Climate change projections and actions for t...Mitigation and Adaptation Measures against Climate...
Transcript of Climate change projections and actions for t...Mitigation and Adaptation Measures against Climate...
Climate change projections and actionsfor the future, Tokyo Case Study
Bureau of Waterworks
Tokyo Metropolitan Government
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Copyright 2010 Bureau of Waterworks, Tokyo Metropolitan Government. All Rights Reserved.
Today’s Topics
1. Outline of the Tokyo Waterworks
2. Efforts of Tokyo Waterworks
3. Impacts of Climate Change on Water Utility
4. Mitigation and Adaptation Measures against ClimateChange
5. Water Utility in the Future Providing for ClimateChange
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Copyright 2010 Bureau of Waterworks, Tokyo Metropolitan Government. All Rights Reserved.
Outline ofOutline of Tokyo WaterworksTokyo WaterworksOutline ofOutline of Tokyo WaterworksTokyo Waterworks
World’s Largest Water Utility
●Population served: ca. 12 million
● Pervasion: 100%
● Tot. len. of dist. pipes: ca. 26,000 km
●Ave. dist. amt/day: ca. 4.4 million m3/day
World’s Highest Level of WaterSupply Service
●World’s highest quality water
●Low leakage rate
● Firm financial base
Asaka Water PurificationPlant (1.7 million m3/day)
Ozo
ne
injectio
n
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Copyright 2010 Bureau of Waterworks, Tokyo Metropolitan Government. All Rights Reserved.
Tokyo
Ara River
LegendDam, ReservoirDam (under construction)
Tone River andAra River systems
78%
Tama Riversystem
19%
Other systems 3%
Volume of wateravailable per day(6,230,000 m3)
Tokyo
YagisawaDam
YanbaDam
TakizawaDam
NaramataDam
KusakiDam
OgochiDam
UrayamaReservoir
WataraseReservoir
ShimokuboDam
ArakawaReservoir
Water intake
Ara River
Outline of bureau of Tokyo WaterworksOutline of bureau of Tokyo Waterworks(Water Resource)Outline of bureau of Tokyo WaterworksOutline of bureau of Tokyo Waterworks(Water Resource)
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Our responsibility is to supply safe and fresh waterto the Residents of Tokyo
On the other hand, we consume 1%of the total electricity used in Tokyo
About 60% of the total energy consumption (raw watertreatment process/water purification process /distributionprocess) relates to the distribution
Annual elec. use of Tokyo Waterworks (FY 2009):ca. 700million kWh
Annual elec. use of Tokyo (FY 2009): ca. 82 billion kWh
Outline ofOutline of TokyoTokyo WaterworksWaterworksChallenges concerning Energy Use
Outline ofOutline of TokyoTokyo WaterworksWaterworksChallenges concerning Energy Use
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Copyright 2010 Bureau of Waterworks, Tokyo Metropolitan Government. All Rights Reserved.
Climate ChangeClimate Change--Related Efforts inRelated Efforts in Tokyo WaterworksTokyo Waterworks
Climate Change Impact Examination Committee was established(inside Tokyo Waterworks, in July 2007)
As the impacts of climate change rises to the surface and becomes more and more serious,Tokyo Waterworks must be concern with the impact of climate change on water utilitysuch as a lack of water resources and a degradation in water quality.
Thus it is very important for a water utility to understand the impacts and risks of climatechange , in order to continue operating stably in the future.
The committee reviewed information and documents which are available at that timeabout impacts and risks of climate change to water utility, such as the IPCC 4th AssessmentReport and reports by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism and theand Meteorological Agency of Japan.
Researches in the framework of “climate change impacts on water utility” (2007)1 Prediction of climate change (climate change on a global scale and in Japan)2 Climate change impacts on water utility (Impacts on water resources and water quality)3 Response to climate change (Water utility to date and preparations for climate change)
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Copyright 2010 Bureau of Waterworks, Tokyo Metropolitan Government. All Rights Reserved.
Climate ChangeClimate Change--Related Efforts to Date inRelated Efforts to Date in Tokyo WaterworksTokyo Waterworks
In order to prepare our report, we have fully considered views of scholars andresearchers. Besides, we also made prepared a leaflet “Climate Change Impacts onWater Utility” as an outline of the report to promote our policy.
Leaflet “Climate Change Impacts on Water Utility”
C40 Tokyo Conference on Climate Change(held in October 2009)
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Copyright 2010 Bureau of Waterworks, Tokyo Metropolitan Government. All Rights Reserved.
東京都水道局 出典)IPCC第4次評価報告書
Change in annual average atmospherictemperature(Projected annual average between 2081 and 2100minus annual average between 1981 and 2000)
Average atmospheric temperature will rise by 2 to 3℃ in the Kanto area. Thenumber of days with heavy rain (100mm or more/day) is expected to increase toup to 10 days per year in the next 100 years.
Projections for number of heavy-raindays with heavy rainfall of 100mm ormore/day
Source: Report on Abnormal Weather 2005(Meteorological Agency 2005)(News release by a joint study team with TokyoUniversity in 2004)
Heavy-rain days of 100mmor more tends to increasefrom 2040days
℃
Kanto area
Source: Information on Global WarmingPrediction vol.6(Meteorological Agency 2005)
Impact of Climate Change on WaterworksImpact of Climate Change on WaterworksClimate change within the business area of Tokyo WaterworksClimate change within the business area of Tokyo Waterworks
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Impacts of Climate Change on Water UtilityImpacts of Climate Change on Water UtilityClimate change within the business area of Tokyo Waterworks
(annual average temperature)
Based on trends of past data on temperature, we recognize rise in temperaturein all the watersheds. Further, with this phenomenon, days exceeding 25 ℃ increaseand those below 0 ℃ decrease.
Ann. ave. temp.
Legends forSignificances
Sgfntly incr.
Slgtly incr.
Slgtly decr.
Sgfntly decr.
BDRYS/PREF
BDRYS/WS
NakaRiver WS
Lower ToneRiver WS
Middle ToneRiver WSUpper Tone
River WS
AraRiver WS
TamaRiver WS
SagamiRiver WS
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Copyright 2010 Bureau of Waterworks, Tokyo Metropolitan Government. All Rights Reserved.
Impacts of Climate Change on Water UtilityImpacts of Climate Change on Water UtilityClimate change within the business area of Tokyo Waterworks,
(annual rainfall)
Based on observations at observatories over 20 years of service, the rainfall on anannual basis and during warm season shows an increase in all the watersheds, andwe can judge that it tends to increase.
Ann. rainfall
Legends forSignificances
Sgfntly incr.
Slgtly incr.
Sgfntly decr.
Slgtly decr.
BDRYS/PREF
BDRYS/WS
NakaRiver WS
Lower ToneRiver WS
Middle ToneRiver WSUpper Tone
River WS
AraRiver WS
TamaRiver WS
SagamiRiver WS
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2
4
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16
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利根上 利根中 利根下 荒 多摩 那珂 相模
年平
均気
温(℃
)
現況
将来50年度
将来100年後
Impacts of Climate Change on Water UtilityImpacts of Climate Change on Water UtilityPredictions for the business area of Tokyo Waterworks
(annual average temperature)
Annual average temperature will rise by about 2.5 ℃ 50 years later,and by about 3.0 ℃ 100 years later.
Ann.ave
.te
mp.(℃
)
Curr. Status
50 yrs later
100 yrs later
Upper Tone M. Tone Lower Tone Ara Tama Naka Sagami
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0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
利根上 利根中 利根下 荒 多摩 那珂 相模
年降
水量の
平均
(mm/year)
現況
将来50年度
将来100年後
Impacts of Climate Change on Water UtilityImpacts of Climate Change on Water Utility
Predictions for the business area of Tokyo Waterworks(annual average rainfall)
Annual average rainfall will increase up to about 140% of theAnnual average rainfall will increase up to about 140% of thecurrent status 50 years later, but will be only about 110% of thecurrent status 50 years later, but will be only about 110% of thecurrent status 100 years later.current status 100 years later.
Upper Tone M. Tone Lower Tone Ara Tama Naka Sagami
Curr. Status
50 yrs later
100 yrs later
Ann.ave
.ra
infa
ll(m
m/y
r)
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Mitigation and Adaptation Measures against Climate ChangeMitigation and Adaptation Measures against Climate ChangeImportance of use of both the measures together
Both of mitigation and adaptation measures must be applied together in orderto avoid all the climate change events. If we use both in a complementarymanner, we can reduce the risks of climate change in a certain sense.
Some of the measures already launched by Tokyo Waterworks, haveproved to be effective as mitigation and adaptation measures againstclimate change. Although they do not intend to work on directly theclimate change, we will continuously promote these measures, and verifytheir benefits as mitigation and adaptation measures against climatechange, in order to put them to use in future.
InTokyo
Waterworks
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東京都水道局
Conservation ofwater resource
forests
Use of renewableenergy
Updates to rawwater connecting
pipes
Leakage preventionmeasures
Mitigation and Adaptation Measures against Climate ChangeMitigation and Adaptation Measures against Climate Change
Mitigation measures
Adaptation measures
Development of low-carbon model water purification plants, asa promotion of the measures for the next generation
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Effective utilization of renewable energy(photovoltaic generation)MitigationMitigation and Adaptation measure against Climate Changeand Adaptation measure against Climate Change
Filter beds of Asaka Water Purification Plant
1,200 kW
Filter beds of Ozaku Water Purification Plant
280 kW
Service reservoir of OzakuWater Purification Plant
180 kW 15
Copyright 2010 Bureau of Waterworks, Tokyo Metropolitan Government. All Rights Reserved.
MitigationMitigation and Adaptation measure against Climate Changeand Adaptation measure against Climate ChangeEffective utilization of renewable energy(solar-powered generator)
Plant NameInstalled
in
Ratedoutput(kW)
Electric powergenerated
(K kWh/year)
Equiv. to the powercons. by ordinary
Japanese households
CO2 reduction(t-CO2/year)
Higashi-murayama 1994 70 51 15 19
Ogouchi Res. 1998 153 93 27 35
Takatsuki Pur. Pl. 2003 20 15 4 5
Asaka Pur. Pl. 2004 1,200 740 218 282
Misono Pur. Pl. 2004 400 351 103 134
Ozaku Pur. Pl. 2004 280 213 63 81
Higashi-murayama 2006 1,200 815 240 311
Kanamachi Pur. Pl. 2006 800 614 181 234
Misato Pur. Pl. 2006 1,080 794 234 303
Nagasawa Pur. Pl. 2006 200 153 45 58
Ozaku Pur. Pl. 2009 180
Total 5,583 3,839 1,130 1,462
Electric power generated and others are performances of FY 2009CO2 emission coefficient used is 0,382 (t- CO2 / K kWh/year) (Source: Guideline for calculation of renewable energycredit in Cap-and-Trade Emissions Trading Scheme, March 2010) 16
Copyright 2010 Bureau of Waterworks, Tokyo Metropolitan Government. All Rights Reserved.
Small hydro power at pumping station (Image)
MitigationMitigation and Adaptation measure against Climate Changeand Adaptation measure against Climate ChangeEffective utilization of renewable energy(hydraulic power generation )
Efficient use of unutilizedenergy through inflow pressure
and inflow amount
Pressure required for watertransmission from water
supply station A to station B
Inflow pressureat station B
Water purification plantTransmission pump
Small hydraulicgeneration equipment
Inflow amount
Water supply station B
Water supply station A
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MitigationMitigation and Adaptation measure against Climate Changeand Adaptation measure against Climate ChangeEffective utilization of renewable energy(hydraulic power generation )
Higashi-murayama
Purification Plant
1,400 kW
Yakumo Water
Supply Station
300 kW
Kameido Water
Supply Station
90 kW 18
Copyright 2010 Bureau of Waterworks, Tokyo Metropolitan Government. All Rights Reserved.
Effective utilization of renewable energy(small hydraulic power generation)
MitigationMitigation and Adaptation measure against Climate Changeand Adaptation measure against Climate Change
Plant NameInstalled
in
Ratedoutput(kW)
Electric powergenerated
(K kWh/year)
Equiv. to the powercons. by ordinary
Japanese households
CO2 reduction(t-CO2/year)
Higashi-murayama 2000 1,400 92 27 35
Minami-Senju 2004 95 713 210 272
Kameido WaterSupply Station
2007 90 295 87 112
Yagumo WaterSupply Station
2009 300
Total 1,885 1,100 324 419
Electric power generated and others are performances of FY 2009CO2 emission coefficient used is 0,382 (t- CO2 / K kWh/year) (Source: Guideline for calculation ofrenewable energy credit in Cap-and-Trade Emissions Trading Scheme, March 2010)
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Copyright 2010 Bureau of Waterworks, Tokyo Metropolitan Government. All Rights Reserved.
Area of watershed forests: 21,600ha
MitigationMitigation and Adaptation measure against Climate Changeand Adaptation measure against Climate ChangePreservation and management of watershed forests
Contributes to mitigation of climatechange by an approx. 21,000t
absorption of CO2(2009)
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Mitigation Measures andMitigation Measures and Adaptation MeasuresAdaptation Measures against Climate Changeagainst Climate ChangeUpdates to raw water connectingUpdates to raw water connecting pipespipes
(reinforced connection between(reinforced connection between TamaTama River and Tone River Systems)River and Tone River Systems)
Raw water connection facilities between the Tone River andthe Tama River
MusashiChannel
Tone LargeWeir
Akigase Intake Weir
YamaguchiReservoir
OgouchiDam
MurayamaReservoir
Ozaku Intake Weir
Hamura Intake Weir
Asaka PurificationPlant
A stable water supply is ensured in this manner21
HigashimurayamaPurification Plant
Raw waterconnection pipe(φ2,200mm)
Copyright 2010 Bureau of Waterworks, Tokyo Metropolitan Government. All Rights Reserved.
Transition of leakage rate and effects of leakage prevention in Tokyo
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
1945 1960 1975 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007
LeakageRate(%)
In 1955Leakage rate
20%
In 2009Leakage rate
3.0%
Mitigation andMitigation and AdaptationAdaptation measure against Climate Changemeasure against Climate Change
• Effective use of water, approx. 340 mil.m3/year (equivalent to the amount of waterdistributed to ordinary Japanese city of 2.5mil. people)
• Energy saving, approx. 170 million kWh/year(equivalent to energy used by approx. 50,000
Japanese households)• Reduction of CO2 emissions, approx. 68,000 ton/year
Effects of leakage preventionEffects of leakage prevention
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Measures of water leakage prevention in Tokyo Waterworks
Leakagerate3.0%
(2009)
Training of plumbing technologyMidnight leakage detection
Ensuring high leveltechnologies
Mitigation andMitigation and AdaptationAdaptation measure against Climate Changemeasure against Climate Change
Leakage detectiontechnology / repairsof leakage in early
stages
Replacing water pipes/
improving pipematerials
Improvement of waterpipe materials
(implementation ofductile cast-iron pipes)
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Copyright 2010 Bureau of Waterworks, Tokyo Metropolitan Government. All Rights Reserved.
CurrentStatus
Future
Mitigation and Adaptation measure against Climate ChangeMitigation and Adaptation measure against Climate Change
A浄水場
B浄水場
C浄水場加圧
加圧
Purification Plant A
Purification Plant B
Purification Plant C Boosting
Boosting
A浄水場(増強)
B浄水場(縮小)
C浄水場(廃止)
加圧
代替浄水場(新設)
Boosting
Purification Plant C (Abolished)
Purification Plant B (Downscaled)
Purification Plant A (Strengthened)
AlternativePurification Plant
(New)
Relocation of facilities in consideration of energy efficiency
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Copyright 2010 Bureau of Waterworks, Tokyo Metropolitan Government. All Rights Reserved.
沈殿池 ろ過池 浄水池
オゾン棟
BAC棟
高度浄水施設
河川
CurrentStatus
FutureSedimentation basin
FilterWaterpurificationbasin
Ozonationunit BAC unit
Ozonation and Bio-ActivatedCarbon Filteration water
purification facilities
River
River
Sedimentation basin
Ozonationunit
BAC unit
Filter
Waterpurificationbasin
Mitigation and Adaptation measure against Climate ChangeMitigation and Adaptation measure against Climate Change
Ozonation and Bio-ActivatedCarbon Filteration Water
purification facilities
Construction of facilities utilizing potential energy
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Copyright 2010 Bureau of Waterworks, Tokyo Metropolitan Government. All Rights Reserved.
東京都水道局
Save the waterSave the water
Waterworks in the future: Preparation for climate changeWaterworks in the future: Preparation for climate change
Waterworks in theWaterworks in thefuturefuture
Response to risksResponse to risksfrom climatefrom climate
changechange
Studies of approaches that are not bound to conventional ideas orframeworks・Study amount of water sources needed in view of climate change risks・Efficient water distribution system to cover a wide area etc.
WaterworksWaterworksup to nowup to now
Response toResponse todemanddemand
Analysis/research of risks associated with climate change andprovision of appropriate information
UnprecedentedUnprecedentedchanges in thechanges in theenvironmentenvironment
due to climatedue to climatechangechange
Operations based on past climate conditions(rainfall ,snowfall and their patterns )
Proliferation of water supplyand increasing demand
Maintenance/expansion ofwater supply facilities
Securing water resourcessuch as dam development
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Thank you for your attention!Thank you for your attention!
SUITEKISUITEKI--KUNKUN((Water Drop Boy, Poster boy of Tokyo WaterworksWater Drop Boy, Poster boy of Tokyo Waterworks))
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