLeakage and other risk should be monitored carefully

5. Conclusion

CO2NET Lectures on CO2NET Lectures on Carbon Capture and Carbon Capture and

StorageStorage1. Climate Change, Sustainability and CCS2. CO2 sources and capture3. Storage, risk assessment and monitoring4. Economics5. Legal aspects and public acceptance

Prepared by Utrecht Centre for Energy research

Performance new power Performance new power plantsplants

(current technology)(current technology) New NGCCNew NGCC New PCNew PC New IGCCNew IGCC

Cap. Costs, no capt. (US$/kW)Cap. Costs, no capt. (US$/kW) ~ ~ 570570 ~ ~ 12901290 ~ ~ 13301330

Cap. Costs, with capt. (US$/kW)Cap. Costs, with capt. (US$/kW) ~ ~ 10001000 ~ ~ 21002100 ~ ~ 18301830

Plant efficiency, with capt. Plant efficiency, with capt. 47-50 %47-50 % 30-35 %30-35 % 31-40 %31-40 %

COE, no capt. (US$/kWh)COE, no capt. (US$/kWh) 0.031-0.0500.031-0.050 0.043-0.0520.043-0.052 0.041-0.0610.041-0.061

COE, with capt. (US$/kWh)COE, with capt. (US$/kWh) 0.043-0.0720.043-0.072 0.062-0.0860.062-0.086 0.054-0.0790.054-0.079

Increase COEIncrease COE 37-69 %37-69 % 42-66 %42-66 % 20-55 %20-55 %

Cost of net Cost of net COCO22 capt. capt. (US$/tC(US$/tCOO22))

37-7437-74 29-5129-51 13-3713-37

*) Gas prices: 2.8-4.4 US$/GJ; Coal prices: 1-1.5 US$/GJ

Source: IPCC SR-CCS, 2005

Cost of CCS

Total production costs of Total production costs of electricityelectricity

Power plant Power plant systemsystem

Natural Gas Natural Gas Combined Combined

CycleCycle(US$/kWh)(US$/kWh)

Pulverized Pulverized CoalCoal

(US$/kWh)(US$/kWh)

Integrated Integrated Gasification Gasification Combined Combined

CycleCycle

(US$/kWh)(US$/kWh)Without captureWithout capture(reference plant)(reference plant)

0.03-0.050.03-0.05 0.04-0.050.04-0.05 0.04-0.060.04-0.06

With capture With capture and geological and geological storagestorage

0.04-0.080.04-0.08 0.06-0.100.06-0.10 0.05-0.090.05-0.09

With capture With capture and EORand EOR

0.04-0.070.04-0.07 0.05-0.080.05-0.08 0.04-0.070.04-0.07

*) Gas prices: 2.8-4.4 US$/GJ; Coal prices: 1-1.5 US$/GJ

Source: IPCC SR-CCS, 2005

Cost of CCS

COCO22 transportation costs transportation costs

Source: IPCC, SR-CCS, 2005

Transportation costs:1-8 US$ / tCO2 / 250 km

(per 250 km, onshore and offshore)

Cost of CCS

Cost Cost COCO22 storage storage

CCS system components:CCS system components: Cost rangeCost range

(US$/t(US$/tCOCO22 avoided) avoided)

- Geological storage- Geological storage 0.5 - 8 0.5 - 8

- Geological storage: Geological storage: monitoring and verificationmonitoring and verification

0.1 - 0.30.1 - 0.3

- Ocean Storage- Ocean Storage 5 - 305 - 30

- Mineral carbonization- Mineral carbonization 50 - 10050 - 100

Source: IPCC, SR-CCS, 2005

Cost of CCS

Cost of electricity (Cost of electricity (€ct/kWh)€ct/kWh)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

PC IGCC NGCC IGCCadvanced

CG-CES IGCC-SOFC NGCCadvanced

CLC AZEP NGCC-SOFC

capital fuel o&m CO2 pipeline CO2 storage

State of the art Advanced

COAL GAS

PC

NGCC

Kay Damen, Utrecht University

Cost of CCS

CO2 benefits for EOR CO2 benefits for EOR

In Texas CO2 is commercially bought for In Texas CO2 is commercially bought for Enhanced Oil Recovery. Enhanced Oil Recovery.

The price paid for the COThe price paid for the CO2 2 is in this case is in this case

depended on the price of oil:depended on the price of oil: 11.7 US$/tCO2 (at 18 US$ per barrel of oil)11.7 US$/tCO2 (at 18 US$ per barrel of oil) 16.3 US$/tCO2 (at 25 US$ per barrel of oil) 16.3 US$/tCO2 (at 25 US$ per barrel of oil) 32.7 US$/tCO2 (at 50 US$ per barrel of oil)32.7 US$/tCO2 (at 50 US$ per barrel of oil)

Conclusion economics of CCSConclusion economics of CCS The cost of CCS depends strongly on the The cost of CCS depends strongly on the

source, location and technology source, location and technology (from slightly negative up to 100 €/ton)(from slightly negative up to 100 €/ton)

In some cases CCS only needs few or no In some cases CCS only needs few or no incentives incentives

CCS can play significant role when COCCS can play significant role when CO22 prices prices become 25–30 US$/tCObecome 25–30 US$/tCO22 (IPCC)(IPCC)

Capture (and capital) cost are in general the Capture (and capital) cost are in general the biggestbiggest

The costs can be reduced in the futureThe costs can be reduced in the future

CO2NET Lectures on CO2NET Lectures on Carbon Capture and Carbon Capture and

StorageStorage1. Climate Change, sustainability and CCS2. CO2 sources and capture3. Storage, risk assessment and monitoring4. Economics5. Legal aspects and public acceptance

Prepared by Utrecht Centre for Energy research

International treaties on wasteInternational treaties on waste

Protection of the seas:Protection of the seas:– London convention (1972)London convention (1972)– London protocol (1996)London protocol (1996)– OSPAR (1992)OSPAR (1992)

Habitat protectionHabitat protection– Convention on biological diversity (1992)Convention on biological diversity (1992)– Habitat directiveHabitat directive

Conclusion CO2 storage & lawConclusion CO2 storage & law In deep sea: In deep sea:

– Not allowed (unless via land-based pipe)Not allowed (unless via land-based pipe) Under seabedUnder seabed

– possibilities but also restrictions (storage method, possibilities but also restrictions (storage method, origin of CO2 and contamination COorigin of CO2 and contamination CO22) )

– Legal issues still under debateLegal issues still under debate Under landUnder land

– Depends on national law, but probably allowedDepends on national law, but probably allowed

For a smooth large scale implementation of For a smooth large scale implementation of CCS adoptions of the treaties have to be CCS adoptions of the treaties have to be made.made.

LiabilityLiability

Liability questions not solved yet: Liability questions not solved yet: Who does own the stored COWho does own the stored CO22??

Who pays for the monitoring?Who pays for the monitoring? Who is responsible for long term Who is responsible for long term

leakages leakages ……..

Conclusion lectureConclusion lecture

To maintain public support:To maintain public support: Fair and open communication Fair and open communication (international) Legal frame work needs (international) Legal frame work needs

adaptationsadaptations Proper monitoring and risk managementProper monitoring and risk management CCS as a third optionCCS as a third option The cost of CCS should be paid by the The cost of CCS should be paid by the

emitter on longer termemitter on longer term

CO2 emissions from Trade Union members, 2005 (tons/%)

  B A L T I C S T A T E S             

Sector

Estonia  

Latvia  

Lithuania  

  tons % tons % tons %

Energy 11704636 92 3132013 76,60 4526047 68,2

Oil refineries -   -   - 1870375 28,2

Steel/Iron -   369830 9,05    

Cement 780241 6,1 420866 10,29 54681 0,8

Glass 32476 0,3 74290 1,82 74835 1,1

Ceramic 100045 0,8 85470 2,09 31645 0,5

Plants            

Paper 51115 0,4 6294 0,15 -   -

Total (veryfied) 12721869 76 4088763 100,5 6632207 49,1

Allocation 16747054   4070078   13503454  

CO2 sources >100 000 tons in the CO2 sources >100 000 tons in the Baltic StatesBaltic States

CO2 sources >100 000 tons by Trade union CO2 sources >100 000 tons by Trade union members in Estoniamembers in Estonia

Prospects for the Prospects for the Baltic StatesBaltic States

Properties ofProperties of Cambrian Cambrian reservoir in reservoir in thethe Bal Baltic statestic states (GEOBALTICA (GEOBALTICA project, S.Šliaupa)project, S.Šliaupa)

11 -- drinking water (salinity >1g/l, depth <500 m)drinking water (salinity >1g/l, depth <500 m)22 -- table mineral water (salinity 1-10g/l); blue table mineral water (salinity 1-10g/l); blue dot indicatesdot indicates w water-work exploiting bottled ater-work exploiting bottled mineral water (1.8-2 g/l)mineral water (1.8-2 g/l)33 -- storage facilities, e.g. gas (porosity 20-30%,storage facilities, e.g. gas (porosity 20-30%,depth ~1 km, thickness ~100 m); depth ~1 km, thickness ~100 m); 44 -- geothermal water geothermal water (temperature >40°C) and balneological water (temperature >40°C) and balneological water (salinit(salinity y >100g/l, Br>600mg/l); >100g/l, Br>600mg/l); 55 -- geothermal anomaly (temperaturegeothermal anomaly (temperature >75°C, porosity ~5%, water salinity >170g/l, >75°C, porosity ~5%, water salinity >170g/l, BrBr >> 600600 mg/l)mg/l)66 -- oil prospects; 7oil prospects; 7 -- ongoing oil exploitationongoing oil exploitation

200 km

1 2 3 4

5 6 7

1 2 3 4

5 6 777

GEOBALTICA project dataGEOBALTICA project data

GEOBALTICA project dataGEOBALTICA project data

GEOBALTICA project dataGEOBALTICA project data

Lithuania

Next event of CO2EAST projectNext event of CO2EAST project Carbon Capture and Storage – Response to Carbon Capture and Storage – Response to

Climate ChangeClimate Change Regional Workshop for CE and EE Countries27-28 Regional Workshop for CE and EE Countries27-28

February 2007 in Zagreb, CroatiaFebruary 2007 in Zagreb, Croatia Organised by:Organised by: University of ZagrebUniversity of Zagreb Faculty of Mining, Geology Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineeringand Petroleum Engineering Pierottijeva 6, HR-10 Pierottijeva 6, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia000 Zagreb, Croatia

Workshop web-siteWorkshop web-site: www.co2neteast.rgn.hr : www.co2neteast.rgn.hr (after 20 Dec. 2006)(after 20 Dec. 2006)