COCO22 Sequestration in Sequestration in

Gas Shales of KentuckyGas Shales of Kentucky

Brandon C. Nuttall, James A. Drahovzal, Brandon C. Nuttall, James A. Drahovzal, Cortland F. Eble, R. Marc BustinCortland F. Eble, R. Marc Bustin

U.S. DOE/NETL DE-FC26-02NT41442U.S. DOE/NETL DE-FC26-02NT41442

AAPG CalgaryAAPG CalgaryJune 19-22, 2005June 19-22, 2005

Why Black Shales?Why Black Shales?

• Distribution and potential Distribution and potential storage volumestorage volume

• Known producerKnown producer–Gas adsorbed on kerogen and clayGas adsorbed on kerogen and clay

• Analogous to CBM?Analogous to CBM?

Basic Research: Basic Research: FeasibilityFeasibility

• COCO22 sorption sorption capacitycapacity• CHCH44

displacement displacement potentialpotential

Devonian Shale in KentuckyDevonian Shale in Kentucky

Estimated gas in place:Estimated gas in place:63 to 112 tcf63 to 112 tcf

Present in subsurfacePresent in subsurface>=1000’ deep and >=100’ thick>=1000’ deep and >=100’ thickProducing areaProducing area

Big Sandy Reservoir InfoBig Sandy Reservoir Info

• Completion interval >500’Completion interval >500’

• Average porosity 4.3%Average porosity 4.3%

• Max. porosity 11%Max. porosity 11%

• Temperature 84Temperature 84ooFF

• Average pressure 400 psiAverage pressure 400 psi

• Permeability <0.1 mdPermeability <0.1 md

Atlas of Major Appalachian Gas Plays, 1996

Typical Reservoir ConditionsTypical Reservoir Conditionsfor COfor CO22 Injection Injection

CriticalPoint

Saturation Line

Mel

tin

g L

ine

Temp (ºF)

Pre

ssu

re (

psi

a)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

-100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100

So

lid

Liquid

Gas

Geologic Geologic ColumnColumn

Surface

1,000’

2,000’

3,000’

4,000’

Coal measures, Coal measures, mixed sand, shale, mixed sand, shale,

and coal.and coal.

““Salt” sandsSalt” sands

Pennington: Pennington: SSand and shaleand and shale

Big Lime: CBig Lime: Carbonatearbonate

Pen

nsy

lvan

ian

Pen

nsy

lvan

ian

Mis

siss

ipp

ian

Mis

siss

ipp

ian

Dev

on

ian

Dev

on

ian

Borden: SBorden: Sand and shaleand and shale

Ohio: Ohio: Carbonaceous Carbonaceous

black shaleblack shale

3,800’ +/- of mixed 3,800’ +/- of mixed sand, shale, and sand, shale, and carbonate provide carbonate provide adequate adequate reservoir seal.reservoir seal.

Composite thickness data from Knott and Leslie County wells and Dillman and Ettensohn (1980)

ShaleShaleOverviewOverview

 

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

 

 

Mis

siss

ipp

ian

Borden

ClevelandD

evo

nia

n

Oh

io S

hal

e

Berea

Sunbury

Three Lick Bed

Upper Huron

MiddleHuron

LowerHuron

Olentangy

• 3-component 3-component systemsystem– QuartzQuartz– ClayClay– Organic matterOrganic matter

• 3-component 3-component systemsystem– QuartzQuartz– ClayClay– Organic matterOrganic matter

} ClasticGR Density

Cross sectionCross sectionLAS fileLAS fileAdsorptionAdsorptionBothBoth

Study AreaStudy Area

Average Organic ContentAverage Organic Content

2.1%

7.0%3.7% 2.7%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

Zielinski &McIver, 1982

Ettensohn, 1998 This study, asreceived

This study, acidwashed

To

tal O

rga

nic

Ca

rbo

n

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

1 1.25 1.5 1.75

R0 random

Mean Random ReflectanceMean Random Reflectance

Upper oil window and Upper oil window and wet gas/condensateswet gas/condensates R0 random x 1.066 ~ R0 max

Fre

qu

ency

Devonian Shale Adsorption Devonian Shale Adsorption IsothermsIsotherms

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

PSIA

Sta

nd

ard

cu

bic

fe

et

pe

r to

n

CO2

CH4

Adsorption at 400 PSIAAdsorption at 400 PSIA

Adsorbed gas (standard cubic feet per ton of shale)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Average CHAverage CH44: 8.1 scf/ton: 8.1 scf/ton

Average COAverage CO22: 42.9 scf/ton: 42.9 scf/ton

COCO22 = 5.3 x CH = 5.3 x CH44

Fre

qu

ency

COCO22 Adsorption at 400 PSIA Adsorption at 400 PSIA

0

40

80

120

160

0 4 8 12 16

Total Organic Carbon Content (%)

Sta

nd

ard

cu

bic

fee

t p

er t

on

of

shal

e

Eastern Kentucky

Mountaineer

Indiana

Regression

r2 = 0.80

COCO2 2 scf/ton = 7.9 x TOC + 20.7scf/ton = 7.9 x TOC + 20.7

CNR 24752 Elk HornCNR 24752 Elk Horn

ClevelandCleveland

Three LickThree Lick

Upper HuronUpper Huron

Middle HuronMiddle Huron

Lower HuronLower Huron

OlentangyOlentangy

SunburySunbury

BordenBorden

BereaBerea

11

44

11

11

11

22

Sidewall cores Sidewall cores for adsorption for adsorption

and CHand CH4 4

displacementdisplacement

ECS Shale AnalysisC

lays

Cla

ys

BoundBoundWaterWater

KerogenKerogen GasGasSaturationSaturationTotalTotalPhiPhi

AdsorbedAdsorbedGas (scf)Gas (scf)

TotalTotalGasGas(scf)(scf)

TOCTOC Cum.Cum.GasGas(bcf)(bcf)

QFMQFM

CrossplotCrossplot

Lower density&

Higher GR=

More organic

RhoBRhoBmaxmax gray gray

shale = 2.82 g/ccshale = 2.82 g/cc

(g/cc)

Calculate TOC from RhoBCalculate TOC from RhoB

1*822.55

BTOC

Schmoker, 1993, USGS Bull 1909

Shading based on density (RhoB)

<2.4 >2.8

Morecarbonaceous

Moreclastic

Cross SectionCross SectionW E

1,6

00

fe

et

72 miles

27.6 Billion Tons CO27.6 Billion Tons CO2 2 EstimatedEstimated

40 scf/ton thickness weighted average

>3 MM

<1 MM

Tons/sq kmTons/sq km

FutureFuture• Map TOC from density logsMap TOC from density logs

• New estimate of CONew estimate of CO22 capacity capacity

• Demonstration projectDemonstration project–COCO22 monitoring monitoring• Surface soils• Produced gas

–Reservoir simulationReservoir simulation

ConclusionConclusion

Preliminary analyses indicate the Preliminary analyses indicate the organic-rich Mississippian–organic-rich Mississippian–Devonian shales of Kentucky Devonian shales of Kentucky have the potential to sequester have the potential to sequester large volumes of COlarge volumes of CO22..

www.uky.edu/kgs