Climatic coditions of interiors,

design aspects

The aim of interior decoration

Most of the world’s population living in cities

Artificial environment

Artificial light on workplaces + inanimate material

Accelerated life, overstressed lifestyle

Replacing the lost nature

BUT: plants are also forced into an artificial

environment !

Importance of indoor decoration

• The surface of public institutions are growing

• The need for a private sphere is growing for demanding

interior decoration

• Changing fashion, demand changing decoration

Increasing employment possibilities in design, installation,

and maintenance

Strongholds to the choice of best plant

• Needs for cultivation technology

• Plant lists

– These are groupped by only one factor

they are unusable for more factors

– Experiments for climate tolerance ± meaningless

• Aesthetics aspects

Experience has a great role to play

Categorization of indoor places

based on human use and residence time

• Longterm use spaces

Pleasant climate (livingroom, hotel room, hotel hall, exhibition

hall, lecture halls, offices)

• Connecting spaces for personal traffic

one of the factors is bad (aula, corridor, stairway, perons,

reception) → this factor is the determinative by choosing plants

• Serving spaces

sometimes they are suitable for decoration (operating rooms,

bathroom, WC, warehouse)

Problems of climatic conditions

• They serve men – human demands

• It is not optimal for humans either

(wind, warm, dry air)

• Plants are more sensitive than human body

The final place of the plant is a result of compromise between

- Demand of the plant

- Local conditions

- Idea of decoration

Possibilities of decoration

• Office buildings, banks, shopping centers

• Hotels

• Restaurants

• Clubs, pubs

• Bathes, swimming pools (if there is enough light, climate is good!)

• Schools, kindergartens (toxic plants!)

• Workshops, factories

• Family houses

Light

1. Natural light

average demand: 300-400 W/m2

high demand: 2500-5000 W/m2

kompenzation point: assimilation = dissimilation

100-200 W/m2, under this degradation

in itself is ot enough additional light

Illumination strength depends on:

- size of glass surface

- doubleness of glass

- orientation

- curtain: -40-50% !!!

- distance of plant and glass

- how many sides the light comes from

Location:

- best: direct sunshine approx. 3 hour

E-SE better, W-SW not so good

N: only when the glass is big (or + additional light)

S: problematic (burning, overheating – loose of turgor)

sometimes even the high insolation demanding spesies don’t

tolerate!

Change of light intensity according to the distance from the glass in the case of one or two

windows (Baumann, 1982)

1. Optimal lighting zone: even the hight light demanding species have long life

2. Good lighting zone: good place for every plant except of high light demanding specied

3. Middle lighting zone: can be decorated with shade tolerant and shade demanding species

4. Low lighting zone: only shate demanding species can be used

5. Minimal lighting zone: some species tolerate but additional light source has to be used

6. Unsuitable for decoration

• Too much light physiological changes

(internodes shorten, compact shape, anthocyanin production, petiole shortening, smaller leaves, rigid leaves)

shadowing: between glasses, inside the window: not so good (greenhouse effect)

outside the widow: better (less used)

• Too little light physiological decline

– (elonged internodes, flaccid leaves, deep greenpaleyellow leaves, loss of leaves, nodes without leaves)

Generally heating system under the window the most suitable surface is lost

Optimal: all-round light (shopping centres)

2. Artificial light

• Supplemental light: when only supplemented

• Artificial light: when the whole amount of light is added

best wave length: blue-violet 400-500 nm

orange-red 640-670 nm

ultraviolet (300-400 nm) deformation !!

Light sources:

- based on heat effect: (bulbs), infra lamps

- based on gas discharge: mercury vapor, halogen, arc lamps

- combination of them: special plant lamps

Bulbs: already not used, LED lamps instead

Infra: not used (only red spectrum)

Fluorescent lamps:

- long life,

- cheap,

- possibility of wave length mixture,

- possibility of light intensity

- BUT: not aesthetic LED

Mercury vapor and halogen lamps:

- positive biological effect

- cheaper operating costs than fluorescent lamps – growers use

Arc lamps: expensive but very positive biological effect – growers use

Special plant lamps

its spectral curve is adapted to the needs of the plant

Luwasa, Philips, Luwaflor, Gro-Lux, etc.

The relationship between the light source and

the distance

• From 25 cm distance

40 W/m2 ≈ 750 lx

70 W/m2 ≈ 1500 lx

150 W/m2 ≈ 5000lx

250-300 W/m2 ≈ 7000-10.000 lx

• sizing of light source :

1 m height 75 cm

2 m height 145 cm

3 m height 220 cm

• LED: illuminates max. 120° angle

1 m height ≈ 3 m

1800 lx

800 lx

The illumination is reduced proportionally to

the square of the distance from the light

source(!!!): the same spatial angle is twice as

large as the surface twice

additional light artificial light

500 lux 1200-2000 lux

6-10 hours min. 12 hours

Direction: optimal from the top

From side → the plant turns towards the light source

→ the silhouette prevails, the color effect is not

- Light sources into frame

- Max. 1,5 m hight

- Reflecting surface from the top

- Light „island” above plant „island”

Heat demand and the temperature

specialities of enterieurs

Heat tolerance of plants:

- cold tolerant: minimum in winter 1-12 ºC → not too sensitive to

temperature fluctuation

- medium temp. demand: min. in winter 12-18 ºC → - ” -

- warm temp. demand: min. in winter above 18 ºC → sensitive

species, quick decay in bad circumstances

Types of cold effect:

a. Local cooling: in front of the window in winter

(outside -15 ºC, inside +20 ºC, in fr. of the window 10-15 ºC)

b. Lasting cooling: halls, corridoors, passageways this is the

minimum factor, such plants to choose!!

c. Provisional cooling → keep the plants dry!

wet roots root rot

d. Airing in winter → sudden temperature decrease

mainly on the low surfaces standing plants will have cold

Heating system:

- many cases under the window (best place in light aspect)

- radiant heat → danger of burning

- floor heating → basic heating

- humidity decrease

Air vapour demand:

under 30%: unsuitable for plant decoration (embernek is rossz!!)

30-40%: with succulents, leathery leaved species

40-70% good for most of foliage plants

above 80%: only in plant cabinets→ special life form species

extreme places (bathroom, swimming pool): special decoration

Water holding capacity of the air:

5 °C = 6,8 g/m3

10 °C = 9,4 g/m3

15 °C = 12,9 g/m3

20 °C = 17,3 g/m3

25 °C = 23,1 g/m3

30 °C = 30,4 g/m3

Theoretically 50-70% is optimum even for human body

BUT:

heating + airing dry air ! watering more frequent,

spraying

- Acclimatization before planting (if possible): 1-2 weeks after

greenhouse

- Danger of mite invasion!!!

- Bigger plant furface doesn’t rise the relative air vapour !!

no more than a better microclimate between plants

It would be a solution: - active evaporator (not small pots!)

- water „curtain”

nowhere is it used for decoration purpose

Air pollution, airing

• Dust:

- makes the plantage unpleasant

- covers the colours (blunt)

- stops up the stomatas

• Tobacco smoke (hotel, hall, nightclubs – already less problem)

danderous for plants either!!

• Cross airing

sudden drastic temperature fall

• Air conditioner

Water

Plant carers can keep in hand

• Lack: shrivelling, wilting, leaf yellowing, leaf drop

• Overirrigation → root rot

• Important aspect of selecting by planting without pot

• Development of roots: fresh planting – less water

well rooted plants – more water

• Ensure drainage of excess (drain level)

• Often few water → salt accumulation

→ roots stay dry on the bottom

Nutrients

Can be kept in hand by the carer

• Mixing into the substrate: CRF (controled release fertilizers)

(Osmocote, Plantacote, Plantosan, PG Mix, etc.)

when we buy the plants, the substrate contains almost no nutrient!

• Resupply: with irrigation

with spraying

pill, stick (expensive)

Lack of nutrients: leaf yellowing → leaf drop (N: the basic leaves first)

Overfertilization: big leaves, loose tissues → dark green colour →

danger of rot, root death

Technical conditions for plant decoration

Place of decoration:

many times it is established afterwards → bad culture conditions →

frequent plant change → additional costs

- as much natural light as possibleminél több természetes fény

- possibility of artificial light (mainly in winter)

- lack of air blast

- lack of radiant heat

- possibility of drainage (if the decoration surface is big)

- closed or semi-closed glass wall – if possible

Plant holders

Requirements:

- be insulated szigetelt

- do not corrode

- separately plant holder and cover

plant holder and cover can be changed independently from

each other

- possibility of drainage

- its shape and color should be consistent with the plant and the

environment

- not to cause accidents

Plant holder types

• Mobile plant holder

- where there is lack of place

- where the culture conditions are not advantageous → frequent

plant change

- where the division of space often changes

Traits: jellemzői

- smaller surface → more plants → overcrowding → plants shadow

each other → more frequent maintenance!

• Built-in plant holders

→ sunk süllyesztett

→ lifted: can be established afterwards

Traits:

- the load bearing capacity of the slab is important!

- need much light → artificial light is not enough

- more plant species can be used

- bigger growing distance for one plant

- from time to time sthe substrate has to be washed through

- less handwork

BUT: - establishing costs are higher

Substrates

Planting:

a./ without pot

- bigger place for the roots → quicker growth

- only similar demanding plants can be planted together (water,

pH, substrate)

b./ with pot

- easier change (roots don’t grow together)

- easier individual treatment

- possibility of regroup

- bigger difference is possible among the demand of plants

Filling substrate:

- gravel kavics 2-3 mm - dries out quickly

- burned clay granulate

- peat: if dries out cannot be rewet

- substrate mixture 6-6,5 pH is the best

- coir: stores too much water, mix with peat ok

- hydroculture: mainly in public buildings

easy to work with it

uninfected

strong, nice plant growth

30-40% more establishing cost

special maintenance

Covering material not obligatory needed

gravel, peat, bark, moss, burned clay granulate

- protects against dry out

- hdes the problems (dry, illnesses)

Aesthetic principles – traditional decoration

• Most important: a jó ízlés !!!

• Proportionality found in nature

• Different shape plants close to each other:

- Rare leaf position – dense leaf position

- rigid habitus – soft habitus

- rounded, entire leaves – laciniate leaves

• Use of special habitus

soliter, climbing, special mode of life species

• Similar leaf color – wide from each other

• Background

- in front of simple background: more color, delimited leaf species

- in front of variegated background: simple, green leaf species

Aesthetic principles – traditional decoration

• Using as many taxa as possible

• Proportion of plant and plant holding

• Soil surfaces in the decoration looks poorness

• Not to use demanding species

• Use only few color leaved species – on the front places

• Similar branched species far from each other

• SUSTENANCE!!!

leaf drop, illness, browning, decay

↓

Negligence

(financial implications!)

↓

replacement, maintenance

Color effect

Connected with:

- light intensity

- direct – indirect light

- sheding light – transmitting light → silhouette effect

↓

decorating with shape and not color

- natural – artificial light

colors can be seen different

Colour effect

Ostwald’s color circle

• Cool colors behind

• Warm colors front

establish of tone

Types of composition

1. Soliter

- to emphatic place hangsúlyos

- only few – not equal height

- rate of plant and indoor space

- should not be prickly (Pandanus)

- not to hinder the trafic

2. Movable plant holder

- can be put everywhere

- easy to regroup

- overcrowded → frequent care

- single – in groups – in lines

- traffic divider, space divider

3. Built-in plant holder

- into bigger indoor place

- suitable for space divider

- better microclimate for the plants

- bigger plant choice

Harmony of plant and plant holder

Harmonx of plant and plant holder

Harmony of plant and plant holder

4. Semi closed plant holder: covered of 2-3 sides

can be put anywhere

5. Closed plant holder

- plants grow independent from the surrounding

- less work with the plans

- bigger operating costs (lighting, heating, air vapourating systems)

- special life form and demanding plant species

- only on exposed place

↓

where people have to wait for sg and can notice the decoration

Place of decoration

I./ In front of the window

1./ if the external sight is nice → frame-like decoration

- highest plants less than 50-60 cm either

- hanging plants to the sides of the window

- dominant plants closed to the window sides

2./ If the external sight is ugly

- the whole window can be covered

→ silhouette effect!

→ more needs to be lighted

-

II./ In front of the wall

cascading arrangement

disadvantage: plants shade each

other

Szabályok:

- Ha szép a burkolat: csak kevés növényt

a fal elé

- Asimmetric arrangement

- Uralkodó növényt a merev vonalaktól

eltolva

- Plant height must be different!

A növény szerepe a mértani

merevség feloldása

Pendert Ferenc rajzai

III./ Can be seen from all sides

- Dominant plant not in the

middle

- Careful planning: mistakes are

seen very much

- Not to use equal plants: boring

- Space division with plant

decoration (shopping centers)

III/a. Baluster decoration

- use of built-in plant holders if

possible

- highest plant not to be too high

(the baluster is dominant)

About the flowering plants

Advantages:

• Súlypontképző, figyelemfelkeltő, élénk színhatás

• Évszakjelző, hangulatteremtő, ünnepek hangsúlyozása

Disadvantages:

• Elvirágzás után „üres” a helye (a lomb nem díszít)

• Rendszeres növénycsere évente többször

• Nagyobb költség

Csak ha a megrendelő vállalja !!

The modern minimal-art style

It is in contrast to traditional decoration in all aspects

• Regular, clean, geometric lines

• Use of one or few taxa

• Equal height

• Rigid branch system

• There isn’t emphasis of the decoration

• Pruning of plants

Plants are used as the part of the architecture

Minimal-art style

Hotel Sofitel in 1980th … and today…

A növény alárendelése a funkciónak

Színharmónia ??

Elegáns szálló bejárata

Decoration specialities of different indoor

places

Átrium

Specialities:

- big inner yard – gallery-like layout

- fölötte teljes felületű üvegtető

↓

Upper floors high temperature and lot of light

Sometimes air vapour-less conditions

Light decreases from the top to the bottom

On bottommost floors darkness, sometimes wind

Westend City Center

Business centres, banks

- Good culture conditions: in offices good climate (airconditioning)

- Protection against the sun → less light for the plants

- High traffic in office hours

→ only the sidewalls can be decorated

→ wind-tolerant species close to the door

- In meeting rooms short plants on the tables

- Imposing decoration = suggests trustiness

Hotels

Hall and reception

- only few plants closed to the reception desk – often flower

arrangements

not to disturb the trafic, eye-catching effect

- bigger spaces in the hall

closed plant holders – special plant decorations (people hve to

wait, they can enjoy the plants)

Rooms:

- theoretically rich possibility of decoration, BUT:

damage

sometimes lack of maintenance possibility → tolerant species!

Restaurants

- Plant decoration by the sidewalls

- Use mobile plant holders → possibility of rearrangement of the room

- Hanging plants only on the sidewalls (never above the tables)

- Odouring flower not!

- Closed plant holder with excellent plant decoration is advantageous

- Cut flowers, dry flowers or artificial flowers on the tables

- Only artificial plants above the tables!

Restaurant

decoration

Shopping centres

- built-in plant holders – plant islands

- on the „streets” soliters

- resting places → fountains

special plants (air vapour)

- damaging!

Factories

- only by sidewalls (risk of accidents)

- can be special climate

- hydroculture decoration

Nightclubs

Very bad culture conditions of more aspects

- dark (moodlighting)

- (smoky air – already not everywhere)

- damage of plants

↓

Very few plant species

Emerging soliters

Hanging plants

Only with frequent plant change

Plant protection

Requirements:

- munkaegészségügyi v.i.: 0 days növényvédősöket megkérdezni

- odor: 0

- color, surface contamination: 0

- plant protecting effect: max.

↓

There is no such product!

Change, clean of plants

If necessary: do at night

Thank you for your attention!