CNSThe Canadian Nuclear Society People supporting applied nuclear science & technology Communication on technical nuclear issues Independent no corporate, government mandate Established 1979, independently incorporated 1998Scientists & EngineersEducatorsAdministratorsNuclear OperatorsMediaDecision MakersStudentsInterested PublicFREE MEMBERSHIP

Dr. George Laurence Canadian Nuclear PioneerNational Research Council, Ottawa, 1940Record-breaking twin CANDUs at Qinshan, China, 2003Canadian Nuclear Science and Technology:Innovation and Excellence for over 60 years

CANDU: One of Canadas top ten engineering achievements of the past centuryCanadian engineering centennial, 1987Pickering, Ontario

In the beginning

Ernest Rutherford at McGill University describes radioactivity Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1908McGill University, 1905(1871 - 1937)1898-1907

If it were ever possible to control at will the rate of disintegration of the radio-elements, an enormous amount of energy could be obtained from a small amount of matter Ernest Rutherford, Montreal, 1904

James Chadwick discoverer of the neutron, 1932 Nobel Prize in Physics, 1935(1891 - 1974) start of the Neutron Transmutation bandwagon1932 # protons# neutrons?

The energy produced by the breaking down of the atom is a very poor kind of thing. Anyone who expects a source of power from the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine Sir Ernest Rutherford, London, 1933(1871 - 1937)

1939 January: FISSION !(Hahn, Strassmann, Meitner, Frisch)

1940 Have heavy water, will travel French heavy-water research evades the Nazis to the U.K., and subsequently to Canada (1942)

George Laurence First fission experiments in Canada and the world, 1940-42 National Research Council, Ottawa(1905 - 1987)1940-1942

Montreal Group (U. of Montreal)1942-1944Mandate: heavy-water plutonium-production reactor for the Manhattan Project

Chalk River Laboratories1944

Chalk River Laboratories(today)

1945 ZEEP: first reactor in the world outside the U.S.A.

Canada in 1945: Second largest nuclear infrastructure on the planet Atomic bomb knowledge World experts on heavy-water reactor Uranium supplies Worlds most powerful research reactor (NRX) under construction WHERE TO GO FROM HERE?

NRU (1957)Canadas Choice: Peaceful Applications of Nuclear EnergyNRX (1947)A Mecca for nuclear research

1951 The Atom Bomb That Saves LivesMacLeans MagazineUniversity of SaskatchewanUniversity of Western OntarioFIRST PATIENT: 27 Oct, 1951FIRST PATIENT: 8 Nov, 1951COBALT CANCER THERAPY

1952 Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd.Government creates Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd.

1950s Bertram Brockhouse(Nobel Prize in Physics, 1994)Triple Axis Spectrometer, 1958Tandem Accelerator, 1959Ted Litherland, Allan Bromley, Harry Gove

1950s A Canadian Gift to the World: Cancer Therapy and Nuclear Medicine

1962 NUCLEAR POWER DEMONSTRATION(Rolphton, Ont.)

Argentina (1)Canada (22)Romania (2)India (2)Pakistan (1)South Korea (4)China (2)CANDU Reactors Around the World Operating & Under Construction or Refurbishment2004

Pickering, Ontario (1971-73, 1983-86)Darlington, Ontario (1990-93)Bruce, Ontario (1977-79, 1985-87)Pt. Lepreau, New Brunswick (1983)Gentilly 1 and 2, Quebec (1971, 1983)Nuclear Power Demonstration (NPD), Ontario (1962)CANDU in CanadaDouglas Point, Ontario (1966)

CANDU around the worldWolsong, South Korea (1982, 1997-99)Embalse, Argentina (1984)Cernavoda, Romania (1996, 2006, ?)Rajasthan, India(1973, 1982)Kanupp, Pakistan (1972)Qinshan, China (2002-03)