CO CAPTURE and STORAGE Mostly NG but with some Coal

Lecture # 20

CO2 CAPTURE and STORAGE Mostly NG but with some Coal

Ahmed Ghoniem April 15, 2020

CO2 reduction and improved efficiency CO2 Capture Schemes CO2 Capture Enabled Cycles CO2 Sequestration

© Ahmed F. Ghoniem

COP21

© IEA. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.

• New policies scenario: takes into account the policies and implementing measures affecting energymarkets that had been adopted as of mid-2015 (as well as the energy-related components of climatepledges in the run-up to COP21)

• 450 scenario: depicts a pathway to the 2�C climate goal that can be achieved by fostering technologiesthat are close to becoming available at commercial scale.

Source: IEA world energy outlook 2015, P55

© by Ahmed F. Ghoniem 2

https://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse

Energy-related CO2 emission’s reduction

1. Efficiencyimprovement

2. New and cleanenergy

3. CCS

© IEA. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.

[1] IEA, World Energy Outlook 20123


157

Estimated (in 2019) Levelized Cost of Electricity Generation Plants in 2023

U.S. Average Total System Levelized Cost

( ) Capacity Factor

130 No tax credits are assumed for renewables Dispatchable

104

99

All cases for utility scale plants

92 60

89 78

78 56

46 41

68

41 39

CC-30: Coal with 30% CCS CCT: Conventional Combustion Turbine W: Wind – Onshore CC-90: Coal with 90% CCS ACT: Advanced Combustion Turbine W-O: Wind – OffshoreCCC: Conventional Combined Cycle AN: Advanced Nuclear SPV: Solar PV ACC: Advanced Combined Cycle G: Geothermal ST: Solar Thermal ACC-CCS: Advanced CC with CCS B: Biomass H: Hydroelectric

Image courtesy of U.S. Energy Information Administration.

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2019, Feb 2019. 4

Proposed CO2 emissions Regulations on Coal and NG

Coal plant at 35% efficiency, 1 mole CO2/mole of coal. Take 32 MJ/kg as coal heating value, plant produces (0.35 x 32 x 12 / 44) = 3.05 MJe/kgCO2 or ~ 1,180 kg CO2/MWhe. (proposed 1100 lb/MWhe)

NG plant at 55% efficiency, 1 mole CO2/mole CH4, with 45 MJ/kg NG heating value, generates (0.55 x 45 x 16 / 44) = 9 MJe/kgCO2 or ~ 400 kgCO2/MWhe. (proposed 1000 lb/MWhe)

Coal can not meet these without CCS .. Petra Nova!

© EPRI. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.

Efficiency improvements reduce CO2 emissions, with limits

Advanced Coal Power Systems with CO2 Capture …, EPRI Report, 1016877, Sept 2008 5


Approaches for CO2 capture (shown for coal used in steam cycle plants)

Separate CO2 from CO2+N2

Separate CO2 from CO2+H2

Separate O2 from O2+N2

6Courtesy Elsevier, Inc., http://www.sciencedirect.com. Used with permission.

http://www.sciencedirect.com

System level analysis for NG (ASPEN BASED ANALYSIS)

7

NG OXY-COMBUSTION CAPTURE SCHEME

Oxyfuel combustion. An air separation unit is used. Estimated efficiency penalty for syngas and NG are 5-12% points and 6-9% points, respectively. This amounts to increasing the fuel use by 24-27 % and22-28 %. Broken line for a PC plant.

© Ahmed F. Ghoniem 8

NG Oxy-combustion Combined cycle

• Working Fluid: Mainly CO2 (78%)• CO2 is recycled back to the combustor in order to moderate

temperatures (93%)• Net Efficiency: 45.9%• 100 MWe SCOC-CC demonstration plant, partnership of

Chakroun, N. W. and Ghoniem, A.F., Int. J. Greenhouse Control, 36 (2015) 1-12. Siemens , Nebb Engineering, SINTEF & Lund University. Chakroun, N.W. and Ghoniem, A.F., Int. J. Greenhouse Control, 41 (2015) 163-173.

Courtesy Elsevier, Inc., http://www.sciencedirect.com. Used with permission.

9



NG Oxy-Combustion Water cycle

CourtesyElsevier,Inc., http://www.sciencedirect.com.Usedwithpermission.

• Working Fluid: Mainly H2O (94%) • Liquid water is recycled to the combustor to moderate

temperatures (83%) • Net Efficiency: 41.4%

• This cycle has been implemented since 2005 by Clean Energy CourtesyElsevier,Inc., http://www.sciencedirect.com.Usedwithpermission.

Systems (CES) in a 5MW test plant in Kimberlina, CA (world’s first zero emission power plant) 10



Oxygen Penalty SCOCC-CC Water Cycle Graz Cycle

Working Fluid Composition (% vol.)

CO2 87% 6% 10%

H2O 13% 94% 90%

Operating P (bar) 40 100 40

Efficiency Ranges 47-54% 40-49% 48-54%

Cycle Power Breakdown

(% heat input)

Turbine 89.7% 62% 102.7%

Compressors, Pumps

30.8% 2.2% 39%

ASU 8.8% 9.1% 9.2%

CO2 Compression 3% 6.1% 5.9%

Turbine Technologies

Cycle Implementation

• New designs of current gas turbinemachinery needed, due to unusualworking fluid (CO2 &H2O) and high T’s

• Cycle not been implemented in real lifebut layout of cycle is similar to CC’s somodifications may be practical

• A new oxy-fuel power plant w/supercritical CO2 cycle is beingdeveloped by NET Power and a testplant should be completed by 2015

• Steam turbinetechnologies availablefor HPT and LPT, fromCES, for this cycle up tocertain temperatures

• Cycle has been builtand implemented inreal-life by CES at theKimberlina Power Plant

• Needs development ofadvanced turbinetechnology, for HTT, dueto unusual working fluid(H2O & CO2) & high T’s

• Cycle not beenimplemented yet b/c ofcomplexity & unusualworking fluid makes iteconomically unviable(so far) & needs newturbo-machinery design 11

MIEC MEMBRANES (ITM) FOR GAS SEPARATION AND FOR OXY-COMBUSTION

DOE’s cycle, non reactive MSU

ITM: T=700-900˚C

Air

O2-depleted air

High p’O2

Fuel (CH4)

CO2Low p’’O2 +

H2O

./.1 ./.1 %%'& ("#,*+,,- − ("#,',,3

=!"# ',,3 *+,,-4567,&'89, + 4;<=> + 4567,&'89,

• At intermediate T and high ΔpO2, ITMs produces high purity O2 at reduced energy penalty

• Use reactive sweep gas to maintain low p’’O2 and perform air separation and oxy-combustion in same unt

Hong, J., Kirchen, P. and Ghoniem, JMS, 2012, 407, Combust Flame 2013, 160. 12 Kirchen, Hong and Ghoniem, PCI, 2013, 34, 3463.

ITM based ASU (MSRU)/Syngas Production

O2+N2 Depleted-

ABO3-δ

High O2+N2• Large penalty in ASU technology p

• Cryogenic: 0.36 &'ℎ)*⁄+3 ,-. /0

• Small PSA ~ 0.9 &'ℎ)*⁄+3 ,-. /0 P ITM stacks by Air Products

• Ion Transport Membranes (ITM): Diluent low

Diluent+O2

•Oxygen purity: near 100% •/0 separation/reaction combined in a single unit •Energy ~ 0.2 &'ℎ)*⁄+3 ,-. /0 (Fraunhofer IKTS)

In our Labs, we have fabricating some of the best performing pervoskite membranes (LCF, LSCF, BZF, LSCo, LSCrCo, including biphasic and bilayer, novel morphology, etc. for different applications) Fraunhofer Institute, Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ, uses tubular

membranes, heat recovery to achieve 0.14 kWh/kg_O2

OTM Syngas module by Praxair

Hunt, Dimitrakopoulos,. Ghoniem, J Membrane Science 489 (2015) 248–257. Courtesy Elsevier, Inc., http://www.sciencedirect.com. Used with permission. Hunt, Dimitrakopoulos,. Kirchen, Ghoniem, J Membrane Science 468 (2014) 62–72 13


Chemical Looping for Oxy-combustion


14


CHEMICAL LOOPING COMBUSTION USING OXYGEN METAL CARRIERS IN REDOX REACTIONS

AND AN ISOTHERMAL ROTARY REACTOR

Comparison of multi-stage combined cycle designs. The solid circle on the top right-hand corner is for the combined cycle without CCS. CLC-CC with no reheat, 1 or 2 reheat. CLC-CC(r) is the CLC combined cycle with FR flue gas recuperation (no reheat and a single reheat); CLC-CC(s) is the CLC combined cycle with FR flue gas powering a bottom steam cycle. The TIT plays a very important role in determining the efficiency

© ACS Publications. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.

Zhao, Z.L., Chen, T.J., and Ghoniem, A.F., Energy & Fuels, 2013. 15


PRE-COMBUSTION CO2 CAPTURE, NGCC or IGCC

Carbon or

condenser

air

H R S G

H2 rich gas

C GT

ST

CO2 for storage WG

SR Reformer Gasifier

O2

Hydrocarbon H2O

H2O

CO2 pre-combustion capture. Reformed fuel is shifted and CO2. Estimated efficiency penalty for syngas and NG are 7-13% points and 4-11% points, respectively. Given current efficiencies of coal and NG plants, this amounts to increasing the fuel use by 14-25 % and 16-28 %, respectively.


Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle Coal Plants

Air

combustion AGR

Gasifier Types and the exit gas temperature

Fixed Bed Oxygen Nitrogen

ASU 30-60 minutes

Syngas CO+H2 Water GCU Shift

CO2+H2

Coal CO2 H2

slag Fluidized Bed 1-10 minute

Water

Entrained flow

Most common in IGCC

0.1 s

GCU: Gas Cleanup Unit © Source unknown. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative AGR: Acid Gas Removal to separate CO2 Commons license. For more information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.

17


TEMPA ELECTRIC POLK IGCC POWER PLANT

250 MW, 35.3 % efficiency, 2500 TPD coal, 200 TPD sulfuric acid, built 1996, $600M

© Ahmed F. Ghoniem Image courtesy of DOE.

Why add oxygen in gasification ???

steam gasification: C + H2O → CO + H2

is endothermic Δh r = 118 MJ/kgmol C (1)

partial oxidation: C + 1 O2 → CO2

is exothermic Δh r = -123 MJ/kgmol C (2)

Add (1)+(2) makes the gasification nearly autothermal:

2C + 12

O2 + H2O → 2CO + H2

Δh r = -5 MJ/2 kgmol C

⇒ cold gas efficiency: chemical energy in syngas/chemical energy in coal is ~100%

(practical values are lower becasue of heat losses)

18

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https://www.globalccsinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/GCC_GLOBAL_STATUS_REPORT_2019.pdf

19



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https://www.globalccsinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/GCC_GLOBAL_STATUS_REPORT_2019.pdf Oil recovery is under:

Field pressure (primary): 15% Water floods (secondary): 30 %

© Ahmed F. Ghoniem CO2 flood (tertiary): 15% 21



Chemical scrubbing of CO2 from flue gases has already been demonstrated.

During 82-86, an aqueous solution of MEA was used in: Lubbock Power plant, Texas, NG was fired in a 50 MW plant, producing near 1000 t/d of CO2 , and in a coal-steam generator in Carlsbad NM producing 113 t/d. In both cases, CO2 was used for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in nearby fields.

1991, CO2 scrubbing using 15-20% MEA solutions in the 300 MW Shady Point Combined Heat and Power Plant in Oklahoma has been producing nearly 400 t/d CO2, which is used in the food industry and in EOR.

A similar operation is done in a Botswana plant burning coal.

Norway Sleipner Vest gas field separates CO2 from the recovered natural gas to reduce CO2 concentration in the produced gas from 95% to 2.5%. The separated CO2 is then injected back into a 250 m deep aquifer located 800 m below the ocean surface.


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CO CAPTURE and STORAGE Mostly NG but with some Coal

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