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Big Issues

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' A55irmatie Action

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/$e Contener 

Con (against)Ar?unao$7:osing0 oints

Human Cloning

A to % #aorites e-ort t$is Debate$are +it$ % #riens

Do %ou lie t$is ebate@ *oesB1 ost 2oting erio/$e oting -erio 5or t$is ebate $as enea5ter 3 otes t$e +inner iss$o-ins72oting t%le Open oint %stem 7 Point

tarte 110'011 Categor% /ec$nolog%-ate 4 %ears ago tatus ost 2oting erio2ie+e 1",7"0 times Debate *o 14344

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Debate ouns (")Comments (3)2otes (3)

 

ro

=s it et$ical to clone $umans@

Human Cloning t$e creation o5 a geneticall% ientical co-% o5 a $uman s-eci5icall% 5ormeical researc$ or 5or a meical treatment /o be use strictl% as a last resort

Arguments

1 It is useful for learning about the human body and biotechnologya /$e cloning o5 $umans +oul allo+ 5or an% number o5 tests to be one on

essentiall% $uman guinea -igs

' It can help with women who cannot produce children a an% +omen unergoing 5ertili;ation treatments are onl% able to -rouce

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one egg oer a -erio o5 time Cloning can $el- in maing more eggs sot$at t$ere is a better c$ance o5 5ertili;ation

3 It can help those who need an organ.

a /$ere can be an e<act re-lica -rouce ometimes +aiting on t$e onorlist taes too long, or a -er5ect matc$ isnt able to be 5oun, or t$e bo%

ma% re?ect anot$er -ersons organ 6eing able to use cloning as atreatment to get an e<act re-lica +oul allo+ 5or a -er5ect matc$ eer%time

4 It provides treatments for a variety of diseases.

a esearc$ on t$e clones can $el- scientists gain no+lege about ariousiseases A clone s$oul onl% be mae to test a cure 5or a isease once allot$er -ossibilities $ae been rule out

e-ort t$is Argument

Con

Et$ical Fuestion =s it et$ical to clone $umans@

Human cloning is not et$ical because it iolates $uman an moral rig$ts, ma% cause -s%c$ological $arm to c$ilren, is ine55ectie an e<-ensie, an it iolates t$e -recautionar% -rinci-le

De5inition /$e -rocess o5 -roucing a cell, cell -rouct, or organism t$at is geneticall%ientical to t$e unit or iniiual 5orm 5rom +$ic$ it +as erie

Arguments Against

/$e issue o5 $uman cloning raises too man% Guestions #or instance, oes t$at clone $ae t$e samerig$ts as an iniiual or is it -ro-ert%@ As a result, $uman cloning ma% iolate $uman or moralrig$ts =t is notice t$at eer% $uman being $as a rig$t to $ae a uniGue ientit% an a rig$t toignorance about ones 5uture or to an o-en 5utureI $ile t$is coul easil% be is-ute becauseo5 t$e nature o5 ientical t+ins, t$e rig$t to ignorance an an o-en 5uture is a se-arate issue=entical t+ins $ae t$e same e<act genome but $ae i55erent lies an 5utures =n t$eir caset$ere alrea% e<ists anot$er ersion o5 t$e clone an t$e% alrea% no+ certain t$ings aboutt$emseles an t$e 5uture t$e% $ae to lie u- to /$e later clone +ill lose t$e s-ontaneit% o5aut$enticit% creating an becoming $is or $er o+n sel5 ne +ill lose t$e sense o5 $uman

 -ossibilit% in 5reel% creating ones o+n 5uture =n aition, $uman cloning +oul lessen t$e +ort$o5 iniiuals an iminis$ t$e res-ect 5or $uman li5e Human li5e +oul be seen as re-laceable

Cloning ma% cause -s%c$ological $arm to c$ilren C$ilren coul su55er 5rom a reucesense o5 iniiualit%, an a clone c$il ma% 5eel t$at t$eir 5uture is +ort$ less as it no+rests in a clone iniiual Cloning coul also encourage -arents to alue $o+ +ellc$ilren can geneticall% meet t$eir e<-ectations rat$er t$an loing t$em 5or being ?ustt$eir c$il =n aition to t$is, -arents an societ% ma% see t$eir c$ilren as ob?ects annot as $uman beings +it$ actual 5eelings =5 $uman cloning becomes a realit% an aregular social -ractice, it coul also mae -arents +$o +ant to $ae t$eir o+n c$ilren,an not geneticall% c$oose t$eir c$il, be cast out o5 societ%

Cloning can be ine55ectie an e<-ensie =t too scientists '77 times to clone a stable,

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$ealt$% s$ee- calle Doll% Cloning researc$ is er% time emaning an e<-ensiecosting t$ousans o5 ollars t$at coul be -ut some+$ere else &etting eggs 5rom onorscoul easil% cost u- to J"0,000, meaning costs to treatclone onl% one -erson coul reac$u- to J100,000 Asie 5rom t$e cost, $uman cloning -roceures -roie man% riss /$eman% riss inclue ris to an oum onor, a nucleus onor, an t$e +oman +$o receies

t$e embr%o 5or im-lantations, along +it$ all o5 t$e riss to t$e clone in t$is -roceure/$ere is anot$er -roblem in regars to t$e c$ronological age ersus t$e biological age/$e clone $as alrea% gaine man% %ears b% t$e time it +as born because it +as taen5rom ault cells /$is also results in t$e clone not $aing as long o5 a li5e e<-ectanc%

Human cloning iolates t$e -recautionar% -rinci-le Cloning is a brea 5rom t$e natural -rocess o5 eolution, +$ic$ is no+n to strengt$en s-ecies an im-roes t$eir surialinstincts t$roug$ iersit% /$is coul -otentiall% -rouce a ne+ race o5 iniiuals +$ocoul be easil% mani-ulate Creating clones +oul lea to eer%one $aing t$e samegenetic material, an i5 eer t$e abilit% to clone $a been lost or unaailable, t$e $umanrace +oul $ae to resort to natural re-rouction causing inbrees Human cloning isalso seen as taing nature into ones o+n $ans *o octor, scientist, or geneticist s$oul

 be gien t$e -o+er to create li5e b% means o5 genetic tec$nolog% /$is -o+er coul easil% be abuse, an to tam-er +it$ nature eGuals isaster =5 t$e -rocess o5 cloning +asallo+e, $umans ma% also 5ace e<tinction i5 eolution is not allo+e to 5ollo+ its -ro-ercourse o5 actione-ort t$is Argument

ro

Rebuttal to argument !

ner our e5inition o5 cloning, t$e clone +oul be use strictl% 5or meicinal -ur-osessuc$ as researc$ /$is means t$at t$e clone +oul not $ae a c$ance to lie out a li5e t$att$e% +is$e /$e% +oul be create 5or an aancement o5 science an tec$nolog% /$eargument t$at t$e clone s$oul be able to lie +it$ t$e same rig$ts as a natural born$uman cannot be use because t$e e<act -ur-ose o5 t$e clone is etermine b% scientistsan octors ner a circumstance in +$ic$ cloning +oul tae -lace, t$e -erson beingclone +oul $ae to be a+are t$at t$e $uman clone o5 t$emseles +oul not $ae eGualo--ortunities /$e clone +ill not $ae a c$ance to -roe $is or $er aut$enticit%, becausein realit% $e or s$e is not aut$enticK sim-l% a clone create 5or a tec$nological -ur-osee-ort t$is Argument

Con

1. It is unethical to use cloning as a way to learn about the humanbody and biotechnology. Cloning is inefective and it is almostguaranteed that there will be either deaths or some kind oailure. The majority o cloned animals have something wrongwith them. They die in the womb, or soon ater birth. Typical

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deects are malunctioning lungs, a heart that doesnt work as itshould, an imperect immune system and abnormal si!e. Thescientists have theories about why so many clones seem to gowrong. "ne is that molecules attached to the genetic materialwhich are important in ensuring that only some genes are

#switched on# at any given location in the body $so that, orinstance, your brain cells are in your head, rather than in yourstomach%, are scraped of or damaged when the cell to be clonedis manipulated by the e&perimenters. 'anipulation bye&perimenters is inevitable, not just when ()* is removed romthe egg, but also when the new cell is inserted into it. Theprocess disrupts development in other ways.

e-ort t$is Argument

ro

Rebuttal to argument "! arents +oul not $ae t$e o--ortunit% to clone t$eir c$il 5orsel5.-leasure Cloning +oul be strictl% regulate an onl% use as a last resort #orinstance, a 5amil% coul not clone a c$il an t$en -rocee to raise t$at c$il in t$eir5amil% an gie $im t$e same o--ortunities as t$e original c$il An% $uman t$at isclone +oul be closel% +atc$e 5or t$e rest o5 t$eir li5e an it is er% unliel% t$at aclone +oul eer be allo+e out o5 a meical researc$ 5acilit% /$ere5ore, t$ere is no +a%

t$at cloning coul become a Lregular social -ractice,L because stanars 5or cloning ac$il in -articular +oul be e<tremel% $ig$ an $ar to reac$ =5 a c$il +ere to beclone, s-eci5ic rules +oul $ae to be signe o55 on b% a la+%er, t$e 5amil%, anmulti-le octors an scientists be5ore t$e -roceure /$e rules +oul inclue a -art t$atinsure t$at t$e 5amil% unerstoo t$at t$e clone is being use 5or meical -ur-oses anis in no +a% going to become a 5amil% member /$e clone belongs to t$e sciences, an+ill be e-t uner t$e regulations o5 t$e octors an scientists inole /$e -ur-ose o5meical cloning o5 $umans is not 5or t$e clones to $ae Lactual 5eelings,L but instea tocure a isease or $el- sole a meical -roblem

Rebuttal to argument #! /$e riss o5 t$e -eo-le inole in cloning, suc$ as t$e oum

or nucleus onors, or t$e +oman +$o receies t$e embr%o 5or onation +oul $ae to be+ell a+are o5 all o5 t$e riss Again, a legal ocument +oul $ae to be signe b% ala+%er, t$e -erson at ris, an multi-le octors an scientists /$e -roceure is not to betaen lig$tl%, an 5or t$at reason, eer% -recaution necessar% +oul be taen, incluingmaing sure t$at eer%one +$o is inole is a+are o5 t$e ris *e<t, because t$e clone+ill not $ae t$e same treatment as a natural.born $uman, as t$at t$e% are being use 5orscienti5ic -ur-oses, t$e biological age +ill not be an issue /$e clone +ill be age baseon +$at t$e octors c$oose $ile it too '77 times to clone a s$ee-, t$at breat$roug$+as a scienti5ic miracle an +as +ell +ort$ t$e time an mone% /$ere is no en%ing t$atcloning is e<-ensie an angerous, but +it$ t$e bene5its an researc$ t$at coul beac$iee, it is a ris +ort$ taing ($o+eer, onl% as a last resort)

Rebuttal to argument $! Human cloning is uneniabl% taing nature into ones o+n

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$ans ost o5 science can be seen as suc$ Ho+eer, t$e Guestion o5 clones becomingt$eir o+n race an -otentiall% $aing eer%one $ae t$e same genetic material is absur6ase on t$e -rinci-les t$at +e $ae lai, cloning is guarantee to sta% uner controlse onl% as a last resort means t$at t$ere +ont be billions o5 clones +anering t$eeart$ Also, in some cases, suc$ as in5ertilit% or incurable iseases, nature nees to be

taen into t$e $ans o5 $umans =n orer to -rolong t$e li5e o5 t$e $uman race,tec$nolog% nees to be use to ee- u- +it$ t$e eer.mutating iseases t$at areestro%ing our -o-ulatione-ort t$is Argument

Con

ebuttal to argument ' =5 cloning is use to $el- +omen +$o are not able to -rouce

c$ilren, t$ere +ill be an oer.-o-ulation er-o-ulation coul t$en lea to 5e+erresources 5or eer%one, increase -oert%, less s-ace 5or eer%bo% else, an +e +oul

 be more susce-tible to iseases=n aition, i5 a c$il $a gotten ille 5or +$ateer reason t$at mot$er coul 5eel 5ree toget t$eir c$il clone Ho+eer, t$is clone c$il +oul not be t$e same as t$e originalc$il /$ere are also man% ot$er solutions to +omen +$o can not $ae c$ilren /$esealternaties inclue =n 2itro #ertili;ation, s-erm onors, surrogates, an ao-tion /$ese+a%s are muc$ more e55ectie an t$ere is a muc$ better c$ance t$at %our c$il +ill be$ealt$% $% ris t$e $ealt$ an sa5et% o5 someone i5 t$ere are better o-tions out t$ere@ebuttal to argument 3 =5 %ou nee to get an organ 5rom a $uman clone %ou +oul $aeto ill t$at -erson =t raises too man% Guestions suc$ as i5 t$e -erson is an iniiual or i5 

it is consiere -ro-ert%@ =n t$is nation o5 America, eer% single -erson $as uneniablerig$ts incluing clone -eo-le 6ecause o5 t$is, $uman cloning +oul lessen t$e +ort$ o5 iniiuals an iminis$ res-ect 5or $uman li5e /$ese clones coul also be sub?ect toiscrimination base on t$e 5act t$at t$e% are a $uman clone an not a -rouct o5 se<ualre-rouction =n aition, $uman cloning +oul iert resources 5rom ot$er moreim-ortant social an meical nees /$e e<-ecte bene5its 5rom $uman cloning arelimite an t$e 5uning coul -ossibl% be use in ot$er areas t$at $ae more an bettere<-ecte outcomesebuttal to argument 4 $ile cloning ma% be anot$er +a% o5 -roiing treatments 5orman% iseases, t$ere are ot$er more e55ectie +a%s o5 5ining treatments As sai be5ore,cloning is er% angerous an t$ere coul man% e5ects =t too '77 attem-ts tosuccess5ull% clone t$e s$ee- Doll% =5 %ou use t$ese clones 5or treatments, t$is +oul beunet$ical because t$e clones get no rig$ts =n t$is situation, t$e% o not get a sa% in+$et$er t$e% +ant to be use in e<-eriments =t is as i5 t$e% are being treate as animalsrat$er t$an $uman beings =n aition, it raises too man% Guestions on +$et$er t$eseclones s$oul be treate lie e<-erimental sub?ects 5or iseasese-ort t$is Argument

ro

Rebuttal to Rebuttal!

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%rgument ! =t is -er5ectl% et$ical to clone $umans 5or t$e -ur-ose o5 researc$ /$eresearc$ ictims +ill be treate lie -atients o5 researc$ /$e% +oul not $ae t$e samerig$ts as eer% natural born $uman +oul $ae nl% clones born o5 $uman intent (eggclones) +oul $ae t$e same rig$ts as ot$er $uman beings /$is +oul $el- +it$ researc$

5or ot$er biotec$nolog% suc$ as t$e cloning o5 organs an ot$er im-ortant 5actors

%rgument "! =n t$e argument, it states t$at t$e cloning o5 an egg +ill lea to oer -o-ulation Ho+eer %ou im-l% t$at =n 2itro 5ertili;ation oes not /$e cloning o5 an egg+oul ai in t$e -rocess o5 =n 2itro 5or +omen +$o cannot -rouce enoug$ eggs /$is+oul not cause oer -o-ulation because =n 2itro 5ertili;ation is alrea% legal Also, +eare taling about cloning t$e eggs in t$is case *ot ea -eo-le As +e $ae state man%times be5ore, t$is +oul be last resort onl% Also, to sa% t$at cloning $umans +oul beine55ectie is a 5alse statement Cloning $umans still nees to be -er5ecte an t$is is+$ere t$e researc$ +oul come into -la% it$ researc$, cloning $umans +oul becomea great alternatie

%rgument # Human cloning oes not necessaril% mean t$at t$e clone +oul $ae to beille a5ter a single organ is use /$e success5ul -rocess o5 cloning a $ealt$% $uman intoa $ealt$% clone +oul allo+ 5or multi-le organs an bo% -arts to be use to bene5it$umans alrea% in nee ner t$e stanars set 5or clones, +$ic$ +oul nee to belegitimate legal ocuments, a clone +oul */ $ae t$e same uneniable rig$ts as a$uman born t$roug$ se<ual re-rouction /$is stanar, along +it$ t$e unerstaningt$at cloning is strictl% being use as a last resort, +oul not onl% mean t$at clones o not$ae rig$ts, but it +oul also mean t$at cloning, an t$e e<-enses inole in cloning,+oul not become a regular, eer%a% -rocess =t is obious t$at cloning reGuires largeamount o5 mone%, but t$e bene5its suc$ as ee-ing multi-le -eo-le alie t$roug$ organonations, seem to out+eig$ t$e etriments

%rgument $ /$e ultimate goal o5 $uman cloning is to success5ull% en u- +it$ a$ealt$% clone t$at can be use 5or ast amounts o5 meical researc$ an tec$nolog% es,it too '77 times to clone a s$ee-, but t$at +as -rogress Eer%t$ing in t$e meicalcommunit% taes time, an eentuall% cloning +ill become less i55icult As statemulti-le times, t$e clones +oul certainl% be use strictl% 5or meical -ur-oses e arein no +a% cloning $umans to increases t$e liing, +oring -o-ulation e are cloning$umans to $el- 5in cures to iseases an allo+ 5or essentiall% unlimite testing /$estanars o5 et$ics, in relation to $uman cloning, +ill nee to be c$ange Clones +ill not

$ae t$e same rig$ts as $umans, because t$e% are not born +it$ t$e same 5reeomsClones are create +it$ a -ur-ose /$ere are too man% iseases in t$e +orl, suc$ asA=D an cancer, +$ic$ are estro%ing our -o-ulation ue to a restriction on researc$#or t$is reason, clones +oul broaen t$e bouns b% +$ic$ scientists coul test ancreate curese-ort t$is Argument

Con

%rguments and "! =n %our original arguments %ou sai t$at $uman cloning coul $el-

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+omen +$o coul not -rouce c$ilren $at c$ange %our original argument tosomet$ing +$ere it +oul onl% be use 5or researc$@ Een i5 cloning +oul onl% be use5or t$ings lie researc$, t$is means t$at t$e clone is not consiere an actual -erson butinstea it is consiere as an ob?ect /$is also means t$at t$e clone +oul $ae no rig$tsan +oul t$ere5ore $ae no sa% in an%t$ing /$e situation t$at t$e clone is -ut in is

consiere unet$ical Eer% $uman being $as a rig$t to $ae a uniGue ientit% an a rig$tto ignorance about ones 5uture or to an o-en 5utureI, as state in our 5irst argument =t isnot et$ical to test on clones because t$ere coul be man% im-lications /$e cloning

 -rocess itsel5 is er% angerous As alrea% iscusse, t%-ical e5ects are mal5unctioninglungs, a $eart t$at oesnMt +or as it s$oul, an im-er5ect immune s%stem an abnormalsi;e =n aition to somet$ing going +rong uring t$e cloning -rocess, so man% t$ingscoul go +rong +$ile testing on t$ese clones 5or treatments 5or iseases /esting on$uman clones is ?ust as ba as testing on animals =5 somet$ing goes +rong uring t$etesting, t$en t$at clone is stuc +it$ t$at e5ect =t is not rig$t to mae t$em su55er 5orsomet$ing t$at coul -otentiall% become a treatment

%rgument #! =5 cloning costs a lot o5 mone%, an t$ere are ot$er means o5 getting organsto -eo-le, t$en +$% s$oul cloning een $ae to be an o-tion@ $% +oulnt a $umanclone $ae t$e same rig$ts as a $uman being@ o man% Guestions arise 5rom t$is oneissue t$at t$ere +oul be man% com-lications Human clones +oul $ae a min o5 t$eiro+n an +$os to sa% +$et$er or not t$e% +oul go along +it$ an% o5 t$is Also, i5 %ouclone a $uman an use t$eir organs 5or someone else t$ere coul -otentiall% besomet$ing +rong +it$ t$at organ 6ecause t$e -rocess o5 cloning taes u- so muc$ timean costs too muc$ mone%, it sim-l% is ?ust not +ort$ it to go along +it$ $uman cloning/$ere is no reason to -ut someone in anger lie t$is 5or somet$ing t$at mig$t not een+or out

%rgument $! Again, +$ile %ou no+ state t$at $uman clones +oul be use strictl% 5orresearc$, %our earlier arguments state ot$er+ise Een so, i5 t$e cloning -rocess +asuse onl% 5or researc$, it is a er% angerous -rocess an t$ere are man% im-licationst$at come +it$ $uman cloning =n aition, i5 $umans begin to mess +it$ nature, t$erecoul be man% ot$er -roblems *o octor, scientist, or geneticist $as or s$oul be gient$e -o+er to create li5e b% means o5 genetic tec$nolog% uc$ -o+er is let$al an coul

 be abuse *o mortal is aboe t$e natural la+, an to tam-er +it$ nature eGuals isaster

e-ort t$is Argument

ro

Closing tatement

/$e cloning o5 $umans is an et$ical scienti5ic aancement t$at s$oul be -ursue /$eman% bene5its o5 cloning, suc$ as t$e ast amounts o5 aailable stu% o5 t$e $uman bo%,researc$ 5or iseases, assistance to in5ertile +omen, an t$e -ossibilit% o5 eentuall%5ining a cure 5or 5atal illnesses all out+eig$ t$e isaantages /$e Guestion o5 +$atrig$ts a clone +oul $ae an $o+ a clone s$oul be treate in societ% are all irreleantClones +oul be create 5or meical researc$ -ur-oses onl%, an t$us +oul not be gien

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t$e same rig$ts as a t%-ical $uman being Also, since t$e cloning o5 $umans +oul bestrictl% use as a last resort an onl% in e<treme cases, t$e ob?ection t$at cloning +oulincrease t$e $uman -o-ulation an create a ne+ race is e<traneous =t is obious t$at$uman cloning is a meical miracle t$at +oul greatl% strengt$en t$e meical anscienti5ic communit% ro$ibiting t$e action o5 $uman cloning s$o+s a lac o5

intelligence an an irrational 5ear against absur results =n conclusion, t$e cloning o5$umans is an entirel% et$ical biotec$nological met$o, an s$oul be legali;e all oert$e +orl =5 %ou $ae a $eart, an beliee in t$e aancement o5 tec$nolog%, science,an meicine, t$an ote ro 5or Human Cloninge-ort t$is Argument

Con

e t$an t$e o--osing team, ara$ an aison, 5or t$eir c$allenge Ho+eer, +e5irml% beliee t$at cloning $umans 5or an% reason is an unnecessar%, angerous, anine55ectie -rocess Cloning $umans is not$ing more t$an a -at$ t$at +ill lea to moreet$ical Guestions about t$e alue o5 a $uman li5e $en it comes to an% -roblems, $umanli5e is most im-ortant to usK -eo-le +$o su--ort cloning o not $ae -eo-le in t$eir bestinterest /$e% o not see t$e enormous amount o5 negaties t$at are associate +it$cloning $umans incluing -s%c$ological amage to t$e clone o5 a $uman,oer-o-ulation, an t$e -otential to abuse suc$ a -o+er5ul tool ur o--osition maesome reasonable -oints 5or cloning $umans suc$ as single an in5ertile -arents coul$ae c$ilren, an certain -eo-le coul be sae *eert$eless, in contrast to all t$e

 -osities o5 $uman cloning, t$e negaties relate to t$e sub?ect, mostl% moral an et$icalnegaties coming 5rom et$icists, -s%c$ologists, t$eologians an t$e c$urc$, as +ell asman% manate la+s against t$e cloning o5 $umans out+eig$ an% bene5its ur main

 -oints $ig$lig$t t$e i55icult an anger +it$ cloningK Doll% t$e s$ee- +as onl%success5ul a5ter '77 5aile clone s$ee- e are concerne +it$ $o+ -eo-le +ill res-onto t$e -roucts o5 cloning, mainl% $o+ clones +ill be use Are t$e% consiereiniiuals +it$ rig$ts or are t$e% onl% seen as liestoc +aite to be slaug$tere@ Aret$e% een consiere -eo-le or ?ust -ro-ert%@ e see t$eir ie+s on cloning but +e

 beliee it is best o5 5or t$e $uman race i5 cloning $umans le5t alone Cloning itsel5 can beetrimental to societ% because o5 one t$ing it oes not causing a c$ange in t$e gene -ool/$e same genes are being e<-resse, causing no bioiersit% to occur As a result, lessorganisms are able to aa-t to a c$anging enironment an s-ecies ma% een go e<tinct=n conclusion, t$e entire ebate on $uman cloning boils o+n to one Guestion, o t$eebatable bene5its o5 $uman cloning out+eig$ t$e et$ical an moral abuses@ cientists ,ai an ara$ +ant t$e +orl to beliee t$at t$e ans+er to t$at Guestion is %esHo+eer, t$e et$ical iolations an scienti5ic uncertainties 5ar out+eig$ an% -ossible

 bene5its t$at $uman cloning coul bring lease ont ?ust ote 5or us, ote to sae t$e+orl

http+www.debate.orgdebates-umanCloning/

Home > -inions > cience > =s $uman cloning +rong@

A a *e+ /o-ic

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Is human cloning wrong&

• A a *e+ /o-ic

• A to % #aorites

• Debate /$is /o-ic

• e-ort /$is /o-ic

"!N a% es

44N a% *o

It's not your (ob.

ouMre not &o so +$% +oul %ou een t$in about oing somet$ing lie t$is e allare $umans an +e esere to be re-resente to t$e +orl as uniGue iniiuals annot being clone 5or someoneMs sel5is$ reasons e nee to 5ig$t against t$is an tellt$e +orl t$at maing anot$er u-licate o5 someone +$o taes a+a% all t$e creatiit%

an intelligence in t$e original -erson

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)angerous *ery Harmful+

Human Cloning is 2er% +rongOO e $oul All 6e Di55erentOO n t$e si<t$ a% &osai, :et us mae man in our image, a5ter our lieness an let t$em $ae ominion

oer t$e 5is$ o5 t$e sea, an oer t$e 5o+l o5 t$e air, an oer t$e cattle, an oer allt$e eart$, an oer eer% cree-ing t$ing t$at cree-et$ u-on t$e eart$ o &o createman in $is o+n image, in t$e image o5 &o create $e create $imK male an 5emalecreate $e create t$em (&enesis 1'!.'7) PP 2er% goo e<am-le

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  ,o cloning it will lead to death

/$e reason +$% = t$in cloning is ba is t$at i5 al Gaea learns $o+ to clone t$en t$e is in trouble an t$e Q =5 al Gaea learns $o+ to clone t$en t$e% +ill clonet$ere arm% an t$eir leaers an t$e% +ill attac t$e An t$e Q F=/C:*=*& / A2E :=2E

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  It is Immoral

$at is t$e +$ole -oint o5 se< t$en@ e are able to $ae se<, because +e $ae tore-rouce *o+ %ou +ant to eliminate t$e nee 5or re-rouction@ DonMt mess +it$nature

e are all uniGueK but 5or $o+ muc$ longer@ =5 %ou clone me, = +onMt 5eel s-ecialan%more . neit$er +ill t$e clone

Cloning a bo% is -ossible, but = 5eel it is im-ossible to clone a E*, because t$e

clone oes not $ae a soul Cloning +oul ?ust create ;ombies (an mae m%nig$tmares come trueO)

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Cloning is -RO,+++

Human cloning is +rong because its un natural an not rig$t Creating oll% t$e s$ee-t$ere +ere man% eat$s an a $uge cost #or one %our not goOOO to- tr%ing to be$im /$eres a reason +$% %ou cant o certain t$ings = /*&: beliee t$at

$uman cloning is +rongOOOO

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of course it is wrong.

=n t$is cruel +orl i5 +e allo+ $uman cloning all it is use is 5or militar% uses An%countr% t$at can clone -eo-le can create a $uge arm% to estro% t$e +$ole +orl /$is+ill be an arm% o5 emotionless man Also, t$ere are man% issues in -arent$oo an

 ?uicial -roblems =t is essential to -reent $uman cloning +$ile +e can

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there is a lot of ris/ to get the perfect human clone

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=t too '77 attem-ts to get a success5ul s$ee- (Doll%) =5 +e tr% t$ese $it$ $umans,man% $uman clones +ill be e5orme, born +it$ ba iseases or +ill miss a leg or anarm /$e succes5ull clone +ill -robabl% going to $ae a er% rastic li5e, it ma% beclone b% an ault so $e or s$e +ill $ae a s$orter li5etime, $e or s$e +ill not $ae t$esame $uman rig$ts an +ill be iscriminate b% societ% becuase -eo-le +ill consier

$im or $er as an e<-eriment, not as a normal $uman being t$at $as 5eelings

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-rong& Of Course+

eo-le +ant to use t$ese clones as essels to $ol organs , +$at i5 t$ese LclonesL $ae5eelings@ $at i5 t$ese LclonesL +it$ 5eelings +ere t$e start o5 a ne+ -rotest 5or ne+la+s against cloning ou +oulnt create a $uman ?ust to cut t$eir li5e s$ort becausesomeone +$o +asnt born in a lab nees a $eart@

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Humans should not create humans

/$ere is obiousl% a ast amount o5 moral an et$ical concerns in regar to $umancloning Human li5e is beliee to be -recious an sacre Cloning ineitabl% is rarel%success5ul t$e 5irst time, +$ic$ means t$at $uman embr%os +ill ie =t is 5air to sa%t$at cloning is ain to murer or manslaug$ter at t$e least #or t$ose +$o o not

 beliee t$at li5e is sacre, it is ?ust tissue being is-ose o5 /$e iea o5 cloning isre-ugnant e are -utting t$e clonerI in t$e -lace o5 &o /$e most im-ortant -art o5 a -erson is t$eir s-irit, soul or min an cloning oes not allo+ one to ac$iee t$is, itrat$er allo+s one to attem-t to ac$iee some genetic stanar /$ere is no ?usti5ication5or cloning, it is so in$umane in t$e sense t$at t$ere are -eo-le on t$is eart$ +it$ er%cruel intentions an $uman cloning +oul allo+ 5or militar% use #or instance, acountr% t$at coul clone -eo-le coul create a massie arm% t$at coul attem-t to tae

oer ot$er countries an lea to enless +ars o5 emotionless men Humans s$oul becreate t$roug$ an act o5 loe an not an act o5 science ne t$at is clone can no

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longer be consiere an iniiual, as %our ientit% is not necessaril% ?ust %oursK %ouare s$aring it +it$ someone else Anot$er e<am-le 5or instance, i5 terrorist grou-s $at$e abilit% to clone t$en t$e +orl +oul be a muc$ more 5rig$tening -lace al+a%s in5ear o5 being attace at an% unno+n time *ot onl% t$is, but $uman cloning coullea to e<tremel% et$icall% +rong an in$umane actions lie organ $aresting 6abies

create b% t+o -eo-le are -rotecte b% ciil rig$ts an birt$ rig$ts, i5 organ $arestingeer $a--ene to t$em, t$en -eo-le +oul be -unis$e Ho+eer, i5 t$e organs o5clones +ere $areste, not$ing +oul $a--en $o -rotects t$em@ /$e clone ma%also 5ace emotional i55iculties t$at coul get in t$e +a% o5 liing a normal li5e =5 t$eclone reali;e t$e% +ere create to re-lace somebo% +$o $as -asse a+a%, t$e clone+oul 5eel an insane amount o5 -ressure no+ing t$is /$e clone ma% loo t$e same,

 but it +ill neer act t$e same =t +ill neer be an e<act re-lica Also, +$at is a cou-le$as a clone t$e% are not $a--% +it$@ /ec$nolog% $as t$e tenenc% to o5ten 5ailCloning is suc$ a $uge et$ical an moral concern =t reall% cannot be ?usti5ie

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It is wrong

=t is +rong because not eer%one lies to be u-licate, %es t$e% mig$t t$in t$at it iser% cool an interesting at 5irst but t$at -erson coul turn ba an tae oer %ou/$e% coul +ant to turn into %ou an not eer%one +ill be able to tell %ou a-art 5rom%our clone o t$at is +$% = onMt t$in t$at cloning is a goo t$in 6e an original nota co-% )

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-hy you 0ools

#irst o5 all t$ose +$o sa% it is +rong seem to be eit$er stu-e (t$e religeos) ormisin5orme

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=5 +e clone $umans it +oul not be to mae some sort o5 su-reme arm% or race =t+oul be 5or organ trans-lants

e +oul not re-lace our entire ciilisation +it$ clones e +oul researc$ cures 5or

eseases

e +oul sole +orl $unger b% cloning animals (= no+ t$is to-ic is about $umancloning)

an 5or %ou 5oolis$ ;ealots &o is a loa o5 s$Rt

An i5 an%one sa%s M-roe t$at &o osent e<istM = sa%.L/HEE = * *EED / D=2E /HE ES=/A*CE # E/H=*&, #=CH * E2=DE*CE ES=/OOOL

onMt $ol us bac

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1es Human Cloning is Right+

cre+ go, %ou canMt 5orce a religion on me t$at tells me +$atMs rig$t or +rong enee to clone $umans in orer to -rogress as t$e $uman raceO =tMs ?ust lie +$en -eo-leget all touc$% on t$e sub?ect o5 stem cells or abortion . %our religion, not mine =5 %ouonMt lie it to ba 5or %ou, +e nee to be able to create a -erson +$o is geneticall%ientical to t$e -erson +$o +as clone /$in o5 all t$e uses t$e clone bo% +oul$ae =5 %ou neee a ne+ set o5 lungs, +ell +$at o %ou no+ A bran ne+ set/$ese -eo-le +oul not be liing, t$e% +oul be egetables +$o o not $ae a

 -ersonalit% nor +oul t$e% 5eel -ain e ne to boot moralit% out t$e oor an 5ocuson curing iseases t$at ill millions o5 -eo-le eac$ %ear =5 +e $a $uman test sub?ectst$at +erenMt MliingM +e coul sole -roblems 5asterO =tMs all o5 %ou so5ties t$at t$in itMsin$umane ou +ant to no+ +$at = 5in in$uman, letting -eo-le in our o+n countriesstare +$ilst +e sae t$ose in A5rica Call me a monster but $uman cloning is t$e +a%to go an =Mll stic b% m% argument till t$e a% = ie

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It is a right.

=t is a rig$t t$at -eo-le o5 America s$oul $ae =5 someone $as a 5ailing $eart t$e% canre-rouce t$em =5 someone is $urting oer a eat$, t$e% can re-rouce t$e c$il =t issmart an a 5uturistic iea ig$t no+ it usuall% ens in 5ailures but sooner or later itma% ?ust be anot$er race in t$e +orl

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2oo many physical errors occur.

Doll% too '!7 tries be5ore s$e +as mae an s$e still $a -roblems, an lie a muc$s$orter li5e t$an all ot$er s$ee- /$ere coul also be oer-o-ulation an a ma?ors$ortage o5 5oo /$is is a big -roblem 5or all $umanit% an t$e &oernment s$oul

 ban it er% soon

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od isn't real

e are in c$arge o5 our o+n 5ates, so +$% +oul +e leae it to c$ance@H%-ot$eticall%, i5 go gae us t$e isease, +it$ toa%Ms moern science, $eMs giing ust$e c$ance to c$ange it $% +oul +e leae li5e t$reatening iseases in t$e $ans o5some $ig$er -o+er +$en t$e cure is rig$t in 5ront o5 us@

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  3eriously& 2his is impossible+

= ont beliee in it =ts not u- to -eo-le to clone, onl% &o can create li5e ou cannotre-rouce a soul =t is im-ossible an t$e tec$nolog% toa% +oulnt be able to o ita%be one a% t$e% can com-lete t$e tas o5 cloningI it +oul ?ust be a blob o5 sin

 because t$ere +oulnMt be a soul to control t$e bo%

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It is not all about ReligionHuman cloning is not ba because it is -urel% 5or science, religion is a +$ole ot$erto-ic t$en cloning because alt$oug$ = res-ect %our religion an %our belie5s, %ourstatement isnMt +$at = +oul call correct Human cloning alrea% $a--ens naturall% 5or all t$ose -eo-le +$o onMt no+ t$at /$ere is somet$ing calle $uman t+ins, u$,t$e% are tec$nicall% uner t$e categor% o5 cloning o, it is naturall% an religions$oulnMt be -ulle into -ure science

 Posted by: MountianWarriar 

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,o4 it isn't.

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=Mm assuming t$at %ou are taling about t$era-eutic cloning, +$ic$ is t$e -rocess+$ere %ou clone a $uman to get a $uman embr%o so %ou can $arest stem cells so %oucan mae organs an trans-lant t$ose organs to -eo-le t$at nee t$em 5 course t$is

 -rocess ills t$e embr%o = ie+ t$is lie = ie+ abortion, t$e embr%o is not a -erson%et, not tec$nicall% /$e% onMt $ae an% t$oug$ts or e<-eriences, t$e% are liing, but

t$eir li5e 5orce, is not$ing more t$an a 5lo+er or a blae o5 grass An to ill a blae o5 grass so %ou can get an organ to sae a li5e, is oa% 5 course t$e cons to t$era-euticcloning is $o+ muc$ it costs, but t$is ebate is more about et$ics t$an an%t$ing else,an illing a $uman embr%o to sae a li5e = et$ical

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  I2 I3 RIH2

=t can sae lies ue to t$e -ossibilit% o5 cloning organs suc$ as $earts An an% one+it$ religious arguments (li5e is sacre onMt -la% go etc etc), s$ut u-, oa%@

eligion is an e<cuse to ?usti5% t$e un.?usti5iable An een t$en it is a ba e<cuse =5go $as s-oen to %ouou $ae ADD an %ouMre $earing t$ings t$at arenMt t$ere&o s-eaing is a meical D=A6=:=/

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It is not wrong.

=t isnMt certain t$at t$e clones +ill $ae t$e same -ersonalit% as t$e original, an also itis not -la%ing go because t$en +oulnMt octors also be -la%ing go because t$e%sae lies an c$ange 5ate t$at ma% not nee to be c$ange Doctors gie rugs so t$at

 -eo-le 5eel better an coul be sae

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http+www.debate.orgopinionsishumancloningwrong

Ceci est la version -T'0 du chier

http+nrhs.nred.orgwwwnred2nrhssitehosting3cience2(epartment3cience

4567thicspages3cience7thicsIssuesdocs(o!en8uestions*btCloningrom9orld-

ealth"rg.doc.

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http://www.who.int/ethics/topics/cloning/en/

From the World Health Organization

A dozen questions (and answers) on human cloning

Sporadic announcements over the past two years from a number of groups in Asia, Europe, and North

 America that women under their care have given birth, or are about to give birth, to a "human clone"have not only produced doubts about the credibility of such claims but have also reactivated the public

debate in this area and raised questions about the facts and ethics of what might be involved in human

cloning. Public attention has also been stimulated by reports from scientists in several countries that

they have either succeeded in creating stem cell lines from "cloned embryos" or are planning to do so.

he following information is intended to provide bac!ground on the topic and the position of the orld

#ealth $rgani%ation.

:: Press release

march !""#

$eneral Assem%l& adopts

'nited ations eclaration on

Human *loning %& +ote o, -

-0

:: 121*'3451 6OA7

89 ecem%er !""-

1688#/4F.O*./!

7eport o, the WHO secretariat

on reproducti+e cloning o,

human %eings (status o, the

de%ate in the 'nited ations

$eneral Assem%l&)

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1. What is a clone?

3he term clone ,rom the $ree; ,or <twig= denotes a group o, identical entities> in recent &ears <clone=

has come to mean a mem%er o, such a group and in particular an organism that is a genetic cop& o, an

e?isting organism. 3he term is applied %& scientists not onl& to entire organisms %ut to molecules (such

as A) and cells.

2 . Can cloning occur naturally?

@es cloning occurs in nature and can occur in organisms that reproduce se?uall& as well as those that

reproduce ase?uall&. 4n se?ual reproduction clones are created when a ,ertilized egg splits to produce

identical (monoz&gous) twins with identical A. While this is a relati+el& rare e+ent man& species

produce their descendants ase?uall& that is without the com%ining o, the male and ,emale genetic

material that occurs in se?ual reproduction> such o,,spring are clones o, their parent. ince mammals do

not normall& reproduce ase?uall& the %irth o, the lam% oll& at a research institute in cotland in 8BB9

was the ,irst reported mammalian clone produced ase?uall&.

3. How does “Dolly type” cloning occur?

3o produce oll& the researchers used an impro+ed +ersion o, the technique o, somaticcell nuclear

trans,er (*3) ,irst used -" &ears ago in research with tadpoles and ,rogs. *3 %egins with an adult

somatic cell ,or e?ample a s;in cell. <Adult= means a ,ull& di,,erentiated cell ,rom an organism that had

passed the em%r&onic stage o, de+elopment and <somatic= denotes a %od& cell (rather than an egg or

sperm cell) which possesses the ,ull complement o, chromosomes rather than the hal, contained in

gametes. 3he nucleus ,rom the somatic cell is trans,erred to an enucleated egg (that is one ,rom which

the nucleus has %een remo+ed). 3he egg is then acti+ated with electric current or chemicals in order to

stimulate it to di+ide. When the %lastoc&st stage has %een reached the em%r&o is trans,erred into the

uterus o, a ,emale host where C i, implantation occurs C it can lead to a pregnanc& and e+entuall& to the

%irth o, an indi+idual that carries the same nuclear genetic material as the donor o, the adult somatic

cell. Animals created through *3 are not precise genetic copies o, the donors o, their nuclear A

howe+er since a small amount o, A resides in the mitochondria outside the eggDs nucleus>mitochondrial A is normall& passed on to children onl& ,rom their mothers. ince a clone would deri+e

its mitochondrial A ,rom the egg not ,rom the donor o, the nucleus the clone and its progenitor

would %e geneticall& identical onl& i, the egg came ,rom the progenitor or ,rom the same maternal line.

4. Would cloning produce identical people?

4t is not possi%le to answer this question with certaint& %ecause the e?periments required to answer this

question ha+e not %een carried out %ut e?perience with mammalian cloning suggests that the answer is

 <no=. 4, success,ul *3 could allow the production o, one (or man& more) indi+iduals who are

geneticall& +irtuall& identical to one another and to the indi+idual whose cell nucleus was used to

produce them. 3his does not mean the& would %e identical ph&sicall& or in personalit& Eust as

monoz&gous twins are not identical either %ecause the de+elopment o, an organism is in,luenced %& theinteraction o, its genes and its en+ironment. 4n the case o, human clones this en+ironment would di,,er

,rom the moment that each was created implanted in a uterus gestated and %orn. Furthermore in all

o, the species o, mammals cloned thus ,arincluding mice ra%%its pigs and cattle as well as sheep

unpredicta%le genetic and epigenetic pro%lems ha+e arisen which ha+e not onl& led to a high rate o,

a%normalities and prenatal death %ut ha+e also created health pro%lems ,or most o, the animals %orn

ali+e pro%lems which di,,er ,rom one clone to another.

. Why did scientists de!elop cloning techni"ues?

cientists were initiall& interested in *3 as a means o, determining whether all the genes in an

organismGs genome remain ,unctional e+en a,ter most o, them ha+e %een switched o,, as a de+eloping

organismGs cells assume their specialized ,unctions as %lood %one muscle and so ,orth. 3he a%ilit& o,

scientists to stimulate the A in a nucleus ,rom a ,ull& di,,erentiated cell to re+ert to a condition

compara%le to the A in a newl& ,ertilized egg and to %egin the process o, em%r&onic de+elopment

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demonstrated that all the genes remain +ia%le in di,,erentiated cells e+en though onl& a ,ew genes are

actuall& e?pressed in each cell. *ommercial interest in animal cloning centres on replicating large

num%ers o, geneticall& identical animals especiall& those deri+ed ,rom a progenitor which has %een

modi,ied geneticall&. 4n this ,ashion mice or other la%orator& animals that e?hi%it particular conditions

can %e created ,or specialized studies or herds o, ,arm animals (such as goats sheep or cows) can %e

created all o, whom produce pharmaceuticall& use,ul proteins in their mil;.

#. Does the ter$ “ hu$an cloning” ha!e a single $eaning?

o. *urrent contro+ers& a%out the creation o, a human clone concerns the possi%ilit& o, replicating a

human %eing (li+ing or deceased) through the *3 technique used to create oll& %ut the term is used

in se+eral other wa&s.

First <human clone= can also %e applied to the creation o, geneticall& identical si%lings such as those

which occur naturall& in identical twins or arti,iciall& through the splitting o, em%r&os in the la%orator& at

the two to eight cell stage o, de+elopment (sometimes called <preem%r&o=). 1m%r&osplitting has %een

used ,or some time in arti,icial %reeding programs ,or ,arm animals li;e cattle. 4n a 8BB e?periment

scientists in Washington .* turned 80 human em%r&os into -. 3hese em%r&os (which had %een

chosen ,or research %ecause the& were considered non+ia%le) were cultured ,or some da&s and thendiscarded. 4, +ia%le em%r&os created through such splitting were implanted and %rought to term

simultaneousl& in the same uterus the& would %e compara%le to monoz&gous twins. 4, the %lastomeres

i.e. the cells that result ,rom the clea+age o, a ,ertilized egg were split and one o, the resulting em%r&os

were %rought to term while the others were ,rozen (cr&opreser+ation %eing a common technique in

,ertilit& clinics) and then implanted and %orn at a later date the result would %e <serial twins.= Although

geneticall& identical such indi+iduals would di,,er ,rom ordinar& twins %ecause the& would %e %orn at

di,,erent times (and perhaps e+en to di,,erent mothers)> moreo+er the decision to implant the later%orn

serial twin(s) might %e %ased on e+aluating the <,itness= or other characteristics o, the ,irst%orn and

predictions a%out the li,e course o, the later%orn twin(s) might %e %ased on e?perience with the pre

e?isting one.

3he term <human cloning= can also %e applied to the creation o, em%r&os through *3 not to produceo,,spring %ut ,or use as a scienti,ic tool. 4n particular such nonreproducti+e use o, cloningsometimes

termed <research cloning= or <therapeutic cloning= to di,,erentiate it ,rom cloning ,or reproducti+e

purposesis %eing pursued as a means o, creating human em%r&onic stem cells ,or scienti,ic stud& and

e+entuall& ,or therapeutic purposes. Once cloned em%r&os ha+e reached the %lastoc&st stage

(appro?imatel& # da&s a,ter ,ertilization) the inner cell mass ,rom which stem cell lines are deri+ed is

remo+ed> in the process the em%r&o is destro&ed. ome scientists engaged in this wor; pre,er to

descri%e it using the term <somaticcell nuclear trans,er to create stem cells= %ecause the& ,eel that the

term <cloning= connotes the creation o, a child. *ritics o, this position sa& that <cloning= is the

appropriate term %ecause the suggestion that the procedures di,,er is spurious> it is %etter to sa& that

the same techniquethe creation o, em%r&os through *3can ha+e two di,,erent outcomes the

production o, em%r&onic stem cells and the production o, %a%ies.

%. What &usti'ications are o''ered 'or non(reproducti!e hu$an cloning?

cientists engaged in cloning ,or research argue that it presents a unique method ,or stud&ing genetic

changes in cells deri+ed ,rom patients su,,ering ,rom such diseases as Par;insonGs disease AlzheimerGs

disease and dia%etes. 4n Fe%ruar& !""- outh Iorean scientists reported the creation o, a stem cell line

,rom a cloned human em%r&o. 3he scientists enucleated !-! ooc&tes ,rom 89 donors into which the&

trans,erred the A o, o+arian cells ,rom the same donors. 3hirt& em%r&os reached the %lastoc&st stage>

,rom these the scientists e?tracted the inner cell mass ,or the culti+ation o, stem cell lines one o, which

was success,ull& esta%lished. i? months later the '.I. Human Fertilsation and 1m%r&olog& Authorit&

(HF1A) granted the ,irst license in 1urope to allow researchers to use *3 cloning ,or em%r&onic stem

cell research. cientists who are interested in such research loo; ahead to the da& when the& %elie+e

that em%r&onic stem cells will %e used to assist drug de+elopment and e+aluation ,or diagnostic

purposes and to create cells and tissues ,or transplantation. For the latter i, the stem cells used intransplantation were deri+ed ,rom em%r&os cloned ,rom the patient needing the transplant the& might

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%e less su%Eect to reEection than cells tissues or organs ,rom another person since the A in the cloned

cells would %e nearl& identical to the patientGs own. Whether human em%r&onic stem cells hold unique

therapeutic promiseas opposed to stem cells ,rom adult tissuesand i, so whether the creation o,

cloned em%r&os as a source o, stem cells would add to their therapeutic +alueare matters o, ongoing

de%ate in scienti,ic circles.

). What uses are suggested 'or hu$an reproducti!e cloning?

Proponents o, human reproducti+e cloning argue that it would enlarge the current spectrum o, assisted

reproducti+e techniques. 4n particular men who do not produce gametes could ha+e children who inherit

their genome. 4n such a case i, the egg came ,rom the wi,e the couple would not ha+e to in+ol+e a third

 <parent= (the sperm donor) in producing their child. Women who do not produce eggs could also ha+e

children carr&ing their genetic in,ormation (although the& would need a donor egg) and the child would

not recei+e a genetic contri%ution ,rom the male partner. (4n the case o, les%ian couples one might

pro+ide the egg with its mitochondrial A and the other the nuclear A). Other reasons o,,ered ,or

using *3 to create children include: to produce a child with certain genetic ,eatures (who could ,or

e?ample ser+e as a %one marrow donor ,or a diseased si%ling)> to <replicate= a deceased child or other

lo+ed one> to ,ul,ill the desire ,or a child %ased on an admired <protot&pe=> or to achie+e <immortalit&= %&

li+ing on through oneGs clone. All o, these scenarios raise ethical legal and social issues.

*. What ethical argu$ents ha!e +een raised concerning hu$an reproducti!e cloning?

Although widespread consensus e?ists internationall& among the pu%lic scientists and polic& ma;ers

against reproducti+e cloning arguments pro and con ha+e %een presented. 3he main arguments %rought

,orward against human reproducti+e cloning are:

• ,hysical har$: 1?perience with animal cloning has shown su%stantial ris;s o, de%ilitating and

e+en lethal conditions occurring in the ,etuses produced using these techniques> moreo+er thesepro%lems cannot %e indi+iduall& predicted and a+oided at this time. ome o, these conditions alsopresent a considera%le ris; ,or the gestational mother carr&ing the cloned animals to term. On the%asis o, this in,ormation human reproducti+e cloning wouldat this pointconstitute a ris;&e?periment that is not su,,icientl& %ac;ed up %& success,ul la%orator& and animal research. 4twould clearl& not meet the usual ethical standards in %iomedical research. 4ndeed the ris;%ene,itratio in current preclinical studies o, reproducti+e cloning in animals is so gra+e that in an& other%iomedical ,ield such as the de+elopment o, a new pharmaceutical product no responsi%leresearcher would contemplate proceeding to a human trial.

• -esearch tandards: 7esponsi%le %iomedical researchers not onl& engage in thorough

la%orator& and animal studies %e,ore proceeding with human su%Eects %ut also su%mit each step o,their wor; to scienti,ic appraisal through open dissemination o, their results in scienti,ic meetingsand peerre+iewed Eournals. uch transparenc& which is especiall& important when scientistsoperate in pri+ate institutionswithout da&toda& interaction with colleagues and institutionalleaders who are a%le to %ring independent Eudgment to the design and conduct o, the researchhas %een largel& lac;ing in the human reproducti+e cloning e?periments announced thus ,ar.

• /utono$y: An& child created through *3 would %e una%le to gi+e consent to the e?periment.

Although the same pro%lem arises in an& research on the un%orn or &oung children cloningresearch is di,,erent %ecause unli;e situations in which parents gi+e permission ,or ane?perimental inter+ention that aims to correct an e?isting pro%lem in a ,etus or child no patient(and hence no medical pro%lem which needs to %e remedied) e?ists prior to the cloninge?periment. An issue o, autonom& would also arise i, a personGs A were used to create one ormore copies without that personGs permission or perhaps e+en without his or her ;nowledge.

• Con'licts o' interest: pecial ethical pro%lems would arise when researchers ha+e a ,inancial

interest in the outcome o, the studies the& conduct with human su%Eects> ,or this reason suchinterests are usuall& disallowed %& ethical standards or where the& are una+oida%le speciale?pectations o, openness and independent re+iew o, research are required.

• ,sychological0social har$: 3he cloned indi+idual ma& su,,er ps&chological harm ,rom its

status as a genetic cop&= o, some%od& else. 3he clone might %e dominated %& the person who

creates him or her undul& constrained %& e?pectations %ased on the a%ilities or li,e course o, thedonor or stigmatized %& societ&. 4t remains uncertain whether these concerns can %e e,,ecti+el&addressed %& education and legislation.

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• Dignity: 3he 'ni+ersal eclaration on Human $enome and Human 7ights ('1*O 8BB0) as

well as man& other documents state that reproducti+e cloning is contrar& to human dignit&. 3hisposition is mainl& %ased on the ,ollowing ethical considerations:

o a. cloning is an ase?ual mode o, reproduction which is unnatural ,or the human species>

a cloned indi+idual will not ha+e two genetic parents> generation lines and ,amil&relationships would %e distorted.

o %. cloning limits the lotter& o, heredit& which is an essential component in ensuring that

each human li,e (or li+es in the case o, monoz&gous twins) %egins as something that hasne+er e?isted %e,ore.

o c. cloning ,urthers an instrumental attitude toward human %eings that is that people

e?ist to ser+e purposes set %& other people. When cloning is used in this ,ashion dignit& isundermined in two di,,erent %ut related wa&s,irst a cloneGs right to an indi+idual li,ecourse will %e constrained %& othersG e?pectations that he or she will %eha+e in certainwa&s (%ased on e?perience with the genetic progenitorGs li,e) and second the clone ma&not (or ma& not wish to) %eha+e in those wa&s %ecause %eha+ior is not shaped %& genesalone and will hence disappoint othersG e?pectations and su,,er the consequences.

o d. especiall& in conEunction with other means o, genetic modi,ication cloning ris;s

turning human %eings into manu,actured o%Eects> this is not onl& contrar& to humandignit& %ut unwise as human %eings lac; the prescience to meddle success,ull& withe+olution and genetic di+ersit& in this ,ashion.

• ustice: Health care resources should %e de+oted instead to other health or research needs that

address more urgent pro%lems than an& associated with reproducti+e cloning> ,urthermore notonl& are there ,ew i, an& people ,or whom reproducti+e cloning would o,,er the onl& means o,esta%lishing a ,amil& %ut i, cloning %ecame esta%lished as an assisted reproducti+e technolog& itwould pro%a%l& onl& %e a+aila%le to a small group o, pri+ileged indi+iduals with the ,inancialresources to a,,ord it.

3he main arguments %rought ,orward ,or human reproducti+e cloning are:

• ene'icence: A new treatment option could %e o,,ered to in,ertile couples. Predetermining the

genetic ma;eup o, children would allow selection o, desira%le traits and %estow ad+antages on

them.

• /utono$y: People should %e ,ree in their reproducti+e decisions> the state or international

organizations do not ha+e the right to inter,ere with reproducti+e autonom&.

1. What regulations eist on cloning?

3here are a +ariet& o, national laws on cloning> man& other %ills ha+e %een su%mitted and are currentl&

under consideration. As o, now appro?imatel& # nations ha+e adopted laws ,or%idding reproducti+e

cloning. ome including $erman& witzerland and some Eurisdictions in the 'nited tates prohi%it all

,orms o, human cloning whereas others among them the 'nited Iingdom *hina and 4srael and other

 Eurisdictions in the 'nited tates prohi%it onl& <reproducti+e= cloning %ut allow the creation o, cloned

human em%r&os ,or research. 4nternational documents such as the 'ni+ersal eclaration on Human

$enome and Human 7ights ('1*O 8BB0) and the World Jedical AssociationGs 7esolution on *loning(8BB0) ha+e addressed the issue %ut lac; %inding legal ,orce. 3he 'nited ations discussed an

international con+ention against the reproducti+e cloning o, human %eings during the $eneral Assem%l&

in o+em%er !""!> the de%ate on whether to adopt a treat& %anning human cloning is still ongoing with

the principal issue %eing whether the %an should include research as well as reproducti+e cloning.

11. What is WH56s position on cloning to replicate a hu$an +eing 7“hu$an reproducti!e

cloning”8?

3he Jem%er tates o, the World Health Organization (WHO) consider that de+elopments in human

reproducti+e cloning ha+e unprecedented ethical implications and raise serious concerns ,or the sa,et& o,

indi+iduals and su%sequent generations o, human %eings. 3he World Health Assem%l& has there,ore

resol+ed that the use o, cloning ,or the replication o, human indi+iduals is ethicall& unaccepta%le andcontrar& to human dignit& and integrit&.

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WHA #".0 (8BB0) 

WHA#8.8" Kpd, 9;%L 

7eport o, the ecretariat A#!/8!(8BBB) Kpd, 8B;%L 

7eport o, the ecretariat A#/8# Kpd, 8B;%L 

12. Where can $ore in'or$ation +e 'ound a+out hu$an cloning?

ote: 3his list o, lin;s is not e?hausti+e or representati+e o, e+er& +iew on the su%Eect and inclusion

does not constitute WHO endorsement o, the positions ta;en.

'nited ations eclaration on Human *loning in the anne? o, $eneral Assem%l& 7esolution #B/!"

Jarch !""#

prepared %& the i?th *ommittee o, the '

'nited ationGs i?th *ommittee

Ad Hoc *ommittee esta%lished %& the ' $eneral Assem%l& in 7esolution #9/B o, 8! ecem%er !""8

3he 'ni+ersal eclaration on the Human $enome and Human 7ights o+ 8BB0

'1*O

Additional Protocol to the *on+ention ,or the Protection o, Human 7ights and ignit& o, the Human

6eing with regard to the Application o, 6iolog& and Jedicine on the Prohi%ition o, *loning Human 6eings8!.8.8BB

*ouncil o, 1urope

*lonage thMrapie cellulaire et utilisation thMrapeutique des cellules em%r&onnaires report !-.!.!"""

Assem%lMe nationale / French Assem%l&

*loning Human 6eings 7eport and 7ecommendations Nune 8BB0 Kpd,L

'.. ational 6ioethics Ad+isor& *ommission

Human *loning and Human ignit&: an ethical inquir& Nul& !""!

'.. PresidentGs *ouncil on 6ioethics

$uidelines ,or Human 1m%r&onic tem *ell 7esearch April !""#

'.. ational 7esearch *ouncil

A+is n8" du 8- Euin 8BBB concernant le clonage humain reproducti, 

*omitM consultati, de 6ioMthique de 6elgique / 6elgian *onsultati+e *ommittee on 6ioethics

French ational *onsultati+e 1thics *ommittee 

tellungnahme: Ilonen zu Fortp,lanzungszwec;en Kpd,L

ationaler 1thi;rat / $erman ational 1thics *ouncil

'.. ational Academ& o, ciences 

417J 

7oslin 4nstitute 

7esolution on *loning Ja& 8BB0

World Jedical Association

French documentation 

PHA7JA 

Federation o, American ocieties ,or 1?perimental 6iolog& 

American ociet& ,or 7eproducti+e Jedicine 

panish Association on 6ioethics and Jedical 1thics  *hurch and ociet& *ommission *on,erence o, 1uropean *hurches 

*enter ,or $enetics and ociet& 

7e+. 7oland $ra,  

Human *loning.org 

3he ew cientist 

American Nournal o, 6ioethics 

3ime

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